LONG DISTANCE FAR FIELD POWER TRANSFER PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE HUBREGT J. VISSER

Transcription

1 LONG DISTANCE FAR FIELD POWER TRANSFER PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE HUBREGT J. VISSER

2 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE EARLY HISTORY OF RWPT 3. THE MODERN HISTORY OF RWPT 4. RWPT BASICS 5. EXAMPLES 6. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

3 1. INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS Energy / Power Harvesting: The process by which power is obtained by a device from external sources in the environment of the device and converted into usable electric power. Radiative Wireless Power Transfer (RWPT): A special form of Radio Frequency (RF) Power Harvesting in which use is made of radiated fields.

4 1. INTRODUCTION APPLICATIONS RWPT Replacing/charging batteries in small, wireless, autonomous sensors. More sensors, measuring light, temperature, people presence, etc. will lead to e.g. adapting light and heating to local needs, thus lowering costs. Picture source:

5 1. INTRODUCTION ENERGY HARVESTING SOURCES

6 1. INTRODUCTION POWER DENSITIES Source Available Power Density Typical Harvested Power Density Ambient Light Indoor 0.1 mw/cm 2 10 W/cm 2 Outdoor 100 mw/cm 2 10 mw/cm 2 Vibration/Motion Human 0.5 m at 1 Hz 4 W/cm 2 Industrial 1 m/s 2 at 50 Hz 1 m at 5 Hz 10 m/s 2 at 1 khz 100 W/cm 2 Thermal Human 20 mw/cm 2 30 W/cm 2 Industrial 100 mw/cm mw/cm 2 RF GSM Base Station 0.3 W/cm W/cm 2 use RWPT

7 2. THE EARLY HISTORY OF RWPT 1886: Heinrich Hertz while proving the Maxwell equations, constructs the first radio system

8 2. THE EARLY HISTORY OF RWPT 1894: Guglielmo Marconi develops practical radio, transmitting and receiving data

9 2. THE EARLY HISTORY OF RWPT 1901: Nikola Tesla creates the idea to wirelessly transmit and receive energy

10 3. THE MODERN HISTORY OF RWPT 1931: Harrell Noble demonstrates Radiative Wireless Power Transfer 100 MHz half-wavelength dipoles Displaced 5 to 12 m 15 kw transmit power (!) Westinghouse laboratories Demonstrated at Chicago World Fair

11 3. THE MODERN HISTORY OF RWPT 1964: William Brown demonstrates a microwave powered model helicopter 5 kw, 2.45 GHz magnetron 3 m diameter parabolic reflector 9 m height 1.5 m2 receive antenna 4480 diodes 270 W dc power Raytheon Airborne Microwave Platform (RAMP) project

12 3. THE MODERN HISTORY OF RWPT 2014: Visser et al. demonstrate most compact, efficient 868/915 MHz rectenna

13 4. RWPT BASICS

14 4. RWPT BASICS ANTENNA TO ANTENNA ENERGY TRANSFER G R = 1 P T P R r EIRP = Effective Isotropic Radiated Power EIRP = P T G T

15 4. RWPT BASICS RECTIFIER Input power Frequency Output load Nonlinear device Input impedance? Output voltage? For 868/915 MHz and RF input power level of -10dBm: Optimum load resistance ~10 k RF-to-DC Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) 50-60%

16 4. RWPT BASICS RECTENNA State of the art Pin (dbm) Freq. (MHz) Load (k ) Diode(s) PCE (%) [61] HSMS285C 24 [62] HSMS285X 50 [63] HSMS286Y 44 [64] Skyworks SMS [65] Toshiba 1SS [66] Skyworks SMS This work HSMS2852 HSMS P PCE P dc inrf [61] D. De Donno, L. Catarinucci and L. Tarricone, An UHF RFID Energy-Harvesting System Enhanced by a DC-DC Charge Pump in Silicon-On-Insulator Technology, IEEE Microwave Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 23, pp , [62] G. Monti, L. Corchia and L. Tarricone, UHF Wearable Rectenna on Textile Materials, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 61, pp , [63] H. Kanaya, S. Tsukamaoto, T. Hirabaru and D. Kanemoto, Energy Harvesting Circuit on a One-Sided Directional Flexible Antenna, IEEE Microwave Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 23, pp , [64] A. Georgiadis, A. Collado, S. Via and C. Menses, Flexible Hybrid Solar/EM Energy Harvester for Autonomous Sensors, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Baltimore, USA, [65] K. Ogawa, K. Ozaki, M. Yamada and K. Honda, High Efficiency Small-Sized Rectenna Using a High-Q LC Resonator for Long Distance WPT at 950 MHz, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Nanjing, China, [66] K. Niotaki, S. Kim, S. Jeong, A. Collado, A. Georgiadis and M. Tentzeris, A Compact Dual-Band Rectenna Using Slot-Loaded Dual Band Folded Dipole Antenna, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 12, pp , 2013.

17 4. RWPT BASICS RECTENNA State of the art Pin (dbm) Freq. (MHz) Load (k ) Size ( 2 ) PCE (%) [63] [67] [68] This work Z rectifier = 9 j234 /10 Capacitive Compensate with inductance Small antenna Loop antenna [63] H. Kanaya, S. Tsukamaoto, T. Hirabaru and D. Kanemoto, Energy Harvesting Circuit on a One-Sided Directional Flexible Antenna, IEEE Microwave Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 23, pp , [67] C. Mikeka, H. Arai, A. Georgiadis and A. Collado, DTV Band Micropower RF Energy Harvesting Circuit Architecture and Performance Analysis, RFID-TA, Barcelona, Spain, [68] S. Korhummel, D.G. Kuester and Z. Popovic, A Harmonically-Terminated Two-Gram Low-Power Rectenna on a Flexible Substrate, USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Boulder, USA, 2013.

18 4. RWPT BASICS RECTENNA WITH POWER MANAGEMENT

19 5. EXAMPLES rectenna Transmitter (3W 915MHz) temp & humidity base station Wireless temperature and relative humidity sensor (`60mA every 45 s)

20 6. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES MINIATURIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT INDEPENDENCE

21 6. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES TRANSIENT ARRAYS

22 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Best in class in rectennas (power receivers) Continuing to hold that position through using more efficient rectifiers and smaller, environment-independent antennas Development of transmitter configurations and waveforms to increase received power levels Creating commercial feasibility

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