Baicells Technical Training. WISPAPALOOZA 2017 Monday, October 9, 2017

Transcription

1 Baicells Technical Training WISPAPALOOZA 2017 Monday, October 9, 2017

2 Part I: Installer Training LTE Primer beginning slide 3 Deployments beginning slide 28 CloudCore Account (29) Unboxing & Tools Required (30) Installation Overview (32) Power & Grounding (33) LEDs (34) Cabling (35) Antenna Selection (36) enb Status in Software (37) Weatherproofing (40) Basic Configuration (41) Upgrading Firmware (44) Preparing the User Equipment (49) Antenna Basics (61)

3 LTE Primer Presented by Nitisha Potti Customer Support Engineer Level 2

4 Wireless Standard Evolution

5 LTE Overview LTE stands for Long-Term Evolution, and it was started as a project in 2004 by a telecommunications body known as 3GPP. A rapid increase in mobile data usage and the emergence of new applications drove 3GPP to work on LTE on the way towards fourth-generation mobile. The main goals of LTE were to provide: 1. High throughput 2. Low latency 3. Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD) in the same platform 4. Superior end-user experience, i.e., optimized signaling 5. Seamless connection with legacy systems 6. Simple architecture

6 LTE Key Features

7 LTE Network Architecture The high-level network architecture of LTE is comprised of the following three main components: 1. User Equipment (UE) 2. Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) 3. Evolved Packet Core (EPC) The E-UTRAN handles the radio communications between the mobile and the EPC and just has one component, the evolved base stations, called enodeb (enb).

8 LTE Downlink: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a digital multi-carrier modulation method. OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables costefficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates. The OFDM symbols are grouped into resource blocks. The resource blocks have a total size of 180 KHz in the frequency domain and 0.5 ms in the time domain. Each 1 ms Transmission Time Interval (TTI) consists of two slots (Tslot). Each user is allocated a number of so-called resource blocks in the timefrequency grid. The more resource blocks a user gets, and the higher the modulation used in the resource elements, the higher the bit-rate.

9 LTE Downlink: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), cont. CP Cyclic Prefix PS Pulse Shaping

10 LTE Downlink: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), cont.

11 Advantages and Disadvantages of OFDM Advantages: Robustness against inter-symbol interference (ISI) and fading caused by multipath Reduced computational complexity using Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) Can easily adapt to severe channel conditions Robustness against burst errors caused by portions or spectrum undergoing deep fades Efficient multi-access scheme by partitioning different subcarriers among multiple users (OFDMA) Robustness against narrowband interference Disadvantages: Adapt to severe channel conditions Robustness against burst errors caused by portions or spectrum undergoing deep fades

12 LTE Uplink: Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) LTE uses a pre-coded version of OFDM called Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) in the uplink. The main advantages for using SC-FDMA for uplink communications: 1. Lower peak-to-average power ratio 2. Reduced cost of the power amplifier 3. Low sensitivity to carrier frequency offset

13 LTE Uplink: Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), cont.

14 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Basics LTE incorporates multiple input multiple output (MIMO), which uses two or more antennas and related receive and transmit circuitry to achieve higher speeds within a given channel. MIMO divides the serial data to be transmitted into separate data streams that are then transmitted simultaneously over the same channel. This technique also mitigates the multipath problem and adds to the signal reliability because of the diversity of reception. One common arrangement is 2x2 MIMO, where the first number indicates the number of transmit antennas and the second number is the number of receive antennas. Standard LTE can accommodate up to a 4x4 arrangement.

15 Carrier Aggregation (CA) The most straightforward way to increase capacity is to add more bandwidth. Each aggregated carrier is referred to as a component carrier. The component carrier can have a bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, or 20 MHz, and a maximum of five component carriers can be aggregated. Hence, the maximum bandwidth is 100 MHz. The number of aggregated carriers can be different in DL and UL; however, the number of UL component carriers is never larger than the number of DL component carriers.

16 TDD and FDD in LTE TDD FDD

17 Frame Structure in FDD-LTE There are two types of LTE frame structures based on topology, either FDD or TDD. The total frame duration is about 10 ms. There are a total of 10 subframes in a frame. Each subframe is composed of 2 time slots. Type 1 LTE frame structure is applicable to FDD systems. As shown in the figure below, an FDD-LTE frame is made up of a total 20 slots, each being 0.5 ms. Two consecutive time slots will form one subframe. 10 such subframes form one radio frame. One subframe duration is about 1 ms. Hence, an LTE radio frame will have a duration of about 10 ms. Each radio frame will have Ts, where one Ts equals 1/(15000 x 2048) seconds.

18 Frame Structure in TDD-LTE

19 LTE Network Identifiers Public Land Mobile Network Identity (PLMN-ID) is the identification of the network itself. PLMN is a combination of the Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC). Tracking Area Code (TAC) identifies a tracking area within a particular network. E-UTRAN Cell Identity (ECI) identifies a cell within a particular network. Physical Cell Identity (PCI) distinguishes a cell from its immediate neighbors.

20 LTE User Equipment Identifiers International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is a unique ID that globally identifies a subscriber. The IMSI is programmed on the Universal SIM card (USIM). International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is a unique ID that globally identifies 3GPP UE hardware.

21 LTE Signal Measurements RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measures the total received wide-band power. Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) is the average power of the LTE reference signals over the entire bandwidth. [RANGE]: -44 ~ -140dBm RSRP does a better job measuring signal power from a specific sector while potentially excluding noise from other sectors. Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) indicates the quality of the received reference signal. [RANGE]: -3 ~ -19.5dB RSRQ Formula: RSRQ = N x RSRP / RSSI N = Number of PRBs Basically, RSRQ depends on serving cell power and the number of Tx antennas.

22 RSSI vs RSRP RSSI measures the power of the entire resource block symbol containing the Reference Signal (RS). RSRP measures the power of a single resource element.

23 LTE Signal Measurements SINR, CINR Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) is the ratio of the average received demodulated signal power to the sum of the average co-channel interference power and the noise power from other sources. Carrier-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio (CINR) is the ratio between the power of the RF carrier bearing the wanted signal and the total power of interfering signals and noises.

24 TDD Configuration Options Supported subframe assignments: 2 - DL:UL = 3:1 1 - DL:UL = 2:2 Peak data rates: 20 MHz, 2-7 = 112 Mbps DL / 10 Mbps UL 20 MHz, 1-7 = 82 Mbps DL / 20 Mbps UL Supported special subframe patterns: Format 7: Short guard period (~18 km limit) Format 5: Long guard period (~75 km limit)

25 MCS Chart Modulation and Coding Max troughtput [Mbps] SINR (db) Receiver Sensitivity (dbm) Scheme rank 1 rank 2 rank 1 rank 2 DL MCS UL MCS DL (Rank 2) UL DL UL DL DL UL DL 0-QPSK 0-QPSK 4.19 Mbps 0.53 Mbps QPSK 1-QPSK 5.44 Mbps 0.70 Mbps QPSK 2-QPSK 6.85 Mbps 0.85 Mbps QPSK 3-QPSK 8.64 Mbps 1.11 Mbps QPSK 4-QPSK Mbps 1.39 Mbps QPSK 5-QPSK Mbps 1.70 Mbps Channel Bandwidth = 20 MHz Subframe Assignment = 2 (3:1) Special Subframe Patterns = 7 Category 4 UE 2rx 1tx 6-QPSK 6-QPSK Mbps 1.98 Mbps QPSK 7-QPSK Mbps 2.37 Mbps QPSK 8-QPSK Mbps 2.71 Mbps QPSK 9-QPSK Mbps 3.05 Mbps QAM 10-QPSK Mbps 3.40 Mbps QAM 11-16QAM Mbps 3.40 Mbps QAM 12-16QAM Mbps 3.82 Mbps QAM 13-16QAM Mbps 4.43 Mbps QAM 14-16QAM Mbps 4.90 Mbps QAM 15-16QAM Mbps 5.48 Mbps QAM 16-16QAM Mbps 5.86 Mbps QAM 17-16QAM Mbps 6.34 Mbps QAM 18-16QAM Mbps 7.03 Mbps QAM 19-16QAM Mbps 7.58 Mbps QAM 20-16QAM Mbps 8.12 Mbps QAM 21-16QAM Mbps 8.12 Mbps QAM 22-16QAM Mbps 9.07 Mbps QAM Mbps QAM Mbps QAM Mbps QAM Mbps QAM Mbps QAM Mbps

26 MCS Chart, cont. Modulation and Coding Max troughtput [Mbps] SINR (db) Receiver Sensitivity (dbm) Scheme rank 1 rank 2 rank 1 rank 2 DL MCS UL MCS DL (Rank 2) UL DL UL DL DL UL DL 0-QPSK 0-QPSK 3.07 Mbps 1.07 Mbps QPSK 1-QPSK 3.99 Mbps 1.40 Mbps QPSK 2-QPSK 5.01 Mbps 1.71 Mbps QPSK 3-QPSK 6.35 Mbps 2.22 Mbps QPSK 4-QPSK 7.92 Mbps 2.79 Mbps QPSK 5-QPSK 9.69 Mbps 3.40 Mbps Channel Bandwidth = 20 MHz Subframe Assignment = 1 (2:2) Special Subframe Patterns = 7 Category 4 UE 2rx 1tx 6-QPSK 6-QPSK Mbps 3.96 Mbps QPSK 7-QPSK Mbps 4.73 Mbps QPSK 8-QPSK Mbps 5.41 Mbps QPSK 9-QPSK Mbps 6.11 Mbps QAM 10-QPSK Mbps 6.80 Mbps QAM 11-16QAM Mbps 6.80 Mbps QAM 12-16QAM Mbps 7.63 Mbps QAM 13-16QAM Mbps 8.86 Mbps QAM 14-16QAM Mbps 9.80 Mbps QAM 15-16QAM Mbps Mbps QAM 16-16QAM Mbps Mbps QAM 17-16QAM Mbps Mbps QAM 18-16QAM Mbps Mbps QAM 19-16QAM Mbps Mbps QAM 20-16QAM Mbps Mbps QAM 21-16QAM Mbps Mbps QAM 22-16QAM Mbps Mbps QAM Mbps QAM Mbps QAM Mbps QAM Mbps QAM Mbps QAM Mbps

27 Physical-Layer Cell Identity (PCI) Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) 3 different sequences called Physical-Layer ID (0~2) Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) 168 different sequences called Physical-Layer Cell ID Group (0~167) 3x168 = 504 available Physical-Layer Cell Identities. Once a UE knows the PCI, it also knows the location of the cell reference signals.

28 CloudCore Antenna Selection Power, Grounding, Cabling Check LEDs Basic Configuration UE Readiness Unboxing Prep Work Upgrades Weatherproofing Deployments Presented by Rick Harnish Director of WISP Markets

29 Open a Baicells CloudCore Account Open a web browser, and enter the CloudCore address: Click on the Sign up button. Complete the mandatory fields, and click Sign up. You will receive an from CloudCore. In the , click on the CloudCore link to go to the login page. Enter your login user name ( address) and a password to authenticate.

30 Contents of Nova 1W enodeb Carton Nova 1W enodeb (1) GPS Antenna (1) GPS Cable (1) GPS Lightning Arrestor (2) GPS Mounting Brackets (1) Base Station Handle (2) enb Mounting Brackets (1) 48VDC Power Supply (1) Waterproof DC Connector (1) Waterproof Ethernet Connector (1) Power Cable Extender Connector (1) Ground Cable Misc. Bolts/Nuts Mastic and Electrical Tape 17-Oct-17 30

31 Tools

32 Overview of Installation Preparation Work

33 Connecting Power and Grounding No more than (2) enbs per stock power supply Calculate needed wire size per tower mounting height Use only UV rated 2-wire cable Alternative: DIN Rail Mount 48v 240w Alternative: POE Power Inserter Tycon POE-INJ-1000-DIN

34 LEDs

35 Cabling

36 Antenna Selection and Considerations Define desired coverage area and demographics Estimate potential subscriber capacity of coverage area No. of subscribers Bandwidth/subscriber (packages) Oversubscription Model: 10:1 Consider reuse models, spectrum availability, channel size Omni versus sectors Vertical beamwidth Electrical versus mechanical downtilt Horizontal beamwidth-overlap Use downtilt calculator Height above average terrain Accurate azimuth settings Dual slant versus H/V

37 Check enb Status in Software The Baicells base stations are designed to be plug-and-play and, therefore, arrive preconfigured. Before you seal and weatherproof the connections on the base station elements, you will need to log in either to the client Web GUI or the cloudbased OMC to ensure the base station status is reported as active. From the base station MGMT port, type in using username admin, password admin. (Once the application is installed and has a WAN IP address assigned, you can log in remotely with

38 Set up enb for use with CloudCore Account Directly connect the base station s DATA port to a network routed to the Internet. The base station DATA interface is set to DHCP client by default. Log into the base station web GUI from either the DATA or MGMT interface IP (e.g., Configure the base station to connect to the Baicells Cloud OMC. Navigate to the Network Management Settings page: BTS Settings -> Network Management Settings Enter baiomc.cloudapp.net:48080 into Network Management IP, and then click Save. Upgrading firmware sets this by default.

39 Check enb Status in CloudCore OMC Go to enb > Monitor > Active Status. If the status is not reported as active, contact Baicells support.

40 Weatherproofing Techniques All-weather electrical tape and mastic Self-fusing Silicone Electrical Tape: Scotch 70 Black Cold Shrink Amalgamating Tape Cold Shrink Tubing Heat Shrink Tubing w/adhesive Weatherproof RF Cable Boots

41 Basic Configuration on the enodeb Initial Configuration Flow Log in to MGMT port of enodeb by typing in a browser. Default Username and Password: admin/admin

42 Quick Settings Select County Code Band 41 or 43 CBRS will be 48 Channel Size 10 or 20 MHz Frequency (EARFCN) SubFrame Assignment: 1 or 2, where: 1 = DL:UL is 2:2 and where: 2 = DL:UL is 3:1 (default) transmission ratio SSF: 5 or 7 (default). Pertains to synchronization of downlink and uplink timing. Physical Cell Identification (PCI): allocated by the operator. Range is

43 WAN/LAN Select Network/WAN/LAN Select Static IP, DHCP, or PPPOE (not recommended) Assign Static IP address Enter Subnet Mask Enter Default Gateway Enter DNS Servers ( default) LAN address is only used for initial configuration and should not need to be changed.

44 Upgrade Firmware via Web GUI Select System/Upgrade Go to: ome/announcements for recent firmware releases Download firmware to computer Select Firmware File Check Attempt to Preserve Settings Push Upgrade Now button

45 Upgrade Firmware via OMC Go to enb/strategy/upgrade Click on + sign in top right corner Check enb(s) to upgrade Click right arrow Name Task at top of page Select Upgrade Time/Date under Execute Type Push Next button Select upgrade firmware file Push Finish button

46 Management Server Management Server: :48080/smallcell/ or IP Address Cloudkey: Unique Operator Identifier Entering Cloudkey enters device into the OMC Operator Account automatically

47 Mobility Management Entity (MME) and IPSec Tunnels The LTE MME is responsible for initiating paging and authentication of LTE devices. The operator may have more than one MME in the network. Upgrading firmware sets defaults. IKE Port can be 4500 or 500 Note IPSEC Gateway addresses Note MME IP addresses

48 Local Gateway (LGW) Local Gateway (LGW) fields allow you to enable or disable the gateway Select an LGW Mode of Network Address Translation (NAT), router, or bridge If Router, make sure there is a default route to assigned subnet If Bridge, make sure there is a DHCP server feeding subnet to enodeb WAN port NAT is default

49 Preparing the User Equipment (UE)

50 SIM Card Import Open an Excel sheet, and paste the SIM cards in the sheet. The SIM card number should appear in digits, e.g.,: Save the file. Click BOSS at the top left. Go to Network -> Sim card -> Click on import tab - > click on file tab. Under file option search for the file you saved in step 1. Enter subscriber info, and click on the search icon in the SIM card field. Click on Import. You will get a dialog box saying how many sim cards have been added successfully. Click on OK.

51 SIM Card Activation Log into CloudCore. Click BOSS at the top left. Click Subscriber on the left menu. Click New to add a new subscriber. Enter subscriber info, and click on the search icon in the SIM card field. Select the respective IMSI number. Select Service Plan (default is wide open). Click Save to add a new subscriber and activate the SIM card.

52 Basic Configuration on the Atom UEs Log in to UE by typing in a browser. Some old firmware versions used Default Username and Password: admin/admin

53 Overview Fields of the Atom UEs

54 Network Mode on the Atom UEs Select the network mode as either Network Address Translation (NAT), Router, or Bridge. NAT is default. Warning: Selecting Bridge mode will pass the assigned IP address to the customer router. Remote management of the UE will no longer be possible. This will hopefully be corrected in a future firmware upgrade.

55 LTE Settings on the Atom UEs

56 Scan Mode Settings on the Atom UEs FullBand The CPE will routinely scan all channels in the band. PCI Lock Allows you to select the specific E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (EARFCN) and Physical Cell Identifier (PCI). Band/Frequency Preferred You can specify which band(s) the CPE will scan.

57 TR069 Settings on the Atom UEs Navigate to System -> TR069. Check Enable. ACS URL: Periodic Inform Interval: 60 Enter Cloudkey. Click Submit.

58 PCI Lock Settings on the Atom UEs Select PCI Lock in Scan Mode. Add EARFCN and PCI number, then click Add. You can add multiple PCI lock entries. The CPE will scan the list for base stations with the PCI and EARFCN combination.

59 Upgrade UE Firmware via Web GUI Select System/Version Manager. Go to for recent firmware releases. Download firmware to computer. Select Firmware File. Push Submit button.

60 Upgrade UE Firmware via OMC Go to CPE/Strategy/Upgrade. Click on + sign in top right corner. Check CPE(s) to upgrade. Click right arrow. Name Task at top of page. Select Upgrade Time/Date under Execute Type. Push Next button. Select upgrade firmware file. Push Finish button.

61 Antenna Basics

62 Antenna Basics - Coverage vs Interference Antenna choice is very important when designing your next LTE site. The next few slides will have some DO s and some DO NOTs.

63 Antenna Choice - Three 120 degree (DO NOT)

64 Antenna Choice - Three 90 degree (Acceptable)

65 Antenna Choice - Four 90 degree (DO NOT)

66 Antenna Choice - Four 65 degree (DO!)

67 Antenna Choice - Six 45 degree (Best use)

68 Antenna Basics - Downtilt Need to know: Desired coverage area (radius from tower) Antenna Mounting Height above Average Terrain Vertical Beamwidth Electrical Downtilt Use Downtilt Calculator before ordering antennas: /qdowntilt.aspx Most antennas fall in a range of 6-8 degree vertical beamwidth (use 7 as an average starting point)

69 Antenna Downtilt Electrical vs Mechanical Need to know: With mechanical tilt, the coverage area is reduced in central direction, but the coverage area in side directions is increased. With electrical tilt, the coverage area suffers a uniform reduction in the direction of the antenna azimuth, that is, the gain is reduced uniformly. Tilt is used to reduce and control interference with other sites Tilt is used to concentrate RF pattern in desired coverage area Mechanical Downtilt may worsen CINR levels from neighboring sectors

70 Antenna Selection Now that you know the approximate antenna specifications you desire for your deployment, it is time to search for the proper antenna that fits the deployment best. Baicells has tested: Alpha Antennas KP Performance Antennas MTI Antennas Fixed vs Adjustable Electrical Downtilt F/B Ratio - The front-to-back ratio denotes the sensitivity of an antenna to radio waves in the region of 180 degrees plus or minus 40 degrees from the main beam direction - the area of space behind the antenna db F/B Ratio is considered good; less than that is not. The higher the number the better.

71 Antenna Selection, Cont. Polarization: Dual Slant Horizontal/Vertical Benefits of Dual Slant: Improved Noise Immunity Improved Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) Improve Coverage in Congested Environments Vertical Polarization generally maintains stronger receive signal than Horizontal Polarization (Inequality) Slanting both polarities 45 degrees improves receive sensitivity equality

72 Antenna Selection, Cont. Find a few antennas that may fit your deployment. Run downtilt calculations again with correct vertical beamwidth specs. Choose as much electrical downtilt as possible to meet your desired downtilt; reduced mechanical downtilt reduces pattern skew. Total Downtilt = Electrical DT + Mechanical DT Install antenna with accurate mechanical downtilt per calculations Test, and adjust if needed

73 RF Cables PIM - PIM is defined as the unwanted signal or signals generated by the nonlinear mixing of 2 or more frequencies High PIM means poor reception and limited bandwidth to the end user, which in turn means lost customers. Low PIM means strong signals with more bandwidth for more users, which means happy customers and higher revenues. Extensive testing by LTE providers discovered that legacy LMR braided cables may test perfectly in a Return Loss or VSWR test, but generally possess only average PIM performance. PIM lowers the reliability, capacity, and data rate of LTE systems. It does this by limiting the receive sensitivity.

74 RF Cables, Cont. PIM shows up as a set of unwanted signals, created by loose or corroded connectors, nearby rust, medium or high PIM braided cable products, and other variables listed below. Other names for PIM include the diode effect and the rusty bolt effect. Over-tightening, insufficient contact pressure, distorted contact surfaces, foreign material in the mating surfaces, or corrosion can cause excessive PIM. Other causes of PIM: Poorly manufactured antennas, Nearby corrosion, Lightning Arrestors Connectors made for LTE usage are non-ferrous and plated with coatings such as silver, white bronze, and gold.

75 RF Cables, Cont. Here are some datasheet links for Low PIM cables from various manufacturers: RFS Cellflex49 Superior Essex HSFC Series23 Commscope Heliax Sureflex27 Times Microwave LMR-SW49

76 Remember, Every db Counts!

77 OMC & BOSS Configuration Demonstration Presented by Nitisha Potti Customer Support Engineer Level 2

78 Baicells CloudCore CloudCore is a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) solution managed and hosted by Baicells via Azure, a Microsoft based and North American hosted Cloud computing platform. CloudCore includes two service modules: Operations Management Console (OMC) Business Operations Support System (BOSS) HOW TO SIGN UP FOR A CLOUDCORE ACCESS ACCOUNT: 1. Enter the url to go to the CloudCore home page, and click on the [Sign up] button. 2. Fill out the mandatory information, then click the [Sign up] button. 3. You will receive an from CloudCore; your login account user name is your . You will then need to click the active url to complete the authentication. 4. The account is now active. Click [return home] to go back to the CloudCore home page. 5. Log in to CloudCore with user name ( ), and password you entered when you signed up. 6. Next, you will need to configure an enb to connect to the Baicells Cloud OMC.

79 Part II: Operator Training RF Planning & Design beginning slide 80 EPC: Basic LTE Network Architecture and Core Network Call Flows beginning slide 98 Baicells HaloB Solution beginning slide 137 Troubleshooting Top Customer Issues beginning slide 144

80 RF Planning & Design Presented by Cameron Kilton Director of Engineering Services

81 Challenges? How do we develop a business model with so many parameters? The three C s to planning: Coverage, Capacity, and Cost Vertical assets: Towers, Buildings, Utility Poles, etc. What are the challenges that we must overcome? Data accuracy - Clutter Site Selection

82 Cell Planning The aim of the cell planning engineer is to establish the proper radio network in terms of service coverage, capacity, cost, frequency use, equipment deployment, and performance. In order to plan a cellular radio network, you have to: Identify specifications Study the area under consideration Create a database with geographic information (GIS) Analyze the population in the service area Create models (i.e., cell types, IDs, locations, etc.) Perform simulations and analysis using proper propagation scenarios and tools

83 Cell Planning, Cont. Afterward, simulation and coverage results are analyzed, followed by cell deployment and static or drive testing. The results of field measurements are compared against the simulation model results that you used, and the model is tuned for performance optimization. Each of the aforementioned stages in turn consists of a number of steps that need to be performed. Common platforms for this detailed design and tuning that major carrier operators use are: Forsk Atoll, EDX and others These also offer features such as auto frequency planning and auto PCI planning (discussed later)

84 Coverage Coverage planning is an important step in deploying an LTE network. This process includes the selection of a proper propagation model based on the area s terrain, clutter, and population. Propagation models (empirical models) are too simplistic to predict the signal propagation behavior in an accurate fashion; they provide us with some relatively good accuracy of how things would behave. Field measurements are the most accurate in predicting radio coverage in a certain area. For example, in buildings coverage will add about 16 to 20 db of extra signal loss, and inside vehicles one can increase the loss by an extra 3 to 6 db. Let s not forget about the trees. I think we all know what challenges they present from time to time.

85 Propagation Modeling Software

86 PCI Planning - Why it is Important Two synchronization signals transmitted once every 5 ms : Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) Subframe #0 and #5 Mapped on 72 subcarriers in the middle of the band OFDM symbol #6 Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) Subframe #0 and #5 Mapped on 72 subcarriers in the middle of the band OFDM symbol #5

87 Capacity Planning The challenge of macro and HetNet planning is ensuring capacity is provided where the demand is located. The cell spectral efficiency is critical if there is to be an effective increase in network capacity. In the presence of traffic hotspots, an adaptive modulation and coding scheme means the difference between users sharing.5 Mbps and 100 Mbps. The location of traffic hotspots determines whether there will be a return on investment or not, and maximizes profit margins.

88 Modulation Schemes Providing data capacity is not like providing voice lines.

89 PCI Planning - Sync Signals - TDD Two synchronization signals transmitted once every 5 ms : Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) Subframe #1 and #6 Mapped on 72 subcarriers in the middle of the band OFDM symbol #2 Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) Subframe #0 and #5 Mapped on 72 subcarriers in the middle of the band OFDM symbol #13

90 PCI Planning - Sync Signals TDD, Cont.

91 PCI Planning - Priority Orders When planning PCIs, the following priority orders are recommended: 1. The same PCIs should be avoided within the same site and as neighbors. 2. PCIs with conflicting k values should be avoided within the same site and as neighbors. 3. PCIs with conflicting m0 and m1 values should be avoided within the same site and as neighbors. Reasons for not following these rules strictly: Will not work in an irregular pattern (see previous slide). Will cause a lot of limitations on neighbors, and neighbor lists have to be shortened.

92 PCI Planning - Examples Example formula from Excel to calculate PCI usage: =SUM(3*E2+D2)

93 Coverage & Power Levels Exist in forms that have very large power ranges from the smallest to the largest component. With more power can swamp the smaller components and render them inoperable; they must be planned carefully with new levels of accuracy. Have such a range of sizes, that environment modelling such as clutter must be reconsidered with accuracy the main focus. Will be deployed in significant numbers resulting in an exponential growth in the planning complexity.

94 Challenges 1. Clutter Data Accuracy (recommendations) a. Macro <10M b. Pico/SmallCell <2.5M c. Femto/Wi-Fi <1M d. Atto <0.25M 2. Network Capacity a. Provide capacity where demand is located b. Spectral efficiency is critical if there is to be an effective increase in network capacity. Difference between users sharing 5 Mbps and 50 Mbps. 3. Location, Location, Location a. Adaptive modulation works to achieve maximum performance of the link. b. High Signal to Noise means more spectrum efficiency, which in turn maximizes ROI.

95 Network Capacity 1. Network capacity is sensitive to the cell spectral efficiency. 2. An adaptive modulation and coding scheme means that user locations determine the capacity of the serving cell. 3. A commuting, dynamic population means that residential or business census falls short of the actual population distribution in modern cities. 4. Components are sensitive to the mobility of the demand. Fast moving demand cannot be served by small cells such as picos. 5. Different components are suited to different environments. Femto and Wi-Fi are designed for indoor situations; macros and picos work effectively outdoors. What are the solutions?

96 Interference 1. The power of a distant macro can often be at a similar value to the power of a pico s serving area. 2. The interference potential of a macro is increased considerably for a pico due to the greater powers of the macro. 3. Complex interplays between the macro and picos or femtos should be modelled. 4. Modelling entire cities, it is found that it is necessary to extend the signal predictions to much farther distances in order to compute a site s capacity. How do we address this? 1. Reduce power, and increase gain. 2. Tilt - Focus your antenna for your planned coverage area, and stick to it.

97 Planning Summary 1. Use deployment-ready business case studies for cell planning. 2. Use good clutter data as available, and design for capacity with coverage as the second most important factor. a. Remember, clutter data is not cheap but neither is putting a site in the wrong spot. 3. Various techniques will be needed to understand the ROI on each new site.

98 EPC: Basic LTE Network Architecture and Core Network Call Flows Presented by Jesse Raasch VP of Engineering

99 Basic LTE Network Architecture and Core Network Call Flows

100 LTE Network Architecture: E-UTRAN The main components of the Enhanced UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) are: User Equipment (UE): Device directly used by end-user to communicate, such as a mobile phone or customer premise equipment (CPE). E-UTRAN Node B (enodeb or enb): Also called the base station, is the evolution of the Node B in UMTS. The enb terminates the air interface protocol and is first point of contact for the UE.

101 E-UTRAN Network Interfaces S1 Interface Connects the enodeb to the EPC. It is split into two interfaces: control plane (S1-MME) and user plane (S1-U). X2 Interface Used to interconnect enodebs, where load or interference-related and handover-related information is exchanged.

102 LTE Network Architecture EPC Elements Mobility Management Entity (MME): Responsible for user authentication (by interacting with HSS), idle mode location tracking, paging, roaming, handovers, bearer activation / deactivation process, and selecting gateways for UE. Home Subscriber Server (HSS): Central database that contains user-related and subscription-related information. Serving Gateway (S-GW): Gateway which terminates the interface towards E-UTRAN, serving a large number of enodebs. Responsible for handovers with neighbor enodebs and data transfer across the user plane. Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW): Controls IP data services, routing, allocates IP addresses, enforces policies, and provides access for non-3gpp access networks such as WiMAX and 3GPP2. Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF): Interfaces with PGW and supports service data flow detection, policy enforcement, and flow-based charging.

103 User Plane: UE to P-GW IP packets in the core network are encapsulated in an EPC-specific protocol and tunneled between the P-GW and the enodeb. GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP) is used on the S1 and S5/S8 interfaces. Protocol stack between the enodeb and UE consists of the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), Radio Link Control (RLC), and Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayers.

104 Control Plane: UE to MME The control plane additionally includes the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer, which is responsible for establishing the radio bearers and configuring the lower layers. Control plane handling of radio-specific functionality includes: Cell selection and reselection procedures UE info on downlink channel quality and neighbor cell information

105 LTE enodeb Startup Procedure Step 1 The enodeb establishes an S1 connection with the MME. S1 Setup Request Parameters: PLMN Cell ID Tracking Area Code (TAC)

106 LTE enodeb Startup Procedure Step 2 enodeb starts broadcasting Master Information Block (MIB) and System Information Block (SIB) information.

107 MIB and SIB Overview Part 1 Master Information Block (MIB) is transmitted using a physical layer channel and contains the following vital system parameters and information: System bandwidth PHICH info System frame number System Information Blocks (SIB) carry relevant information for the UE, which helps UE to access a cell and perform cell-reselection. There are 16 types (since R11) of SIBs with each one having a specific task. A minimum of two SIBs is required (SIB1 and SIB2).

108 MIB and SIB Overview Part 2 MIB SIB1 SIB2 Features Carries physical layer information of LTE cell Access restriction info of a UE and scheduling of other SIBs Radio resource configuration common for all UEs Main Parameters DL bandwidth, SFN, PHICH configuration Access restriction info, cell selection info, scheduling info list, and carries Cell ID, MCC, MNC, TAC Common and shared channel info, RRC, UL power control, preamble power ramping, uplink cyclic prefix length, sub-frame hopping, and uplink EARFCN

109 LTE Random Access Procedure Step 1 1. UE synchronizes with the downlink channel by decoding PSS and SSS signal. 2. Upon downlink channel synchronization, MIB and SIB messages are downloaded.

110 LTE Random Access Procedure Step 2 Msg1: UE randomly selects and transmits Preamble on RA channel. UE is also assigned an identity (RA-RNTI). Msg2: enodeb sends Random Access Response to UE addressed to RA-RNTI. Message contains Temp C-RNTI, Timing Advanced Value, and Uplink Grant Resource. Msg3: UE sends RRC connection request message to enodeb. Message contains UE identity (TMSI) and connection establishment cause. Msg4: enodeb responds with contention resolution message to UE and is addressed to TMSI value. Message also contains new C-RNTI which will be used for further communication.

111 LTE RRC Connection Establishment Procedure Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection establishment procedure configures Signal Radio Bearer 1 (SRB1) for UE and lets UE inform the network what it wants to do. RRC Connection Request (RACH Msg3): Contains UE identity (TMSI) and connection establishment cause. RRC Connection Setup Message: Contains configuration details for SRB1. RRC Connection Setup Complete Message: UE moves to RRC Connected mode.

112 LTE Attach Procedure On NAS layer, the UE sends an Attach Request (including IMSI) message to request initial attach to the NAS layer of the MME. The Attach Request message is embedded in the RRC Connection Setup Complete message, which is then embedded again in the successive Initial UE Message. At this stage, IMSI acquisition and ECM connection are complete.

113 LTE ECM Connection Overview Part 1 The EPS Connection Management (ECM) connection is the logical connection between a UE and MME which tunnels across the RRC and S1 signaling connection. This connection is used for exchanging NAS messages. The EPS Mobility Management (EMM) is a sub-layer of the NAS layer and is responsible for mobility management procedures, e.g., Attach and Tracking Area Update.

114 LTE ECM Connection Overview Part 2 Layer State Entity Description EMM EMM-Deregistered UE, MME UE is not attached to any network. MME does not know current location of the UE. EMM-Registered UE, MME UE is attached and successfully registered to the network. An IP address has been assigned with an established EPS bearer. MME knows the current location of the UE. ECM ECM-Idle UE, MME No NAS signaling connection (ECM connection) established yet. ECM-Connected UE, MME NAS signaling connection is established. RRC RRC-Idle UE, enb No RRC connection is established yet. RRC-Connected UE, enb RRC connection has been established.

115 LTE Authentication Procedure 1. Acquire Authentication Vectors 1. [MME HSS] Authentication Info Request 2. [HSS] Generate AVs 3. [MME HSS] Deliver AVs 2. Mutual Authentication 1. [UE MME] Request by MME for User Auth 2. [UE] Generate AVs and compare 3. [UE MME] Deliver User RES to MME 4. [MME] Network authenticating UE At this stage, user authentication is complete.

116 LTE NAS Security Setup Procedure 1. [MME] Generate NAS Keys 2. [UE MME] Helping UE to Generate NAS Security Keys 3. [UE] Generate NAS Security Keys 4. [UE MME] NAS Security Key Generation Complete At this stage, all NAS messages are security delivered, as encrypted and integrity-protected.

117 LTE Location Update Procedure 1. [MME HSS] Notify UE Location 2. [HSS] UE Location Update 3. [MME HSS] Deliver User Subscription Information 4. [MME] Store Subscription Information

118 LTE EPS Session Establishment Part 1 Request for EPS Session Creation Message: MME selects APN which is provided from HSS or UE. MME selects S-GW to go through for access to selected P-GW. MME initiates creation request of an EPS session and a default EPS bearer. EPS Session Creation Response Message: P-GW informs the MME of QoS information applied to the established EPS sessions and default EPS bearer.

119 LTE EPS Session Establishment Part 2 Initial Context Setup Request: MME sends an Initial Context Setup Request message so that the enb can establish the E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E-RAB), which is the concatenation of an S1 bearer and the corresponding radio bearer. Message consists of the following elements: - UE-AMBR(UL/DL) - E-RAB ID - S1 S-GW TEID - E-RAB QoS - UE Security Algorithm - KENB - NAS-PDU (Attach Accept)

120 LTE EPS Session Establishment Part 3 AS Security Mode Command/Complete: enb generates AS security keys from KENB for safe delivery for RRC messages and user traffic. enb informs UE of the AS security algorithms it selected. UE generates AS security keys and performs integrity check. UE indicates to the enb that AS security keys are generated.

121 LTE EPS Session Establishment Part 4 Reconfiguring RRC Connection: enb sends RRC Connection Reconfiguration message to UE to activate the default radio bearer (DRB) and also carries the Attach Accept message. Attach Accept message contains UE IP address, Global Unique Temporary ID (GUTI), Tracking Area Identifier (TAI) list, EPS Bearer ID, UE-AMBR, and QoS parameters.

122 LTE EPS Session Establishment Part 5 Initial Context Setup Response: enb allocates a downlink S1 (tunnel endpoint identifier (TEID) for S1 bearer and sends Initial Context Setup Response message to the MME which is forwarded to the SGW. Attach Complete: UE sends a Direct Transfer message to the enb which includes the Attach Complete (EPS Bearer Identity, NAS sequence number, NAS-MAC) message.

123 LTE EPS Session Establishment Part 6 S1 Bearer Modification: MME forwards the downlink S1 TEID received from the enb to the SGW. SGW responds to MME through Modify Bearer Response message. SGW is now ready to deliver downlink S1 traffic. S1 bearer is established, which allows the enb and SGW to exchange traffic with each other. The default bearer from the UE to the PGW is finally established.

124 EPS Bearer Part 1 EPS (Evolved Packet System) Bearer (bearer for short) is defined between the PGW and UE, and maps to a specific set of QoS parameters such as data rate, latency, and packet error rate. Bearer Classes: Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) bearer Non-GBR bearer

125 EPS Bearer Part 2 Access Point Name (APN) is a gateway the UE attaches to and identifies the Packet Data Network (PDN). QoS Class Identifier (QCI) indicates nine different QoS performance characteristics. Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP) indicates the priority of the bearer. GBR (UL/DL) is used for GBR type bearers, and indicates the bit rate to be guaranteed. MBR (UL/DL) is used for GBR type bearers, and indicates the maximum bit rate allowed. APN-AMBR (UL/DL) is used for non-gbr type bearers, and indicates the maximum bit rate allowed for all bandwidth in a PDN. UE-AMBR (UL/DL) is the same as APN-AMBR, but is the maximum bit rate allowed for all non-gbr type bearers associated to the UE.

126 EPS Bearer Part 3

127 EPS Bearer Part 4 (SDF) Service Data Flow (SDF) is a group of IP flows of user traffic associated with a type of service. Each SDF that matches the packet filters of a Traffic Flow Template (TFT) (DL TFT) is mapped by the P-GW to an EPS bearer that satisfies its QoS requirements.

128 EPS Bearer Part 5.1 (QoS) QoS parameters are defined at service level and bearer level. Both QCI and ARP are the basic QoS parameters applied to all SDFs and EPS bearers. GBR, MBR, and AMBR are the rate limiting related QoS parameters. QoS authorization is handled by the Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF), which dynamically manages and controls data sessions. QoS parameters are as followed: SDF QoS parameters: QCI, ARP, GBR and MBR EPS bearer QoS parameters: QCI, ARP, GBR, MBR, APN-AMBR and UE-AMBR

129 EPS Bearer Part 5.2 (QOS) QCI Resource Type Priority Packet Delay Budget Packet Error Loss Rate 1 GBR ms 10 2 Conversational voice Services ms 10 3 Conversational video (Live streaming) ms 10 3 Real-time gaming ms 10 6 Non-conversational video (Buffered streaming) 5 Non-GBR ms 10 6 IMS signaling ms 10 6 Video (Buffered streaming), TCP-based (e.g., www, , chat, FTP, etc.) ms 10 3 Voice, Video (Live streaming) ms 10 6 Video (Buffered streaming), TCP-based (e.g., www, , chat, FTP, etc.) ms 10 6 Video (Buffered streaming), TCP-based (e.g., www, , chat, FTP, etc.)

130 EPS Bearer Part 6.1 (QoS Provisioning) EPS Bearer QoS Provisioning: QoS parameters applied to a default bearer are provisioned by the HSS, which is downloaded by the MME when the default bearer is activated. These QoS rules can be modified by the PCRF. The PCRF is also responsible for provisioning QoS parameters for dedicated bearers. SDF QoS Provisioning: All the QoS parameters for SDFs are provisioned by the PCRF.

131 EPS Bearer Part 6.2 (QoS Provisioning)

132 EPS Bearer Part 7 (QoS Enforcement) QoS rules are applied to each detected SDF and EPS bearer upon detection of user traffic (IP flows). IP flows arriving at a P-GW are filtered into different SDFs. Enforcement of QoS for EPS bearers is done in EPS entities (UE, enb, S-GW, and P-GW).

133 Baicells CloudCore Design

134 LGW NAT Mode Can access UE by URL: Address]:[Port] [IP Address] = enb IP [Port] = 5xxxx where xxxx = last 4 digits of IMSI of CPE

135 LGW Router Mode Requires a static route entry to access LGW subnet

136 LGW Bridge Mode MAC address of CPE is generated from the IMSI to hex To calculate the CPE Mac address, convert the last 12 digits of the IMSI number to hex, then prefix it with 8A. For example, if the IMSI is , you would take the last 12 digits " " and convert it to hex which would equal "E42C8D5366", which brings us to the MAC address of 8A:E4:2C:8D:53:66.

137 Baicells HaloB Solution

138 Unstable Backhaul Situation Causes S1 Failure Node Failure MME-Pool APP Server LGW Internet Link Failure CPE enodeb IPSec & EPC Transmission Network SAE-GW Internet Traffics Signaling IP-Sec Using the internet for S1 backhaul. It s a flexible but unstable way. There are always some end users out of service because of the unstable backhaul. MME Pool solution remits the situation but does not resolve it. And the cost is much higher.

139 Complicated Structure The complicated structure requires professional design. Traditional LTE Arch Internet OMC&BOSS Centralized EPC causes heavy impact when failure occurs. End to end IP PGW SGW HSS PCRF MME LTE is E2E L3 network; it is hard to migrate L2 network to LTE. enodeb enodeb

140 Solution Overview One HaloB, One LTE Traditional LTE Arch Internet OMC&BOSS End to end IP PGW SGW HSS PCRF MME HaloB Internet HaloB HaloB Nova Nova HaloB OMC&BOSS HaloB Nova HaloB HaloB Nova Nova enodeb enodeb Nova Nova

141 Solution Highlights NAS is processed by HaloB; CPE will be always online. Only users under that HaloB will be affected if a failure occurs. Less investment, easier for newcomers Simplified structure, no need for professional design and maintenance Self-configuration, plug and play, shorter TTM Decouple enodeb and Core network Provide L2 scenario, such as SME and LAN gaming Multiple APNs, isolate management from service packet HaloB Nova

142 HaloB Solution NAS Processing OMC HaloB Local Breakout Self-configuration: PLMN ERFCN Bandwidth Self-optimization: PCI PRACH Nova Subscriber Info mgmt. Traffic local breakout Software upgrade to get HaloB Concise structure, concise mgmt. UI Get active subscriber info from HSS Cache subscriber info in local database Cipher storage Cipher Data APN1 Mgmt. Subscriber Info: Synchronization Transportation Storage Verification BOSS Subscriber Info: Input Accounting APN2 DATA

143 How to get HaloB New hardware and license: Software upgrade and active license on existing hardware:

144 Troubleshooting Top Customer Issues

145 enb Shows Inactive

146 OMC Status Check

147 IPSec Status Check

148 MME Status and Quick Settings

149 CPE Connect/Reconnect Problems Check SIM status: - For a new install, please first check the USIM card status - USIM Normal is expected - If you find it display SIM not ready, please check if the SIM card is firmly installed.

150 CPE Connect/Reconnect Problems, Cont. Check if the CPE can hear a cell: - If it cannot, maybe the CPE is out of RF coverage of an enb; adjust the height and/or down tilt of the enb s antenna. - You can adjust the orientation of the CPE to let it face the enb s antenna to get better RF quality.

151 CPE Connect/Reconnect Problems, Cont. Check if the user is activated in BOSS: - If you cannot find it, contact Baicells support to add it in. If PC cannot get IP from CPE, then restart the CPE; probably the CPE LAN is not working. If CPE s PCI lock feature is enabled, please make sure the frequency and PCI information are correct. Make sure the ENB power settings are correct. Some ENBs reference signals may be wrongly set so the CPE will receive lower RSRP and be very difficult to attach. Make sure the enb is activated. If all above checked OK but the CPE still fails to access the network, please collect logs from the enb LMT or BaiOMC and report to BaiCells.

152 enb/cpe not Showing up on OMC Add the enb/cpe on OMC: 1. Log in to the OMC. 2. Go to the Device Management Menu. 3. Click the enb/cpe tab. 4. Click the plus (+) symbol in the top right corner. 5. Enter the serial number/ MAC address of your enb/cpe into the box. Check that the enb/cpe are active and getting internet. Check that the management server settings on the enb and the TR069 settings are correct on the CPE. Check the DNS settings.

153 Speed and Latency Issues Check if there is any flow control enabled on the switch connected to the enb. Check for the RF parameters on the CPE like the RSRP, MCS, CINR, SINR, and see if they are optimum. Check to see if the backhaul is the problem; run iperf between the enb and the client PC. Run iperf server on iperf server-tower, and try iperf test on client PC (i.e., use iperf3 for the test). Iperf3 TCP Test w/ 8 Parallel Connections - Download Server: iperf3 -s Client: iperf3 -c x.x.x.x -P8 -t15 -O5 -R Iperf3 TCP Test w/ 8 Parallel Connections - Upload Server: iperf3 -s Client: iperf3 -c x.x.x.x -P8 -t15 -O5 If the results are satisfactory include the ISP and run the iperf test again.

154 LGW Modes on enb and CPE There are three LGW modes on enb and CPE: NAT, Router, and Bridge. 1. NAT mode on enb: To access the CPE when the enb is in NAT mode, use URL: Address]:[Port] [IP Address] is the enb s IP address. [Port] is a number with format 5XXXX, where XXXX is the last 4 digits of the CPE s IMSI.

155 LGW Modes on enb and CPE, Cont. Router mode on enb: Use the CPE s local IP address to access the Web GUI, e.g.,

156 Bridge Mode on the enb In LGW L2 bridge mode, the enb will create a virtual interface for every UE that attaches. Each virtual interface will then do a DHCP request and create a 1:1 mapping between the UE IP (from Cloud EPC) and LGW IP. In L2 mode, the MAC address that the CPE uses is generated from the IMSI number. To calculate the CPE Mac address, convert the last 12 digits of the IMSI number to hex, then prefix it with 8A. For example, if the IMSI is , you would take the last 12 digits " " and convert it to hex which would equal "E42C8D5366", which brings us to the MAC address of 8A:E4:2C:8D:53:66. Once you know the MAC address, you can provision your networking accordingly. Use the CPE s local IP address to access the Web GUI, e.g.,

157 CPE not Getting Internet Check the CPE SIM status. Check if the CPE is connected to the enb. Check the DNS info on the CPE.

158 CPE not Getting Internet, Cont. Perform the ping test on the CPE: Check the LGW setting on the enb/cpe. Check the route between enb and the external router.

159 GPS Unsynchronized After installation, unsync alarm is found: According to enb user manual, the user should mount the GPS antenna on the enb correctly before it is powered on. So, if the GPS status appears unsynchronized in OMC page after enb is powered on for the first time, please check the following items: 1) Check whether the GPS switch is enabled on the enb web page.

160 GPS Unsynchronized, Cont. 2) Check whether the GPS connector is loosened. 3) Check whether the GPS antenna is shielded. 4) Check whether the GPS antenna works by connecting it to another enb; reboot the enb to check again if the above items are normal. Sometimes the GPS status suddenly appears unsynchronized in the OMC page while the enb is in normal operation. When this happens, the probable cause is as below: 1) GPS antenna has been damaged by a natural factor, such as thunderstorm. 2) GPS antenna has been unplugged manually. 3) GPS connector is loosened. Reboot the enb after you have checked the above times.

161 CPE Shows Disconnected on the OMC While Passing Traffic Delete the CPE from the OMC after noting down the MAC. Upgrade the CPE if you have not already done so. Reboot the CPE in case upgrade was not required. Add the CPE back on the OMC by using its MAC address.

162 Interference Issues First indication that it might be interference is bad CINR values and MCS values despite having good RSRP. To confirm, look at the CINR, SINR, and MCS values on the other CPEs connected to this enb. If all the CPEs are facing the same or similar problem it could be that interference is at the enb; else, it can only be at that CPE. To further verify this, check the BLER %. If you have a frequency scanner and know that you are not operating anywhere near the enb on the same frequency, scan and see if you are seeing signals in your operating frequency. Check the frequency configuration on your nearby enbs, and also make sure there is no PCI conflict on any of your enbs.

163 CPE Weak RF Conditions From the CPE web GUI, you can monitor both RSRP0 and RSRP1 in real-time. If the values are greater than -110 dbm, it indicates that RF is within the service scope of the base station. If the values are greater than -95 dbm, it indicates the RF is well. We strongly suggest the RSRP of the CPE should be greater than -110 dbm; otherwise, the CPE will be offline and broken frequently.

164 CPE Weak RF Conditions, Cont. The items below may cause poor RF issues: 1. RF path from enb to antenna (water in RF cable, bad lightning protector, bad cable termination, bad cable) 2. One radiator in the antenna is defective or disconnected internally (replace with another antenna to test) 3. Bad UE (One antenna radiator is defective or disconnected internally, or one transmitter is bad. Try another UE.) 4. RF interference on one RF chain (try changing to a different frequency) 5. Incorrect antenna down tilt, or UE antenna is not mounted directly at the enb antenna. (check antenna down tilt and vertical beamwidth in relation to UE location) 6. UE mounted outside or at the edge of the enb antenna propagation field (move UE inside antenna propagation field) 7. Bad enb (One RF port is disconnected from the transmitter internally or a bad transmitter. Replace enb.)

165 Thank you! Baicells Support Website - Baicells Operators Support Group on Facebook - s/baicellsoperatorsupportgroup/ Baicells Community Forum