Extending INET Framework for Directional and Asymmetrical Wireless Communications
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1 Extending INET Framework for Directional and Asymmetrical Wireless Communications Paula Uribe 2 Juan-Carlos Maureira 1 Olivier Dalle 1 1 INRIA Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée 2 Center for Mathematical Modeling - Universidad de Chile March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools 1/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
2 Outline Introduction Modelling Directional Antennas Status of the INET/INETMANET Model Proposed Radio Model Model Implementation Model Evaluation Conclusions 2/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
3 Introduction Motivation Main Motivation To Extend the OMNeT++ INET/INETMANET Framework with a directional radio model. 3/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
4 Introduction Motivation Main Motivation To Extend the OMNeT++ INET/INETMANET Framework with a directional radio model. Secondary Motivation To Support asymmetrical wireless communications within the OMNeT++ INET/INETMANET Framework Radio Model. 3/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
5 Introduction Why is Important a Directional Radio Model Emerging Multi-Radio MESH Nodes equipped with Directional Antennas. 4/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
6 Introduction Why is Important a Directional Radio Model Emerging Multi-Radio MESH Nodes equipped with Directional Antennas. 4/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
7 Introduction Why is Important a Directional Radio Model Emerging Multi-Radio MESH Nodes equipped with Directional Antennas. 4/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
8 Introduction Why is Important a Directional Radio Model Emerging Multi-Radio MESH Nodes equipped with Directional Antennas. 4/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
9 Introduction Why is Important a Directional Radio Model Emerging Multi-Radio MESH Nodes equipped with Directional Antennas. Directional Antennas increase the radio link range using the same transmission power and reduce the interference effects on neighbor devices. 4/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
10 Introduction Why is Important a Directional Radio Model Emerging Multi-Radio MESH Nodes equipped with Directional Antennas. Directional Antennas increase the radio link range using the same transmission power and reduce the interference effects on neighbor devices. 4/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
11 Introduction Why is Important a Directional Radio Model Emerging Multi-Radio MESH Nodes equipped with Directional Antennas. Directional Antennas increase the radio link range using the same transmission power and reduce the interference effects on neighbor devices. 4/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
12 Introduction Why is Important a Directional Radio Model Emerging Multi-Radio MESH Nodes equipped with Directional Antennas. Directional Antennas increase the radio link range using the same transmission power and reduce the interference effects on neighbor devices. 4/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
13 Introduction Why is Important a Directional Radio Model Emerging Multi-Radio MESH Nodes equipped with Directional Antennas. Directional Antennas increase the radio link range using the same transmission power and reduce the interference effects on neighbor devices. Simulation assisted design of new MANET/MESH protocols/algorithms. 4/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
14 Introduction Why is Important a Directional Radio Model Emerging Multi-Radio MESH Nodes equipped with Directional Antennas. Directional Antennas increase the radio link range using the same transmission power and reduce the interference effects on neighbor devices. Simulation assisted design of new MANET/MESH protocols/algorithms. The absence of a directional radio model in the INET/INETMANET Framework. 4/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
15 Modelling Directional Antennas Antenna Patterns (a) Omni-Directional (b) Directional-Grid Antenna (c) Directional-Sector Panel Antenna (d) Directional-Panel Antenna 5/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
16 Modelling Directional Antennas Antenna Patterns (a) Omni-Directional (b) Directional-Grid Antenna (c) Directional-Sector Panel Antenna (d) Directional-Panel Antenna 5/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
17 Modelling Directional Antennas Antenna Patterns (a) Omni-Directional (b) Directional-Grid Antenna (c) Directional-Sector Panel Antenna (d) Directional-Panel Antenna 5/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
18 Modelling Directional Antennas Antenna Patterns (a) Omni-Directional (b) Directional-Grid Antenna (c) Directional-Sector Panel Antenna (d) Directional-Panel Antenna 5/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
19 MAS COTTE Join Project Team INRIA-CNRS-UNS A. S op hia Antip olis. Fra n c e centre de recherche Modelling Directional Antennas Theoretical Model Consists of: Main Lobe. Side Lobes. Back Lobes. Typical parameters are: Maximum Gain (Tx and Rx). Beamwidth: Measure of the main lobe width. db threshold: Defines the main lobe area. 6/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
20 MAS COTTE Join Project Team INRIA-CNRS-UNS A. S op hia Antip olis. Fra n c e centre de recherche Modelling Directional Antennas Theoretical Model Consists of: Main Lobe. Side Lobes. Back Lobes. Typical parameters are: Maximum Gain (Tx and Rx). Beamwidth: Measure of the main lobe width. db threshold: Defines the main lobe area. 6/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
21 MAS COTTE Join Project Team INRIA-CNRS-UNS A. S op hia Antip olis. Fra n c e centre de recherche Modelling Directional Antennas Theoretical Model Consists of: Main Lobe. Side Lobes. Back Lobes. Typical parameters are: Maximum Gain (Tx and Rx). Beamwidth: Measure of the main lobe width. db threshold: Defines the main lobe area. 6/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
22 MAS COTTE Join Project Team INRIA-CNRS-UNS A. S op hia Antip olis. Fra n c e centre de recherche Modelling Directional Antennas Theoretical Model Consists of: Main Lobe. Side Lobes. Back Lobes. Typical parameters are: Maximum Gain (Tx and Rx). Beamwidth: Measure of the main lobe width. db threshold: Defines the main lobe area. 6/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
23 MAS COTTE Join Project Team INRIA-CNRS-UNS A. S op hia Antip olis. Fra n c e centre de recherche Modelling Directional Antennas Theoretical Model Consists of: Main Lobe. Side Lobes. Back Lobes. Typical parameters are: Maximum Gain (Tx and Rx). Beamwidth: Measure of the main lobe width. db threshold: Defines the main lobe area. 6/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
24 MAS COTTE Join Project Team INRIA-CNRS-UNS A. S op hia Antip olis. Fra n c e centre de recherche Modelling Directional Antennas Theoretical Model Consists of: Main Lobe. Side Lobes. Back Lobes. Typical parameters are: Maximum Gain (Tx and Rx). Beamwidth: Measure of the main lobe width. db threshold: Defines the main lobe area. 6/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
25 Modelling Directional Antennas Theoretical Model Based on the pie-wedge antenna model presented by Gharavi et al. (two components: main lobe and back/side lobes). Tx and Rx gains are assumed equal (reciprocity theorem). Radio model is based on a simplified Link Budged calculation: P rx = P tx + G tx PL + G rx (1) 7/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
26 Status of the INET/INETMANET Model Current Radio Model (at least at last time I checked) Figure: (Very) Simplified Class Diagram of INET/INETMANET radio model 8/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
27 Status of the INET/INETMANET Model Roles within the Radio Model IReceptionModel: implements the Propagation model and all that is required to calculate the reception of a packet. Figure: (Very) Simplified Class Diagram of INET/INETMANET radio model 9/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
28 Status of the INET/INETMANET Model Roles within the Radio Model IRadioModel: implements the methods to know whether a packet is correctly decoded or not. Figure: (Very) Simplified Class Diagram of INET/INETMANET radio model 9/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
29 Status of the INET/INETMANET Model Roles within the Radio Model AbstractRadio: implements the basic functions of a radio device integrating the IReceptionModel and the IRadioModel. Figure: (Very) Simplified Class Diagram of INET/INETMANET radio model 9/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
30 Status of the INET/INETMANET Model Roles within the Radio Model ChannelAccess: defines the interaction with the channel model and implements the way to send a frame over a radio channel. Figure: (Very) Simplified Class Diagram of INET/INETMANET radio model 9/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
31 Status of the INET/INETMANET Model Roles within the Radio Model ChannelController: implements the radio channels abstraction and provides all the needed functionality to calculate the SNR from a node (by means of an accountability of packets in the air), neighbors (connectivity graph) and nodes positions (radios in fact). Figure: (Very) Simplified Class Diagram of INET/INETMANET radio model 9/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
32 Status of the INET/INETMANET Model Contracts between classes defined by the Radio Model ChannelController should provide all the required information to: calculate the SNR at any node, get the node s position, calculate the connectivity graph and detect collisions. Figure: (Very) Simplified Class Diagram of INET/INETMANET radio model 10/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
33 Status of the INET/INETMANET Model Contracts between classes defined by the Radio Model ChannelAccess should rely only on the the ChannelController to determine to which nodes (radios) a frame must be sent (nodes on the same channel). Figure: (Very) Simplified Class Diagram of INET/INETMANET radio model 10/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
34 Status of the INET/INETMANET Model Contracts between classes defined by the Radio Model AbstractRadio should rely only on the ChannelAccess to put a frame in the air. Figure: (Very) Simplified Class Diagram of INET/INETMANET radio model 10/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
35 Status of the INET/INETMANET Model Contracts between classes defined by the Radio Model AbstractRadio should rely on the IReceptionModel and IRadioModel to calculate a frame reception Figure: (Very) Simplified Class Diagram of INET/INETMANET radio model 10/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
36 Status of the INET/INETMANET Model Contracts between classes defined by the Radio Model BasicMobility is the only module allowed to update the hosts (radios) position Figure: (Very) Simplified Class Diagram of INET/INETMANET radio model 10/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
37 Proposed Extended Radio Model The Antenna Pattern and the Link Budget New class interface proposed: IAntennaPattern assuming the role of delivering the antenna gain given a direction of communication (angle). When transmitting a frame, effective transmission power is based on the equation: P effective = P nominal + G txangle (2) When receiving a frame, the Link Budget calculation is based on the equation: P rx = P effective PL + G rxangle (3) Remainder: each airframe carries the transmission power (effective, considering antenna gain) and the node s position where the frame was sent. 11/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
38 Proposed Extended Radio Model Directional Radio Model AbstractRadio will use the IAntennaPattern to calculate the gain given the angle of transmission/reception. Antenna gain will vary according to the orientation angle θ. 12/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
39 Proposed Extended Radio Model Directional Radio Model IAntennaPattern will use the pie-wedge model to represent main lobe and side/back lobes. Side/back lobes are represented by an unity-gain circular pattern. The analytical curve (original pattern) will be scaled to fit it to the maximum gain (G m ) 13/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
40 Proposed Extended Radio Model Directional Radio Model The scaling of the original pattern (main and side/back lobes) are normalized to the maximum gain (radio parameter) and to fit the curve to the required beamwidth. 14/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
41 Proposed Extended Radio Model Directional Radio Model Some patterns represented by this model are (a) Omni-directional 15/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
42 Proposed Extended Radio Model Directional Radio Model Some patterns represented by this model are (a) Omni-directional (b) Folium 15/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
43 Proposed Extended Radio Model Directional Radio Model Some patterns represented by this model are (a) Omni-directional (b) Folium (c) Cardioid 15/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
44 Proposed Extended Radio Model Directional Radio Model Some patterns represented by this model are (a) Omni-directional (b) Folium (c) Cardioid (d) Rose 15/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
45 Model Implementation How to implement the proposed radio model? How to Do it?? 16/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
46 Model Implementation How to implement the proposed radio model? How to Do it?? Current Status of INET/INETMANET asummes symmetry on the communication First, we need to support Asymmetrical communication. Specially, each radio need to decide its own connectivity graph. Second, add the required elements to represent an antenna pattern. 16/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
47 Model Implementation Problems to address Two methods calculating the RF Propagation. One in the ChannelController, to determine the connectivity graph (neighbors) and one in the IReceptionModel to calculate the reception power when a frame is received. No Single Role assigned for Propagation Model (not completely true). ChannelController assumes symmetry when calculating the neighbors list. If you can hear me, I can hear you. There is no responsibility assigned on the Link Budget calculation. Misassigned responsibility of the neighbors calculation. Currently assigned to the ChannelController. It should be responsibility of each radio. 17/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
48 Model Implementation Asymmetrical Communications Support Neighbors lists are no longer only ChannelController s resposability. A new contract is created between the AbstractRadio and the ChannelController to allow the AbstractRadio to tell the ChannelController when a node isincoveragearea. New Role for the IReceptionModel (supplanting the missing IPropagationModel) to calculate the interferencedistance and the received power given by using a any propagation model. A class interface called IAntennaPattern was added, providing the antenna pattern calculation interface. Link Budget separation implemented in the AbstractRadio. New contract created between the AbstractRadio, the IReceptionModel and the the IAntennaPattern to determine the Link Budget when transmitting and receiving a frame. 18/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
49 Model Implementation Impact of these changes Requirement every neighbors lists, for every node in the simulation playground, must be updated when a node moves. For Symmetrical Model: From the perspective when a single host moves: getneighbors complexity: O(m n) When updating every nodes position in a single time-step: getneighbors complexity: O(m n) Because symmetry is assumed, if you are my neighbor, I am your neighbor. m = number of radios, n = number of hosts 19/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
50 Model Implementation Neighbors Lists calculation Analysis Requirement every neighbors lists, for every node in the simulation playground, must be updated when a node moves or transmits a frame. For Asymmetrical Model: From the perspective when a single host moves: getneighbors complexity: O(m n) When updating every nodes position in a single time-step: getneighbors complexity: O(2 m n) Due to the asymmetry, if you are my neighbor, I am not necesarily your neighbor, so we need to update all the nodes. m = number of radios, n = number of hosts 20/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
51 Model Implementation Neighbors Lists calculation Analysis Discussion As the getneigbors complexity is higher, and we call this method more often (now, not only when a node moves, but when moves or transmits), the overall execution time is be higher, but how much? Execution time will depend more hardly on the amount of transmitted packets. Not even think on the amount of nodes!!! The exact bound is not clear (or not easy to find) 21/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
52 Model Implementation Neighbors Lists calculation Analysis Discussion As the getneigbors complexity is higher, and we call this method more often (now, not only when a node moves, but when moves or transmits), the overall execution time is be higher, but how much? Execution time will depend more hardly on the amount of transmitted packets. Not even think on the amount of nodes!!! The exact bound is not clear (or not easy to find) So, a new strategy to calculate the neighbors lists is required to overcome the increment of the execution time. 21/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
53 Model Implementation The NeighborsGraph Algorithm Inspired on a Sparse Matrix. Returns the neighbors list and the list of nodes to be updated (invalidate list). Real Coverage Area C r represented by a Squared Coverage Area C s. Axes are Red-Black Trees. Four directions to evaluate: X-left, Y-right, X-right, Y-left. Just nodes within C s are evaluated to know if they are within C r also. 22/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
54 Model Implementation The NeighborsGraph Algorithm The NeighborsGraph will determine which nodes are in the node s neighbors list and which other nodes need to be updated (due the node s movement). The Algorithm inside the packet delivery process. Is my neighbors list invalidated? neighborsgraph(mylist,toupdate) node toupdate invalidate the list. The Algorithm inside mobility. Is my former position different to my current one? neighborsgraph(mylist,toupdate) node toupdate invalidate the list. 23/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
55 Model Evaluation Evaluation Strategy Correctness of the implemented directional radio module. Reproduce an Antenna Pattern by simulation. Omni-directional versus directional communications. Computational Cost analysis. Symmetrical communication case (reference). Asymmetrical communication case (fixing the neighbors list calculation) Asymmetrical communication case (using the NeighborGraph algorithm) 24/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
56 Model Evaluation Reproducing an Antenna Pattern by Simulation Objective Reproduce by simulation a given antenna pattern by measuring the space in different places. Expected Results Obtain the same antenna pattern specified in the configuration file Methodology One Access Point (AP) with equipped with a Directional Antenna, 10 wireless hosts, with omni-directional antennas, moving around with circular mobility centered on the AP, separated by 10 meters each. Log the beacon reception power and make a polar chart of the reception power versus the angle by host. 25/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
57 Model Evaluation Reproducing an Antenna Pattern by Simulation Excerpt of the configuration file # Antenna Pattern Parameters **.ap1.wlan.radio.transmitterpower = 40.0mW **.ap1.wlan.radio.beamwidth = 40deg **.ap1.wlan.radio.mainlobegain = 15dB **.ap1.wlan.radio.sidelobegain = -5dBi **.ap1.wlan.radio.mainlobeorientation = 90deg **.ap1.wlan.radio.dbthreshold = 3dB # Folium Pattern **.ap1.wlan.radio.patterntype = "FoliumPattern" **.ap1.wlan.radio.foliumpattern.a = 1 **.ap1.wlan.radio.foliumpattern.b = 3 26/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
58 Model Evaluation Reproducing an Antenna Pattern by Simulation 70m 60m 50m 40m Excerpt of the configuration file # Antenna Pattern Parameters **.ap1.wlan.radio.transmitterpower = 40.0mW **.ap1.wlan.radio.beamwidth = 40deg **.ap1.wlan.radio.mainlobegain = 15dB **.ap1.wlan.radio.sidelobegain = -5dBi **.ap1.wlan.radio.mainlobeorientation = 90deg **.ap1.wlan.radio.dbthreshold = 3dB # Folium Pattern **.ap1.wlan.radio.patterntype = "FoliumPattern" **.ap1.wlan.radio.foliumpattern.a = 1 **.ap1.wlan.radio.foliumpattern.b = 3 80m 90m 100m 10m 30m 20m 26/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
59 Model Evaluation Omni-directional versus directional communications Objective To reproduce well known results in the liretature comparing the effect of using directional antennas versus omni-directional antennas. Expected Results To obtain similar resutls between our model and the the literature. Methodology To simulate a 10 dual-radio nodes mesh network (linear topology) and measure the TCP througput end to end with omni-directional and directional antennas. 27/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
60 Model Evaluation Omni-directional versus directional communications 10 Nodes Mesh topology simulated model 28/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
61 Model Evaluation Omni-directional versus directional communications 10 Nodes Mesh topology simulated model The bandwidth is about the half when using omni-directional antennas. Average Throughput (bps) Directional Radios Omnidirectional Radios Simulation Time (sec) 28/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
62 Model Evaluation Omni-directional versus directional communications Collision Number between Mesh Nodes 120, ,000 Left Radio Right Radio 120, ,000 Left Radio Right Radio Number of Collisions 80,000 60,000 40,000 Number of Collisions 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 0 N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 (a) Omni-directional Antenna 0 N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 (b) Directional Antenna Directional antennas case shows an increasing/decreasing pattern of collisions 29/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
63 Model Evaluation Omni-directional versus directional communications Packet Losses Left Radio Right Radio Left Radio Right Radio Number of Packet lost Number of Packet lost N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 0 N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 (a) Omni-directional Antenna (b) Directional Antenna Directional Antennas show less packet loss due to the reduction on the interference effects produced by the neighbor nodes 30/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
64 Model Evaluation Computational Cost Analysis Three procedures: Symmetric case Asymetric case Asymmetric case with NeighborGraph Algorithm. Simulation 100 nodes. Random positions Speed of 40 Km/h. 4 Access Points ICMP Ping to a central server each 0.1 sec. 500 seconds, 10 replicas. Execution Time (seconds) sec [ ] Symetrical Model sec [ ] Asymmetrical Model Brute Force Update 1500 sec [ ] Asymmetrical Model NeighborGraph Update Procedure 1 Procedure 2 Procedure 3 31/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
65 Conclusions An extended Radio Model has been proposed to INET/INETMANET Frameworks. Support of asymmetrical communications. Support any shape of antenna (implemented: Circular, Folium, Cardioid, Rose) Simulated results have been compared agains the literature, finding similar results. So, the proposed model seems to work properly. The increment of the computational cost when including asymmetrical communications have been reasonably reduced by introducing the NeighborGraph algorithm to calculate the connectivity graph. 32/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
66 Conclusions Continuation Open issues: Accuracy of the antenna gain in the 2D plane. Mapping techniques? The use of multicore to speed-up the calculation of the connectivity graph. Parallel NeighborGraph Algorithm? Further work: Implement more Antenna Patterns. Improve the NeighborGraph Algorithm. Improve the Interference model to obtain a irregular (and time changing) coverage area. 33/33 Paula Uribe, Juan-Carlos Maureira, Olivier Dalle March, 19th OMNeT++ WS/SIMUTools
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