Low-Complexity Beam Allocation for Switched-Beam Based Multiuser Massive MIMO Systems
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1 Low-Complexity Beam Allocation for Switched-Beam Based Multiuser Massive MIMO Systems Jiangzhou Wang University of Kent 1 / 31
2 Best Wishes to Professor Fumiyuki Adachi, Father of Wideband CDMA [1]. [1] F. Adachi, M. Sawahashi, and K Okawa, Tree-structured generation of orthogonal spreading codes with different lengths for forward link of DS-CDMA mobile radio, Electronics Letters, vol. 33, no. 1, pp , Jan / 31
3 Outline 1 Motivation 2 System Model and Problem Formulation 3 Algorithm Design 4 Simulation Results and Discussions 5 Summary 3 / 31
4 Outline 1 Motivation 2 System Model and Problem Formulation 3 Algorithm Design 4 Simulation Results and Discussions 5 Summary 4 / 31
5 Motivation What do people usually do when they are travelling, waiting for a bus or the food,...? Rapid growth of smartphone users 5 / 31
6 Motivation What do people usually do when they are travelling, waiting for a bus or the food,...? Rapid growth of smartphone users 5 / 31
7 Motivation What do people usually do when they are travelling, waiting for a bus or the food,...? Rapid growth of smartphone users 5 / 31
8 Motivation What are the popular smartphone applications (Apps)? Online gaming High-definition video streaming Social networking Rapid development of high-data-rate applications 6 / 31
9 Motivation What are the popular smartphone applications (Apps)? Online gaming High-definition video streaming Social networking Rapid development of high-data-rate applications 6 / 31
10 Motivation What are the popular smartphone applications (Apps)? Online gaming High-definition video streaming Social networking Rapid development of high-data-rate applications 6 / 31
11 Motivation What are the popular smartphone applications (Apps)? Online gaming High-definition video streaming Social networking Rapid development of high-data-rate applications Demand for high data rates 6 / 31
12 What s the maximum data rate we can get? Base Station User Shannon Capacity Maximum achievable data rate: ( C = B log S ) (bit/s) N B: Communication bandwidth; S: Received signal power; N: Noise power. Shannon capacity C 7 / 31
13 What s the maximum data rate we can get? Base Station User Shannon Capacity Maximum achievable data rate: ( C = B log S ) (bit/s) N B: Communication bandwidth; S: Received signal power; N: Noise power. Claude Shannon ( ) Shannon capacity C 7 / 31
14 What s the maximum data rate we can get? Base Station User Shannon Capacity Maximum achievable data rate: ( C = B log S ) (bit/s) N B: Communication bandwidth; S: Received signal power; N: Noise power. Claude Shannon ( ) Shannon capacity C 7 / 31
15 What s the maximum data rate we can get? Base Station User Shannon Capacity Maximum achievable data rate: ( C = B log S ) (bit/s) N B: Communication bandwidth; S: Received signal power; N: Noise power. Shannon capacity C Claude Shannon ( ) Communication bandwidth B Received signal power S 7 / 31
16 5G Mobile Communication Systems Bandwidth B : 8 / 31
17 5G Mobile Communication Systems Bandwidth B : λ = 1m λ = 10cm λ = 1cm λ = 1mm 8 / 31
18 5G Mobile Communication Systems Bandwidth B : λ = 1m λ = 10cm λ = 1cm λ = 1mm millimeter wave (mmwave) communication 8 / 31
19 5G Mobile Communication Systems Received signal power S : Distributed antenna systems (minimum access distance S )[2] [4] Deploy large antenna array at the base-station (BS) [2] W. Peng and F. Adachi, Capacity of distributed antenna network by using single-carrier frequency domain adaptive antenna array, Wireless Commun. Mobile Computing, vol. 14, no. 13, pp , 2014 [3] F. Adachi et al., Recent advances in single-carrier distributed antenna network, Wireless Commun. Mobile Computing, vol. 11, no. 12, pp , [4] H. Matsuda, K. Takeda, and F. Adachi, Joint water filling-mrt downlink transmit diversity for a broadband single-carrier distributed antenna network, IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. 93-B, no. 10, pp , / 31
20 5G Mobile Communication Systems Received signal power S : Distributed antenna systems (minimum access distance S )[2] [4] Deploy large antenna array at the base-station (BS) User [2] W. Peng and F. Adachi, Capacity of distributed antenna network by using single-carrier frequency domain adaptive antenna array, Wireless Commun. Mobile Computing, vol. 14, no. 13, pp , 2014 [3] F. Adachi et al., Recent advances in single-carrier distributed antenna network, Wireless Commun. Mobile Computing, vol. 11, no. 12, pp , [4] H. Matsuda, K. Takeda, and F. Adachi, Joint water filling-mrt downlink transmit diversity for a broadband single-carrier distributed antenna network, IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. 93-B, no. 10, pp , / 31
21 5G Mobile Communication Systems Received signal power S : Distributed antenna systems (minimum access distance S )[2] [4] Deploy large antenna array at the base-station (BS)... Base Station User User [2] W. Peng and F. Adachi, Capacity of distributed antenna network by using single-carrier frequency domain adaptive antenna array, Wireless Commun. Mobile Computing, vol. 14, no. 13, pp , 2014 [3] F. Adachi et al., Recent advances in single-carrier distributed antenna network, Wireless Commun. Mobile Computing, vol. 11, no. 12, pp , [4] H. Matsuda, K. Takeda, and F. Adachi, Joint water filling-mrt downlink transmit diversity for a broadband single-carrier distributed antenna network, IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. 93-B, no. 10, pp , / 31
22 5G Mobile Communication Systems Received signal power S : Distributed antenna systems (minimum access distance S )[2] [4] Deploy large antenna array at the base-station (BS)... Base Station User User Massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) [2] W. Peng and F. Adachi, Capacity of distributed antenna network by using single-carrier frequency domain adaptive antenna array, Wireless Commun. Mobile Computing, vol. 14, no. 13, pp , 2014 [3] F. Adachi et al., Recent advances in single-carrier distributed antenna network, Wireless Commun. Mobile Computing, vol. 11, no. 12, pp , [4] H. Matsuda, K. Takeda, and F. Adachi, Joint water filling-mrt downlink transmit diversity for a broadband single-carrier distributed antenna network, IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. 93-B, no. 10, pp , / 31
23 Massive MIMO Beamforming... Beam Base Station User Base Station User Enhance the received signal power Enlarge the coverage of each BS 10 / 31
24 Massive MIMO Beamforming... Beam Base Station User Base Station User Enhance the received signal power Enlarge the coverage of each BS 10 / 31
25 Beamforming Technology Increase the number of antenna elements by m times Beam gain increased by m; Beam width decreased by 1/m. λ/2 λ/2 G W m=2 2G W/2 λ: propagation wavelength Beamforming technologies: digital beamforming & analog beamforming NTT DOCOMO 11 / 31
26 Beamforming Technology Increase the number of antenna elements by m times Beam gain increased by m; Beam width decreased by 1/m. λ/2 λ/2 G W m=2 2G W/2 λ: propagation wavelength Beamforming technologies: digital beamforming & analog beamforming NTT DOCOMO 11 / 31
27 Digital Beamforming vs. Analog Beamforming Digital beamforming: number of RF chains & digital-to-analog converters (DACs) = number of antennas N Analog Beamforming: number of RF chains & DACs = number of users K DAC RF Chain Baseband Processing & Digital Beamforming DAC... RF Chain Baseband DAC RF Chain DAC RF Chain Analog Beamforming For a massive MIMO system with N K, analog beamforming is of low cost and with low power consumption. 12 / 31
28 Analog Beamforming: Switched-Beam Scheme Switched-Beam Scheme: Beam pattern is fixed. (eg. Butler method,...) How to allocate beams to users to maximize sum data rate? 13 / 31
29 Analog Beamforming: Switched-Beam Scheme Switched-Beam Scheme: Beam pattern is fixed. (eg. Butler method,...) How to allocate beams to users to maximize sum data rate? 13 / 31
30 Analog Beamforming: Switched-Beam Scheme Switched-Beam Scheme: Beam pattern is fixed. (eg. Butler method,...) How to allocate beams to users to maximize sum data rate? 13 / 31
31 Related Work Random beamforming based systems (e.g. [5]): Assumptions: The number of users K is assumed to be much larger than the number of beams N to exploit multiuser diversity. All the beams are used for data transmission with equal power allocation. Beam allocation scheme: 1 Each user measures the received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios (SINRs) on the N beams and then feeds back the maximum SINR and the corresponding beam index to the BS; 2 After receiving feedback from all users on all beams, the BS assigns each beam to the best user with the highest SINR to maximize the sum data rate. [5] J. Choi, Opportunistic beamforming with single beamfomring matrix for virtual antenna array, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 60, no. 3, pp , Mar / 31
32 Adopted in Massive MIMO Systems? The beam allocation scheme in [5] cannot be directly used in switched-beam based massive MIMO systems Massive MIMO system: N K Some of the beams may not be used for data transmission. The beams used for data transmission vary when channel condition changes. Impossible for each user to obtain the received SINR on each beam without being informed the beam allocation result. How to allocate beams in a massive MIMO system with N K? 15 / 31
33 Adopted in Massive MIMO Systems? The beam allocation scheme in [5] cannot be directly used in switched-beam based massive MIMO systems Massive MIMO system: N K Some of the beams may not be used for data transmission. The beams used for data transmission vary when channel condition changes. Impossible for each user to obtain the received SINR on each beam without being informed the beam allocation result. How to allocate beams in a massive MIMO system with N K? 15 / 31
34 Adopted in Massive MIMO Systems? The beam allocation scheme in [5] cannot be directly used in switched-beam based massive MIMO systems Massive MIMO system: N K Some of the beams may not be used for data transmission. The beams used for data transmission vary when channel condition changes. Impossible for each user to obtain the received SINR on each beam without being informed the beam allocation result. How to allocate beams in a massive MIMO system with N K? 15 / 31
35 Contribution A low-complexity beam allocation (LBA) algorithm is proposed to maximize the sum data rate for a switched-beam based massive MIMO system (N K). Our proposed LBA algorithm achieves nearly optimal sum data rate with a linear complexity O(KN). Average service ratio, i.e., the average percentage of users that can be served simultaneously is theoretically derived as a monotonic increasing function of the ratio N/K. N: number of beams; K: number of users. 16 / 31
36 Outline 1 Motivation 2 System Model and Problem Formulation 3 Algorithm Design 4 Simulation Results and Discussions 5 Summary 17 / 31
37 System Model K users are uniformly distributed within a circular cell and a linear array with N equally spaced antenna elements is employed at the central base-station (BS). Butler method is used to generate fixed beams. Light-of-sight (LoS) channel at mmwave frequencies is assumed. userk 2¼ 3 ¼ 2 5¼ beam N 1 6 beam 1 beam N ¼ 3 ¼ 6 ¼ 7¼ 6 4¼ 3 3¼ ¼ 3 11¼ / 31
38 Problem Formulation The total transmission power is fixed and equally allocated to the beams selected for data transmission. Sum Data Rate Maximization max {c k,n } s.t. R s = K k=1 R k Maximize sum data rate N n=1 c k,n 1, k Each user can only use one beam K k=1 c k,n 1, n Each beam can only serve one user c k,n {0, 1}, k, n R k : Achievable data rate of user k c k,n : Indicator for beam allocation. 19 / 31
39 Outline 1 Motivation 2 System Model and Problem Formulation 3 Algorithm Design 4 Simulation Results and Discussions 5 Summary 20 / 31
40 Optimal Beam Allocation Optimal beam allocation can be obtained via brute-force (exhaustive) search. Complexity: O(N K ) For a massive MIMO system with a very large N, the complexity is prohibitively high. N: number of beams; K: number of users Our Goal Develop a beam allocation algorithm with low complexity 21 / 31
41 Optimal Beam Allocation Optimal beam allocation can be obtained via brute-force (exhaustive) search. Complexity: O(N K ) For a massive MIMO system with a very large N, the complexity is prohibitively high. N: number of beams; K: number of users Our Goal Develop a beam allocation algorithm with low complexity 21 / 31
42 Low-Complexity Beam Allocation (LBA) For a multiuser massive MIMO system with N K > 1: Beams are very narrow & overlap of two beams is small. Only some of the beams are used for data transmission. Ingore the effect of inter-beam interference Decouple the beam allocation problem into two parts: 1 Beam-user association; 2 Beam allocation. 22 / 31
43 Low-Complexity Beam Allocation (LBA) For a multiuser massive MIMO system with N K > 1: Beams are very narrow & overlap of two beams is small. Only some of the beams are used for data transmission. Ingore the effect of inter-beam interference Decouple the beam allocation problem into two parts: 1 Beam-user association; 2 Beam allocation. 22 / 31
44 Low-Complexity Beam Allocation (LBA) For a multiuser massive MIMO system with N K > 1: Beams are very narrow & overlap of two beams is small. Only some of the beams are used for data transmission. Ingore the effect of inter-beam interference Decouple the beam allocation problem into two parts: 1 Beam-user association; 2 Beam allocation. 22 / 31
45 LBA Algorithm Two-step LBA algorithm 1 Beam-user association: Each user is associated with its best beam with the largest beam gain. 2 Beam allocation: Each beam is allocated to its best associated user with the highest recevied signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Complexity: O(KN) Unserved Unserved Unserved Step 1: Each user is associated with the beam with the largest directivity. Step 2: Each associated beam is allocated to the user with the highest received signal power. N: number of beams; K: number of users 23 / 31
46 LBA Algorithm Two-step LBA algorithm 1 Beam-user association: Each user is associated with its best beam with the largest beam gain. 2 Beam allocation: Each beam is allocated to its best associated user with the highest recevied signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Complexity: O(KN) Unserved Unserved Unserved Step 1: Each user is associated with the beam with the largest directivity. Step 2: Each associated beam is allocated to the user with the highest received signal power. N: number of beams; K: number of users 23 / 31
47 Outline 1 Motivation 2 System Model and Problem Formulation 3 Algorithm Design 4 Simulation Results and Discussions 5 Summary 24 / 31
48 Sum Data Rate Sum data rate R s Rs (bit/s/hz) Optimal Brute-Force Search LBA Index of User Position Realization Rs (bit/s/hz) Optimal Brute-Force Search 5 LBA Index of User Position Realization (a) K = 6. (b) K = 10. N = 16. P t/σ 2 2 = 20dB. N: number of beams; K: number of users Our proposed algorithm achieves nearly optimal sum data rate. Sum data rate is sensitive to the users positions. 25 / 31
49 Sum Data Rate Sum data rate R s Rs (bit/s/hz) Optimal Brute-Force Search LBA Index of User Position Realization Rs (bit/s/hz) Optimal Brute-Force Search 5 LBA Index of User Position Realization (a) K = 6. (b) K = 10. N = 16. P t/σ 2 2 = 20dB. N: number of beams; K: number of users Our proposed algorithm achieves nearly optimal sum data rate. Sum data rate is sensitive to the users positions. 25 / 31
50 Average Sum Data Rate Average sum data rate over users positions R s ¹ Rs (bit/s/hz) ¹ Rs (bit/s/hz) Optimal Brute-Force Search LBA K (a) N = 64. P t/σ 2 2 = 20dB. N: number of beams; K: number of users K R s ; N R s 10 Optimal Brute-Force Search LBA N (b) K = 4. P t/σ 2 2 = 20dB. Rate gap as N. N beam width inter-beam interference rate gap 26 / 31
51 Average Sum Data Rate Average sum data rate over users positions R s ¹ Rs (bit/s/hz) ¹ Rs (bit/s/hz) Optimal Brute-Force Search LBA K (a) N = 64. P t/σ 2 2 = 20dB. N: number of beams; K: number of users K R s ; N R s 10 Optimal Brute-Force Search LBA N (b) K = 4. P t/σ 2 2 = 20dB. Rate gap as N. N beam width inter-beam interference rate gap 26 / 31
52 Sevice Ratio Not all the users can be always served simultaneously. Unserved Unserved Unserved Step 1: Each user is associated with the beam with the largest directivity. Service ratio P s : P s = Step 2: Each associated beam is allocated to the user with the highest received signal power. No. of Served Users K Average service ratio over users positions P s : ( ) N P s f K 27 / 31
53 Sevice Ratio Not all the users can be always served simultaneously. Unserved Unserved Unserved Step 1: Each user is associated with the beam with the largest directivity. Service ratio P s : P s = Step 2: Each associated beam is allocated to the user with the highest received signal power. No. of Served Users K Average service ratio over users positions P s : ( ) N P s f K 27 / 31
54 Sevice Ratio Not all the users can be always served simultaneously. Unserved Unserved Unserved Step 1: Each user is associated with the beam with the largest directivity. Service ratio P s : P s = Step 2: Each associated beam is allocated to the user with the highest received signal power. No. of Served Users K Average service ratio over users positions P s : ( ) N P s f K 27 / 31
55 Average Service Ratio Average service ratio over users positions P s 1 ¹ P s 0.1 N = 512. P t/σ 2 2 = 20dB. N: number of beams; K: number of users Simulation Analysis N=K The analysis serves as a good approximation of P s. P s increases with the ratio N/K. With N/K 1, Ps N/K; as N/K, Ps / 31
56 Average Service Ratio Average service ratio over users positions P s 1 ¹ P s 0.1 N = 512. P t/σ 2 2 = 20dB. N: number of beams; K: number of users Simulation Analysis N=K The analysis serves as a good approximation of P s. P s increases with the ratio N/K. With N/K 1, Ps N/K; as N/K, Ps / 31
57 Outline 1 Motivation 2 System Model and Problem Formulation 3 Algorithm Design 4 Simulation Results and Discussions 5 Summary 29 / 31
58 Summary Beam allocation in switched-beam based mmwave massive MIMO systems is studied. Propose a low-complexity beam allocation (LBA) algorithm. Nearly optimal performance can be achieved by adopting the proposed LBA algorithm with very low complexity O(KN). Investigate the average service ratio with our proposed algorithm, which is a monotonic increasing function of the ratio N/K. 30 / 31
59 Thank you! 31 / 31
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