AccuRate: Constellation Aware Rate Estimation in Wireless Networks. Souvik Sen, Naveen Santhapuri, Romit Roy Choudhury, Srihari Nelakuditi
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1 AccuRate: Constellation Aware Rate Estimation in Wireless Networks Souvik Sen, Naveen Santhapuri, Romit Roy Choudhury, Srihari Nelakuditi
2 Bit-rate in Wireless Networks Wireless link throughput depends on transmission bit-rate 6 Mbps 24 Mbps Choosing the optimal bit-rate is an important problem
3 Bit-rate in Wireless Networks Optimal bit-rate selection is challenging because the wireless channel varies over: Space Time 6 Mbps Time 24 Mbps Time
4 Current Wireless Rate Selection Remember History Frame Based Data ACK SNR Based Data SNR SampleRate, RRAA RBAR, CHARM Recently PHY-based: SoftRate [SIGCOMM ʼ09] Uses a BER heuristic to estimate bit rate BER accurately identifies when to increase/decrease rate However, may not be able to jump to optimal rate
5 Ideally Tx wants optimal rate for next packet
6 Ideally Tx wants optimal rate for next packet Function of optimal rate of the previous packet
7 Ideally Tx wants optimal rate for next packet Function of optimal rate of the previous packet
8 Ideally Tx wants optimal rate for next packet Function of optimal rate of the previous packet In other words, Given a transmission at rate R, what would have been the max rate R*, at which that transmission would have been successful
9 Ideally Tx wants optimal rate for next packet Function of optimal rate of the previous packet In other words, Given a transmission at rate R, what would have been the max rate R*, at which that transmission would have been successful We propose AccuRate
10 Background: Symbols, Modulation, Bit-rate
11 Physical Layer Symbols Data = Tx 4QAM Symbol
12 Physical Layer Symbols Data = bits together Tx 4QAM Symbol
13 Physical Layer Symbols Data = bits together Tx 4QAM Symbol
14 Symbols to Modulation Data = Tx 4QAM Symbol
15 Symbols to Modulation Data = bits together Tx 4QAM Symbol
16 Symbols to Modulation Data = bits together Tx 4QAM Symbol Rx 4QAM Symbol
17 Symbols to Modulation Data = bits together Dispersion Tx 4QAM Symbol Rx 4QAM Symbol
18 Symbols to Modulation Data = bits together Dispersion Tx 4QAM Symbol Rx 4QAM Symbol
19 Symbols to Modulation Data = bits together Dispersion Tx 4QAM Symbol Rx 4QAM Symbol
20 Symbols to Modulation Dispersion Data = bits together Tx 4QAM Symbol Rx 4QAM Symbol
21 Different Modulations in Dispersion Data = bits together Tx 4QAM Symbol Rx 4QAM Symbol 0111 Dispersion Data = bits together Tx 16QAM Symbol Rx 16QAM Symbol
22 Different Modulations in Dispersion Data = bits together Tx 4QAM Symbol Rx 4QAM Symbol Data = bits together Dispersion Tx 64QAM Symbol Rx 64QAM Symbol
23 Why not always transmit many bits per symbol? e.g., 64QAM or 54Mbps
24 Weak Induces Errors Data = Tx 16QAM Symbol
25 Weak Induces Errors Data = Weak Tx 16QAM Symbol
26 Weak Induces Errors Data = High Dispersion Weak Tx 16QAM Symbol
27 Weak Induces Errors Data = High Dispersion Weak Tx 16QAM Symbol Wrongly demodulated symbol
28 In General... Weak 0 Moderate 01 Strong 0111
29 In General... Weak 6 Mbps 0 Moderate Mbps Strong Mbps
30 In General... Weak 6 Mbps 0 Moderate Mbps Strong Mbps Smaller dispersion permits higher rate
31 AccuRate Design and Implementation
32 AccuRate Design and Implementation Hypothesis: Symbol dispersion is independent of modulation
33 Dispersion Independent of Modulation? Tx 4QAM Rx QPSK Tx 16QAM Rx16QAM
34 Dispersion Independent of Modulation? 1 Testbed Fraction of symbols BPSK QPSK 16QAM 64QAM Symbol dispersion magnitude
35 Dispersion Independent of Modulation? 1 Testbed Fraction of symbols BPSK QPSK 16QAM 64QAM Symbol dispersion magnitude McKinley et. al., 2004, EVM calculation for broadband modulated signals
36 Hypothesis: Symbol dispersion is independent of modulation Selection of optimal modulation
37 Data
38 Data BPSK 4QAM 16QAM
39 Data BPSK 4QAM 16QAM
40 Data BPSK 4QAM 16QAM
41 Data BPSK 4QAM 16QAM
42 Data BPSK 4QAM 16QAM
43 Data BPSK 4QAM 16QAM
44 Data BPSK 4QAM 16QAM
45 Data BPSK 4QAM We call it Virtual 16QAM Replay
46 Replay Vector AccuRate records dispersion for every symbol in a packet Creates a vector: Replay Vector (V) d1 V = {d1, d2,..., dn}
47 Replay Vector AccuRate records dispersion for every symbol in a packet Creates a vector: Replay Vector (V) d1 V = {d1, d2,..., dn} When packet succeeds All dispersions are known When packet fails Approximates V from (known) preamble/postamble
48 Receiver Demodulator Packet
49 Receiver Demodulator Packet BPSK Replay Demodulator
50 Receiver Demodulator Packet BPSK Replay Demodulator
51 Receiver Demodulator Packet BPSK Replay Demodulator 4QAM Replay Demodulator
52 Receiver Demodulator Packet BPSK Replay Demodulator 4QAM Replay Demodulator
53 Receiver Demodulator Packet BPSK Replay Demodulator 4QAM Replay Demodulator 16QAM Replay Demodulator
54 Receiver Demodulator Packet BPSK Replay Demodulator 4QAM Replay Demodulator 16QAM Replay Demodulator
55 Receiver Demodulator Packet BPSK Replay Demodulator Best Rate 4QAM Replay Demodulator 16QAM Replay Demodulator
56 Optimal modulation Optimal rate
57 Optimal modulation Optimal rate Bit-rate is a function of both modulation and coding
58 Can we find the optimal <modulation, coding> for a received packet?
59 Receiver Demodulator Decoder Data BPSK 1/2 Replay Demodulator Decoder BPSK 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder QAM4 1/2 Replay Demodulator Decoder QAM4 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder QAM64 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder
60 Receiver Demodulator Decoder Data BPSK 1/2 Replay Demodulator Decoder 6 Mbps BPSK 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder QAM4 1/2 Replay Demodulator Decoder QAM4 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder QAM64 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder
61 Receiver Demodulator Decoder Data BPSK 1/2 Replay Demodulator Decoder 6 Mbps BPSK 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder 9 Mbps QAM4 1/2 Replay Demodulator Decoder QAM4 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder QAM64 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder
62 Receiver Demodulator Decoder Data BPSK 1/2 Replay Demodulator Decoder 6 Mbps BPSK 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder 9 Mbps QAM4 1/2 Replay Demodulator Decoder 12 Mbps QAM4 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder QAM64 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder
63 Receiver Demodulator Decoder Data BPSK 1/2 Replay Demodulator Decoder 6 Mbps BPSK 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder 9 Mbps QAM4 1/2 Replay Demodulator Decoder 12 Mbps QAM4 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder 18 Mbps QAM64 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder 54 Mbps
64 Receiver Demodulator Decoder Data BPSK 1/2 Replay Demodulator Decoder 6 Mbps BPSK Best Rate 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder 9 Mbps QAM4 1/2 Replay Demodulator Decoder 12 Mbps QAM4 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder 18 Mbps QAM64 3/4 Replay Demodulator Decoder 54 Mbps
65 Performance Evaluation Used like Tx and Rx design on USRP/GnuRadio Modulation: BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Coding: Convolution coding with puncturing with rate 1/2, 3/4 Compare with Softrate, SNR-based Testbed 10 traces at walking speed Trace based evaluation Simulation Simulator Characterize AccuRateʼs performance under high mobility Raleigh fading channel simulator ported to GnuRadio
66 What is the True Optimal Rate? Testbed Using train of packets (Virtual Packet) Each Virtual Packet consists of data packets at all bit-rates Similar method as Softrate Virtual Packet 6Mbps 9Mbps 12Mbps 18Mbps 24Mbps 36Mbps 54Mbps
67 What is the True Optimal Rate? Testbed Using train of packets (Virtual Packet) Each Virtual Packet consists of data packets at all bit-rates Similar method as Softrate Virtual Packet 6Mbps 9Mbps 12Mbps 18Mbps 24Mbps 36Mbps 54Mbps
68 What is the True Optimal Rate? Testbed Using train of packets (Virtual Packet) Each Virtual Packet consists of data packets at all bit-rates Similar method as Softrate Virtual Packet 6Mbps 9Mbps 12Mbps 18Mbps 24Mbps 36Mbps 54Mbps Optimal-1 Optimal Optimal+1
69 Can we estimate the optimal rate? Simulation Simulation Testbed 1 1 Fraction of Packets AccuRate correct-packets AccuRate using preamble AccuRate pre+postamble 0-1 Optimal 0 1 (AccuRate Rate) minus (Optimal Rate) Fraction of Packets AccuRate correct-packets AccuRate using preamble AccuRate pre+postamble Optimal (AccuRate Rate) minus (Optimum Rate) For correctly received packets, 100% in Simulation, 95% in Testbed
70 AccuRate needs to detect Interference
71 AccuRate needs to detect Interference Rate selection needs to be independent of interference
72 How to Detect Interference? Interference causes substantial symbol dispersion Interference
73 How to Detect Interference? Interference starts first: Preamble with high dispersion Interference Data Interference starts second: Postamble with high dispersion Data Interference
74 How to Detect Interference? Interference starts first: Preamble with high dispersion Interference Data Interference starts second: Postamble with high dispersion Data Interference Compare preamble with postamble dispersion
75 Interference Detection Accuracy Fraction of Lost Packets Testbed AccuRate Softrate 0 BPSK 1/2 BPSK 3/4 QPSK 1/2 QPSK 3/4 QAM16 1/2 QAM16 3/4 Bit Rate
76 Interference Detection Accuracy Fraction of Lost Packets Testbed AccuRate Softrate 0 BPSK 1/2 BPSK 3/4 QPSK 1/2 QPSK 3/4 QAM16 1/2 QAM16 3/4 Bit Rate Detection Accuracy is better at higher rates (95%)
77 Estimation Performance with Interference Under select Fraction of Lost Packets Testbed-AccuRate BPSK 1/2 BPSK 3/4 QPSK 1/2 QPSK 3/4 QAM16 1/2 QAM16 3/4 Bit Rate Overselect Accurate Underselect Over select Correct
78 Estimation Performance with Interference Under select Fraction of Lost Packets Testbed-AccuRate BPSK 1/2 BPSK 3/4 QPSK 1/2 QPSK 3/4 QAM16 1/2 QAM16 3/4 Bit Rate Overselect Accurate Underselect Over select Correct 91% accuracy in Optimal rate selection
79 AccuRate estimates the optimal rate for an already received packet What is the performance if the next transmission uses this rate?
80 Throughput at Walking Speeds Testbed Normalized Throughput AccuRate Softrate SNR based Walking Trace Number
81 Throughput at Walking Speeds Testbed Normalized Throughput AccuRate Softrate SNR based Walking Trace Number AccuRate achieves 87% of the optimal throughput
82 Throughput under Mobility Throughput (Mbps) Simulation AccuRate Softrate SNR based 1ms.5ms.2ms.1ms Coherence Time AccuRate performs well even under high mobility
83 Limitations Hardware Complexity AccuRate targets optimal rate estimation Does not consider implementation cost Rate estimation sub-optimal under packet failure Pre/Post amble based estimation achieves 93% accuracy Improvements possible with midamble Interfering packet may engulf or be engulfed by data AccuRate unable to detect such cases
84 Summary AccuRate uses symbol dispersion to estimate bit-rate Symbol dispersion is a measure of channel behavior AccuRate replays this channel on different bit-rates The max rate that passes this replay is declared optimal The optimal rate is prescribed for subsequent transmissions USRP testbed results show 87% of optimal throughput SoftRate capable of choosing very good bit-rates AccuRate pushes rate estimation towards optimality
85 Questions, Comments? Thank You Duke SyNRG Research Group
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