Contents. 2 Frequency-domain power theory and metering of harmonicpollution

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1 Contents Preface xiii 1 Power quality definitions 1 Ramani Kannan and Jagabar Sathik Mohd. Ali 1.1 Introduction to various power quality indices Why are we concerned about power quality? Definition of power quality Various conventional power quality indices Harmonics and interharmonic Voltage fluctuations and flicker Voltage unbalance Power frequency variations Transients Short duration voltage variations International standards The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IEEE) Standards American National Standards Institute (IEEE/ANSI) British Standards (BS) with IEC Standards International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standards Cost of poor power quality Investment analysis to mitigate costs of power quality Economic impact of power quality disturbances Economic mechanisms for improving power quality levels 26 References 27 2 Frequency-domain power theory and metering of harmonicpollution responsibility 29 Murat Erhan Balci and Mehmet Hakan Hocaoglu 2.1 Introduction Power resolutions for non-sinusoidal single-phase systems Budeanu s power resolution Fryze s power resolution Shepherd and Zakikhani s power resolution 33

2 vi Power quality in future electrical power systems Sharon s power resolution Kusters and Moore s power resolution Czarnecki s power resolution IEEE standard power resolution Balci and Hocaoglu s power resolution Power resolutions for non-sinusoidal and unbalanced three-phase systems Vector apparent power and its resolution Arithmetic apparent power Buchollz s apparent power and its resolutions IEEE standard apparent power and its resolution Practical implementation of apparent powers and their power resolutions included in IEEE standard 1459 and DIN standard LabView blocks of developed power meter Measurement results Metering of harmonic-pollution responsibility The indices based on active power direction method The methods based on the harmonic analysis of the system The current decomposition based indices The methods based on the evaluation of the non-active powers The statistical evaluation of the HGI, NLI and D s harmonic source detection approaches for different load types under several supply voltage waveforms Conclusions 71 References 71 3 Passive harmonic filters 77 Chamberlin Stéphane Azebaze Mboving and Zbigniew Hanzelka Summary Introduction General concept of passive harmonic filters Series passive filters Shunt passive filters Single-tuned filter Double-tuned filter Broad-band filters Hybrid passive filter Conclusion 127 References 127

3 Contents vii 4 Active harmonic filters 131 A.M. Sharaf, Foad H. Gandoman and Behnam Khaki 4.1 Introduction Industrial load models and characteristics Dynamic and quasi-static harmonics in modern electrical networks Industrial nonlinear loads types and characteristics Active power filter topologies and design considerations Active power filters use in AC and DC AC power systems Active power filters design issues and considerations Active power filters industrial applications Active power filters configurations Current source active power filters CSC Voltage source active power filters VSC Shunt-active power filters Series-active power filters Hybrid-active power filters Modern/distributed-active power filter Active power filters APF control strategies Overview of APF control techniques Heuristic soft computing-based control methods Industrial load harmonic mitigation using APF control techniques Emerging APF applications and typologies Case studies: design and optimization of an industrial active power filter Case study I: APF application and control strategies for hybrid AC DC industrial loads Case study II: hybrid-apfs for AC DC system Conclusions 157 References Shunt flexible a.c. transmission 165 Grazia Todeschini 5.1 Introduction Overview of harmonic concerns for shunt FACT devices and chapter content Resonance conditions Frequency scans Power system model Power system components Background voltage distortion Conclusions on system model 180

4 viii Power quality in future electrical power systems 5.4 Shunt FACT device model Static VAr compensator (SVC) Static synchronous compensator (SSC or STATCOM) High-voltage dc (HVDC) transmission Conclusions on shunt FACT device model Harmonic studies Harmonic-performance studies Harmonicrating studies 198 References Power-quality improvement using series FACTS 205 Salah Kamel and Francisco Jurado 6.1 Introduction Electricity network and power-quality overview Load-flow analysis Power-quality improvement using FACTS devices Proposed SSSC model Case 1: PQ control Case 2: P control NR-RCIM load-flow method with developed SSSC model Proposed IPFC model Master line Slave line Incorporating of developed IPFC model in NR-RCIM load flow Validation of developed series FACTS models Proposed SSSC model in NR-RCIM Developed IPFC model in NR-RCIM Conclusions 235 References Distributed generation systems 239 Khaled H. Ahmed and Ahmed A. Aboushady 7.1 Introduction Distributed generation Description of the problem Applications of distribution generation Voltage source converters Control techniques in DG systems Grid connection Islanded mode Power quality in DG Grid connected Island mode 258

5 Contents ix 7.6 Harmonics and passive filter design for DG Power filter configurations Analysis of the three filter topologies Filter design Case study Damping filter design Simulation results 272 References Backward forward sweep-based islanding scenario generation algorithm for defensive splitting of radial distribution systems 283 F. Jabari and B. Mohammadi-Ivatloo 8.1 Introduction Problem formulation Proposed backward forward-sweep-based islanding scenario generation algorithm Objective function and constraints Binary imperialistic-competitive-algorithm-based optimization process Simulation studies Conclusion 298 Appendix 300 References Decentralised voltage control in smart grids 305 Amin Mohammadpour Shotorbani, Behnam Mohammadi-ivatloo, Liwei Wang and Saeid Ghassem Zadeh 9.1 Introduction Voltage profile as power quality index Microgrids Motivation of cooperative decentralised control in smart grid Decentralised and distributed control systems Contraction-based multi-agent systems Contract net interaction protocol Centralised hierarchical control of the DERs Frequency regulation Voltage magnitude regulation DER integration concealment Reactive power dispatch Power-flow equations Sensitivity calculations Modal analysis 325

6 x Power quality in future electrical power systems 9.6 Distributed voltage control schemes Optimisation based on the Lagrange multipliers method Distributed voltage control via multi-agent system Distributed voltage control with simplified model-based sensitivity calculation Decentralised cooperative optimisation using self-organised sensor network Distributed cooperative gradient-descent optimisation of reactive power dispatch 336 References 339 Further Readings Techno-economic issues of power quality 343 Jayesh Joglekar 10.1 Introduction Different approaches for finding out power quality impact on tariff Design of modules to associate disturbance and economic loss Case study 1: cement plant Case study 2: industry Case study 3: hospital The relationship between duration of disturbance and its cost benefit analysis index Improvement of power quality in the system and its expected benefits Power-quality investment and gross domestic product in developing countries: case study Case 1: Nepal Case 2: Sri Lanka Conclusions 356 Acknowledgment 356 References An economic robust programing approach for the design of energy management systems 359 Felipe Valencia Arroyave and Alejando Marquez Ruiz 11.1 Introduction Robust programing framework Energy management system as a robust programing problem Case study and simulation results Concluding remarks 376 Acknowledgment 377 References 377