CALCULATING CREDITABLE NO X EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS FROM ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS (EE/RE) IN TEXAS

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1 CALCULATING CREDITABLE NO X EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS FROM ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS (EE/RE) IN TEXAS Jeff Haberl, Charles Culp, Bahman Yazdani, Don Gilman, Tom Fitzpatrick, Shirley Muns Energy Systems Laboratory, Texas Engineering Experiment Station Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas p.

2 Acknowledgements Faculty/Staff: Dan Turner, Malcolm Verdict, Larry Degelman, Betty Liu, Juan-Carlos Baltazar-Cervantes, Mushtaq Ahmed, Sherry Hughes, Holly Wiley, Rebecca Brister Students: Piljae Im, Seongchan Kim, Jaya Mukhopadhyay, Chayapa Choncharoensuk, Soolyeon Cho, Mini Malhotra, Suwon Song, Yiwen Zhu, Sopa Visitsak, Swapnil Sinvhal, Matt Sanders, Shane Crawford, Xiaowei Tan, Bill Robbins, Andrew Niemann, Saurabh Jain, Chris Anderson, Hyemee Choi, Heeyeon Jo, Stanton Ware, Stephen O Neal, Ryan Melissari. TCEQ: Steve Anderson, Alfred Reyes. p.

3 What s the problem? Houston on a polluted clear day. day. p.

4 70% of state s s population 76.4% of aggregate employment 8.4% of personal income 8% of Gross State Product 85% of Texas manufacturing activity * Impact of Pollution 00 Non-Attainment and Near-non-Attainment Counties * Data Source: The Perryman Group. The Importance of Maintaining A Proper State Implementation Plan (SIP) to Address Air Quality Issues in Texas: An Economic and Fiscal Impact Assessment. Energy November Systems 00. Laboratory 005 p. 4

5 Peak Ozone Pollution Days Dallas-Fort Worth Region Houston-Galveston-Brazoria Region p. 5

6 Senate Bill 5 (77 th Legislature, 00) Ch. 86. Texas Emissions Reduction Plan Sec Evaluation Of State Energy Efficiency Programs (with PUC) Ch. 88. Texas Building Energy Performance Standards Sec Adoption Of Building Energy Efficiency Performance Standards. Sec Enforcement Of Energy Standards Outside Of Municipality. Sec Distribution Of Information And Technical Assistance. Sec Development Of Home Energy Ratings. TERP Amended (78th Legislature, 00) Ch. 88. Texas Building Energy Performance Standards (HB 65) Sec Enforcement Of Energy Standards Outside Of Municipality. (HB 65) Sec Energy-Efficient Building Program. Ch. 88. Texas Building Energy Performance Standards (HB 5) Sec Certification of Municipal Inspectors. TERP Amended (79th Legislature, 005) Ch. 8. Health and Safety Code (HB 9) Sec Development of Creditable Statewide emissions from wind and other renewables. (HB 965) Sec Commission Action Relating to Water Heaters p. 6

7 "very heavy" termite infestation probability. Under an exception in the IRC, the slab perimeter insulation requirement in this path may be avoided. To make use of this exception and still comply with the Code, a builder must use IECC Section , IECC Section 50..4, or IECC Chapter 4, instead of this path. 00, 00 Texas Engineering Experiment Station, Energy Systems Laboratory, All Rights Reserved. The Table of Building Envelope Requirements is based upon the 000 International Residential Code (IRC), published by the International Code Council, as amended by the 00 Supplement.. The IRC prescriptive requirements are applicable to single family homes with glazing areas of 5% and below. For homes designed with glazing areas greater than 5%, the IRC incorporates the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) by reference, which contains additional prescriptive and performance-related compliance alternatives. The glazing areas for each path are maximum levels. For example, a glazing area of % must use Path, which is the path level for 5% glazing area.. Source of requirements: 000 IRC, Ch. (up to 5% only) and 000 IECC, Ch. 5, Prescriptive Packages for Climate Zones -9, and the 00 Supplement to IECC. IECC Chapter 4 must be used for glazing areas greater than 5%. 4. U-factor, and SHGC are maximum acceptable values. 5. Insulation R-values are minimum acceptable levels. 6. Applies to single-family, wood-frame residential construction, only. For mass wall construction, see IRC Section N0...; for steel-framed walls, see IRC Section N Glazing" refers to any translucent or transparent material in exterior openings of buildings, including windows, skylights, sliding glass doors, the glass areas of opaque doors, and glass block. 8. Fenestration product (window, door, glazing) U-factor and SHGC must be determined from a National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) label on the product, or obtained from default tables (IECC Table 0.5.() in Chapter ). 9. Glazing area % is the ratio of the area of the rough opening of windows to the gross wall area, expressed as a percentage. Up to one percent of the total window area may be exempt from the U-factor requirement. 0. Opaque doors are not considered glazing (or "windows") and must have a U-factor less than 0.5. One exempt door allowed.. Infiltration requirements: Windows 0.0 cfm per sq.ft. of window area; sliding doors 0.0 cfm per sq.ft. of door area (swinging doors below 0.50 cfm); determined in accordance with AAMA/WDMA 0/I.S. (must be tested in accordance with ASTM E 8).. R- shall be added to the requirements for slab insulation where uninsulated hot water pipes, air distribution ducts or electric heating cables are installed in or under the slab.. Floors over outside air must meet ceiling insulation requirements (Table 50. in the IECC). 4. R-values for walls represent the sum of cavity insulation plus insulated sheathing, if any. 5. Prescriptive packages are based upon meeting or exceeding minimum equipment efficiencies for HVAC and water heating (IECC Tables 50. and 504.). Installing components to Mfr specifications Documenting load calculations to insure properly sized HVAC equipment Meeting minimum equipment efficiency requirements for HVAC, water heating and other fixtures (Tables 50. and 504. of IECC) Providing preventative maintenance manuals Installing temperature controls Limiting window and door leakage Caulking or sealing joints, gaps and penetrations Installing vapor retarders where required Sealing and insulating ducts (No duct tape allowed) Insulating pipes properly Armstrong Hansford Bailey Hartley Carson Hemphill Castro Hutchinson Dallam Lipscomb Deaf Smith Moore Gray Ochiltree Briscoe Hall Cochran Hockley Donley Lamb Floyd Swisher Hale Yoakum Archer Dickens Lynn Baylor Foard Motley Borden Gaines Scurry Childress Garza Stonewall Clay Hardeman Terry Collingsworth Kent Wichita Cottle King Wibarger Crosby Knox Dawson Lubbock Andrews Bowie Callahan Camp Cass Coke Collin Cooke Culberson Delta Denton Eastland Ector El Paso Erath Fannin Fisher Franklin Glasscock Grayson Oldham Parmer Potter Randall Roberts Sherman Wheeler Gregg Palo Pinto Harrison Parker Haskell Rains Hopkins Red River Howard Reeves Hudspeth Rockwall Hunt Shackelford Jack Stephens Jeff Davis Sterling Jones Taylor Kaufman Throckmorton Lamar Titus Loving Upshur Marion Van Zandt Martin Ward Midland Winkler Mitchell Wise Montague Wood Morris Young Nolan HDD = Heating Degree Days (base 65 F) Anderson Angelina Bandera Bell Blanco Bosque Brewster Brown Burnet Cherokee Coleman Comanche Concho Coryell Crane Crockett Dallas Edwards Ellis Falls Freestone Gillespie Hamilton Hays Henderson Pecos Hill Polk Hood Presidio Houston Reagan Irion Real Jasper Runnels Johnson Rusk Kendall Sabine Kerr San Augustine Kimble San Saba Lampasas Schleicher Leon Shelby Limestone Smith Llano Somervell Mason Sutton McCulloch Tarrant McLennan Terrell Menard Tom Green Mills Travis Nacogdoches Trinity Navarro Tyler Newton Upton Panola Williamson Austin Bastrop Bexar Brazos Burleson Caldwell Chambers Colorado Comal Fayette Fort Bend Gonzales Grimes Guadalupe Hardin Harris Jefferson Kinney Lavaca Lee Liberty Madison Medina Milam Montgomery Orange Robertson San Jacinto Uvalde Val Verde Walker Waller Washington Wilson Aransas Galveston McMullen Atascosa Goliad Nueces Bee Jackson Refugio Brazoria Jim Wells San Patricio Calhoun Karnes Victoria DeWitt La Salle Webb Dimmit Live Oak Wharton Duval Matagorda Zavala Frio Maverick Brooks Jim Hogg Starr Cameron Kenedy Willacy Hidalgo Kleberg Zapata 00/00 TERP faced with funding litigation. Resolved issues relating to the start date. Published recommendations. 000 IECC with 00 Supplement ASHRAE Standard vs SEER, R-6 flex-duct Unavailable products (low-e windows) Helped to overcome resistance to code adoption. Provided 9 IECC/IRC workshops Responded to 40 to 60 calls/week Resolved issues: economizers, EnergyStar Developed accounting methods. Searched available literature on NOx emissions from EE/RE. Determined new SF/MF houses, Commercial buildings. Determined weather files to use. Code-compliant Test Suite for SF residential. Developed Simplified Builder s Guide. Published 00 Report to the TNRCC. tons NOx/peak-day (DOE-, 98 egrid, SF, by avg. PCA, TMY) Progress 00 to 005 Texas Residential Building Envelope Requirements Simplified Prescriptive Paths for Envelope Compliance with the International Residential Code (IRC 000) Climate Zone Path Table of Building Envelope Requirements Glazing and Insulation Foundation Type Crawl Glazing Ceiling Wall Basement Slab Space Area% U-Factor SHGC Floor Wall Perimeter Wall 5.45 NR R-8 R- R-9 R-8 R-5, ft R- 0.7 NR R-8 R- R-9 R-9 R-6, ft R- 5.7 NR R-8 R-9 R-9 R-9 R-6, ft R NR R-0 R- R-9 R-8 R-5, ft R NR R-8 R- R-9 R-8 R-6, ft R NR R-8 R-9 R-9 R-8 R-6, ft R R-0 R- R-9 R-7 R-4, ft R R-8 R- R-9 R-7 R-0 R R-8 R-9 R-9 R-7 R-0 R R-0 R- R-9 R-6 R-4, ft R R-8 R- R-9 R-6 R-0 R R-8 R-6 R-9 R-6 R-0 R R-0 R- R- R-5 R-0 R R-8 R- R- R-5 R-0 R R-8 R- R-9 R-8 R-0 R R-6 R- R- R-5 R-0 R R-0 R- R- R-5 R-0 R R-0 R- R- R-6 R-0 R R-9 R- R- R-0 R-0 R R-0 R- R- R-0 R-0 R R-0 R- R- R-0 R-0 R R-9 R- R- R-0 R-0 R R-0 R- R- R-0 R-0 R R-0 R- R- R-0 R-0 R-4 NR means No Requirement specified in IECC Chapter 5 for SHGC in Zone 8 and 9. The map in IRC Figure R0.(6) or IECC Figure 50.(7) indicates that parts of Texas qualify as areas of Notes: Energy Systems Laboratory Toll Free: -877-AnM-CODE ( ) Texas Engineering Experiment Station The Texas A&M University System Texas Residential Building Guide to Energy Code Compliance International Residential Code (IRC 000) and International Energy Conservation Code (IECC 000) as of May, 00 Using This Guide This guide contains eight color-coded climate zones (numbers through 9) designed to simplify determination of the envelope requirements of the International Residential Code (IRC 000, Chapter ) or the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC 000) for Texas. Refer to the IRC 000 or IECC 000, as amended by the 00 Supplement, for a complete description of all the requirements and compliance alternatives. Local requirements may also vary. Each county is assigned to one of the eight zones, which vary according to the different climate zones in Texas. Step-by-Step Instructions A. Use the color-coded map to locate the county in which the construction or remodeling is taking place and find the climate zone ( through 9) associated with that county. B. Use the "Table of Building Envelope Requirements" (on the back of this sheet) to find the set of construction options or "paths" associated with the climate zone selected above. Each path describes an acceptable combination of envelope components based on percent glazed area. C. Review the paths and select the one most suited to your project. D. Construct or remodel the building according to the selected path and comply with basic code requirements, which include: Texas Edition 00, Revision.04 Texas Counties by Climate Zones Use the color-coded map of Texas to locate a county. The reverse side of this form shows three prescriptive paths for the selected Climate Zone. 9 4,000-4,499 HDD 4,500 -,999 HDD 8,500 -,999 HDD 7,000 -,499 HDD 6,500 -,999 HDD 5,000 -,499 HDD,000 -,499 HDD HDD Limitations Texas recently enacted a statewide energy code. This guide provides a simplified prescriptive specification for individual envelope components to aid with code compliance. This guide does not provide a guarantee for meeting the IRC. For additional details on the IRC or IECC, refer to the code documents, consult local code officials or contact the International Code Council. Energy Systems Laboratory - Texas A&M University Toll Free: -877-AnM-CODE ( ) p. 7

8 Progress 00 to /00 Developed Emissions Calculator (Beta, /0) Demonstrated value of peak day vs annual avg. calcs. : for peak day kwh and NOx calcs. : for peak day CCF NOx calcs. Developed county-wise mapping of 998 egrid by PCA. Maps pollution to power plant. Allowed for HGA, DFW area SIP calculations. Developed new DOE- models (SF, MF, Commercial) Developed new NOx reduction strategies Commercial building tune-ups ( tons/peak day) CFLs (..4 tons/peak day). Continued to overcome resistance to code adoption. Provided 5 IECC/IRC & ASHRAE 90. workshops Responded to 40 to 60 calls/week Resolved issues: City of Houston, thermal mass. Recommended weather-normalization methods: Peak day from monthly utility bills. Published 00 Report to the TCEQ.4 tons NOx/peak-day (DOE-, 98 egrid, SF & MF, by PCA, by Co., TMY) Tons-NOX/day (peak) Apx x difference : Laboratory Calculated Tons-NOx/day (average) : EGRID Calculated p. 8

9 Progress 00 to /004 Developed ecalc with funding from EPA SF, MF, Office, Retail, Solar, Street & Traffic Lights, Water/Waste Water, Solar, PV, Wind Provided 4 IECC/IRC & ASHRAE 90. workshops Resolved issues: AACOG, NCTCOG, City of Houston, Compared ASHRAE vs Studied NOx reductions from DHW pilot lights (00). tons NOx/peak-day (all houses) 0.77 tons NOx/peak-day (new houses) Studied Cumulative NOx reductions: SF + MF Peak-day:.8 Tons 0 - Peak-day: 6.58 Tons Developed AACOG Report Discount factors, degradation, SIP credits Developed web-based input for SECO Political Subdivisions. 00 Emissions Reduction & Energy Leadership Conf., San Antonio, Texas Published 00 Report to the TCEQ.9 tons NOx/peak-day (DOE-, 99 egrid, SF & MF, by PCA, by Co., 999 NWS, fuel-neutral) Peak-day NOx Savings (Tons-NOx/day) Peak-day NOx Savings (Tons-NOx/day) Annual Savings Year p. 9

10 Progress 00 to /005 (ongoing) Helped TCEQ Develop an Integrated Emissions Reporting (00): ESL, PUC, SECO, Wind 8,000 GWh/yr,,500 MWh/OSD. ESL Code Compliance (4.8 tons/day) PUC SB5,SB7 programs (4.4 tons/day) SECO Political Sub. (.5 tons/day) Green Power (Wind) (5.4 tons/day) Tons/Ozone MWH/Ozone MWH/year Season Day Day 9,000,000 5,000 8,000, ,000, ,000 6,000, ,000,000 5,000 4,000, ,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 5,000 4,000, OSD Annual NOx Electricity reduction Savings levels (Preliminary Estimates) Cumulative 005 Cumulative Cumulative 007 Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative 00 Cumulative 005 Cumulative 006 Cumulative 007 Cumulative 008 Cumulative 009 Cumulative Cumulat ive 005 Cumulat ive 006 Cumulat ive 007 Cumulat ive Cumulat009 ive 009 Cumulat ive 00 ESL-Single ESL-Single Family Family Family ESL-Multifamily ESL-Multifamily PUC PUC PUC (SB7) (SB7) PUC PUC (SB5 PUC (SB5 (SB5 grant grant grant program) program) program) SECO SECO SECO Wind-ERCOT Wind-ERCOT Ozone Season Day NOx reduction level for 00 (Preliminary Estimates) Wind-ERCOT 4% ESL-Single Family 8% SECO 9% PUC (SB5 grant program) 0% ESL-Multifamily % PUC (SB7) 7% Texas Wind Power Generation (Source: ERCOT 005) 400,000,600 Wind Power Generation (MWH) 50,000 00,000 50,000 00,000 50,000 00,000 50,000 Wind Power Generation Installed Capacity,400,00, Installed Capacity (MW) 0 0 Jul-0 Nov-0 Mar-0 Jul- 0 Nov-0 Mar-0 Jul-0 Nov-0 Mar- 04 Jul- 04 Nov- 04 p. 0

11 Involve everyone! Stakeholders, Other State Agencies, EPA, DOE, etc. Accuracy counts! Lessons Learned All procedures developed must be accurate from end-toend (peer-reviewed). Weather normalization required for SIP Credits, backcasting to base-year weather data allows for alignment with EPA s egrid. Future projections require multiple discounts, degradation, and growth factors. Integrated accounting across State Agencies allows for State-wide, cumulative reporting to EPA. Documentation important! EPA Quality Assurance Project Plan QAPP. p.

12 Summary Procedures developed to calculate NOx, SOx and CO emissions from EE/RE projects. ecalc developed under EPA funding SF, MF, COM, Solar, PV, Municipal, Wind Future: new models, measured data EE/RE procedures currently under review by DOE (preliminary review very positive). Integrated NOx emissions procedures developed (4) State Agencies: ESL, SECO, PUC, ERCOT TCEQ is considering submitting EE/RE as part of State SIP Other states investigating Texas EE/RE procedures. p.

13 For more information: Jeff Haberl: Charles Culp: Bahman Yazdani: Visit the Calculator: p.