New Initiatives at NMIA in Support of the Energy Sector

Transcription

1 New Initiatives at NMIA in Support of the Energy Sector Dr Ilya Budovsky Leader, Energy Sector Group Head, Electricity Section September 2017

2 Overview The Australian Energy Sector: Production and delivery of electricity and gas Efficient use of energy in buildings, appliances and transport.

3 Overview Long-standing NMI involvement: Reference standards to underpin smooth operation Services in areas of market failure Expertise and international recognition Energy Sector Focus Team (from 2013): Study -> Engagement -> Projects

4 Energy Sector Focus Team - Engagement Government AEMO, AEMC, NOPTA, NOPSEMA, Energy White Paper taskforce, Dept. of Industry, Energy and Resources Growth Centre, Domestic gas strategy taskforce, Independent Scientific Committee on Wind Turbines Industry associations CIGRE, Electrical Energy Society of Australia, Australian Pipeline Operators Group, Metering-and-allocations Working Group, Gas-energy-Australia, WE- ERA. Industry conferences APPEA, EECON, Techcon, ANCRE, Future-Energy Large companies and equipment manufacturers Jemena, Caltex, Shell, Conono Philips, Energex, Chevron, University of SA, UNSW, Uni.Syd Yokagawa, Wilson Transformer, TRIMEC, MacNaught, COMPAC, BOC, Bauer

5 Strategies

6 Presently running projects CNG and LNG for Transport Marketing gas composition and flow standards to LNG Industry Pipeline-level flow meter calibration High flow and pressure gas facility Two new projects starting in 2016 Mobile highvoltage transformer testing Fast transient testing facility LED lighting Well head metering of unconventional gas Metrology for wind farms

7 Measurement in Electrical Grids

8 NMI working with Electrical Energy Sector NMIA working with Electrical Energy Sector Maintaining and disseminating Australian primary standards of voltage, current, electrical power, time, temperature, gas and liquid hydrocarbon flow, humidity (dew point), etc. to industry Coordination of trade measurement in Australia, including the approval of patterns (types) of electricity meters World first reference measurement facility for power quality and electrical power up to 200 khz Unique high voltage laboratory and mobile laboratory testing precision instrumentation and major infrastructure used in power generation and distribution at voltages up to 3 MV Calibration of a reference electricity meter with an uncertainty of 0.001% The NMI high voltage laboratory in Sydney incorporates Australia s largest high voltage hall.

9 Measurement in Electrical Grids Trends: New technologies Integration of renewables Distributed generation Efficient appliances Increased accuracy and versatility of electrical measuring instruments NMI Response: New-generation quantum standards New reference standards for electrical power Wideband power standards up to 200 khz Calibration of PMUs New high-voltage tests & calibrations (inc. on-site)

10 New-Generation Quantum Voltage Standards

11 Artifact Standards for DC Voltage Replaced by Josephson Voltage Standards 1V Weston Cells 10 mv Single Junctions Electrochemical Battery Weston Cell Varies in time & with environmental conditions Curtesy of Dr Sam Benz, NIST 1-10V Arrays 10 Single volt 10 volt Josephson CJVS Junctions PJVS Intrinsically accurate based on quantum behavior of Josephson junctions 11

12 Traceability of dc standards 0 V to 1000 V Comparison between JVS ~ nv/v up to 10 V Josephson Voltage Standard (JVS) Primary standards Secondary standards Zener (0.05 µv/v) Calibrators (1-5 µv/v) Voltmeters (> 1 µv/v) Other standards 0 V to 1000 V Everyday measurements

13 AC Voltage Synthesis PJVS uses step-wise approximated sine waves Transitions between steps compromise accuracy V(t) JAWS direct digital synthesis with current pulse sequences Intrinsically accurate by controlling every quantized pulse V(t) Steps Transitions t pulse t Vt () h 2e Curtesy of Dr Sam Benz, NIST 13

14 The Quantum NMI Logo NMI scientists with Dr Sam Benz (NIST, USA) The Quantum NMI Logo - Spectral distribution of 43 precisely known harmonics of 400 Hz generated with Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesiser Quantum NMI Logo in time domain

15 Recent Example: Quantum Standard for Harmonic Phases Traceability to power analysers that measure phase angle of harmonics in a ] composite signal with respect to the fundamental The Target Australian uncertainties Energy Sector: 1 mdeg for harmonics 5 and 7 Example of LED Production 5 mdeg and for harmonic delivery 39 of Waveforms electricity Support for and electricity gas utilities Current harmonics in LV Efficient power circuits use of energy can be in partially buildings, appliances and mitigated by spreading transport. permissible harmonic phase angles between different cases of appliances. Support for manufacturers of power analysers

16 New Reference Standards for Electrical Power and Energy V Voltage Converter V u Low-voltage Power Meter I Current Converter V i

17 Thermoelectric Ac-dc Power Transfer Advantages: High accuracy (1 mw/va ) Traceability to basic ac-dc difference standards High bandwidth (200 khz) Low sensitivity to distortion Long measurement times Three-Dimensional Multijunction Thermal Converter Disadvantages: Poor versatility (P, Q, V, I, one harmonic at a time) not always easy to automate

18 Thermoelectric AC-DC Power Transfer Standards at NMIA Zero power factor reference 1988 Dual-Bridge Power Comparator 1990 High-frequency Thermal Power Comparator (40 Hz khz) 1998 Low-frequency Thermal Power Comparator (40 Hz -10 khz) 2013

19 Voltage Converter Inductive (up to 1000 V (40 Hz -1 khz); Resistive (up to 240 V (40 Hz 200 khz)200 V Voltage Converter V u Low-voltage Power Meter I Current Converter V i

20 NMIA 1000 V Precision Inductive Voltage Divider Typical ratio errors at power frequencies: in-phase quadrature 1 part in of input 5 parts in of input

21 NMIA 1000 V Precision Inductive Voltage Divider Tap Uncertainty of Error Components in μv/v at 63 Hz, 100 V and 1000 V Decade "x 0.1" Decade "x 0.01" Decade "x 0.001" Output "x 0.001" α β α β α β α β Coverage Factor From NMIA Calibration Report

22 Current Converter Multi-range Current Transformer (40 Hz -1 khz); NMIA Current Shunts up to 100 A (40 Hz -200 khz) V Voltage Converter V u Low-voltage Power Meter I Current Converter V i

23 NMIA Multi-Range Current Transformer and Current Shunts Current Ranges from A to 200 A Computer Control Long-term stability determined by one 10 W suparesistor Typical ratio errors at power frequency less than 2 x 10-6 and 2 mrad.

24 NMIA Multi-Range Current Transformer and Current Shunts DVM IUT GPIB V U ~ INDUCTIV E VOLTAGE DIVIDER U u~ ACV GPIB PHANTOM POWER SOURCE I I ~ V IUT I MULTI-RANGE CURRENT TRANSFORMER U i~ GPIB GPIB CAL CAL U I U uo U io GND THERMAL DCV POWER DCI COMPARATOR ACI USB DVM TPC GPIB USB U u~ Master DVM GPIB Dig Out Ext Trigger PC U i~ Slave DVM GPIB

25 Uncertainty Budget 50 Hz Power factor Value Unit Component u i c i c i u i c i c i u i c i c i u i (m W/VA) (m W/VA) (m W/VA) TPC AC-DC Difference 0.5 mv/v TPC Phase 0.1 mv/v IVD Ratio 0.01 mv/v IVD Phase 0.05 mrad Current Transformer Ratio 0.8 ma/a Current Transformer Phase 1.5 mrad W Resistor DC Calibration 0.2 mw/w W Resistor DC Stability 0.2 mw/w W Resistor AC-DC Difference 0.5 mw/w W Resistor Phase 0.4 mrad W Resistor Capacitive Loading 0.1 mrad DVM IUT 0.3 mv/v Calibrator U 0.3 mv/v Calibrator I 0.3 mv/v Common Mode Error, in-phase 0.3 mw/va Commod Mode Error, quadrature 0.5 mrad Random Uncertainty 0.1 mw/va Combined Uncertainty (mw/va) Expanded Uncertainty (mw/va) (95% Confidence Level)

26 Uncertainty Budget 10 khz 10 khz Power factor Value Unit Component u i c i c i u i c i c i u i c i c i u i (m W/VA) (m W/VA) (m W/VA) TPC Ac-dc difference 2 mv/v TPC Phase 2 mv/v IVD Ratio mv/v IVD Phase mrad RVD DC 1.5 mv/v RVD Ac-dc Difference 4 mv/v RVD Phase 3 mrad Shunt DC 2 mw/w Shunt Ac-dc Difference 2 mw/w Shunt Phase 7 mrad DVM mv/v DVM mv/v Buffer in-phase 1 mv/v Buffer quadrature 1 mrad Loading effect, voltage in-phase 0 mv/v Loading effect, voltage quadrature 4 mrad Loading effect, current in-phase 0 ma/a Loading effect, current quadrature 0.2 mrad Coupling, in-phase 5 mw/va Coupling, quadrature 5 mrad Meas. system, in-phase 4 mw/va Meas system, quadrature 6 mrad Random Uncertainty 1 mw/va Combined Uncertainty (mw/va) Expanded Uncertainty (mw/va) (95% Confidence Level)

27 Uncertainty Budget 200 khz 200 khz Power factor Value Unit Component u i c i c i u i c i c i u i c i c i u i (m W/VA) (m W/VA) (m W/VA) TPC Ac-dc difference 20 mv/v TPC Phase 30 mv/v IVD Ratio mv/v IVD Phase mrad RVD DC 1.5 mv/v RVD Ac-dc Difference 15 mv/v RVD Phase 180 mrad Shunt DC 2 mw/w Shunt Ac-dc Difference 8 mw/w Shunt Phase 70 mrad DVM mv/v DVM mv/v Buffer in-phase 15 mv/v Buffer quadrature 15 mrad Loading effect, voltage in-phase 1 mv/v Loading effect, voltage quadrature 80 mrad Loading effect, current in-phase 0.5 ma/a Loading effect, current quadrature 4 mrad Coupling, in-phase 40 mw/va Coupling, quadrature 100 mrad Meas. system, in-phase 20 mw/va Meas system, quadrature 60 mrad Random Uncertainty 10 mw/va Combined Uncertainty (mw/va) Expanded Uncertainty (mw/va) (95% Confidence Level)

28 Benefits to Industry Reduced uncertainties 10 mw/va Reduced calibration times Harmonics and distorted waveforms High frequency up to 200 khz

29 Calibration of phasor Measurement Units PMUs measure a number of physical quantities (voltage, current, phase, frequency, rate of change of frequency) synchronized to UTC (Universal Coordinated Time)

30 NMI Calibration System for Phasor Measurement Units

31 Case study 3: High-voltage calibration and testing Testing ability of high-voltage equipment to withstand lightning strikes to new IEC Standards NMI Role Traceable calibrations and testing services up to 2.4 MV Lead two IEC 42 Groups developing relevant standards Industry training through measurement courses and technical presentations Outcomes Laboratory and mobile facilities ensuring manufacturers and utilities have access to essential testing services AC Voltage withstand Test on a 500 kv Elevated Work Platform Testing of a 500 kv transmission line insulator tension assembly with a kv lightning impulse

32 Precision DC High-Voltage Dividers Collaboration with NIM China and EPRI China Rated voltages: kv Rated input R: MΩ Best Uncertainties: ppm

33 Resistive reference divider for switching impulses Rated voltage: 400 kv; Rated input R: 300 kω Step Response: T N : 0.5 ms, t s : 2.3 ms, Overshoot: 0 %

34 Standard for Dielectric Dissipation Factor (DDF) at Very Low Frequencies Rated voltage: 100 kv Freq. Range: Hz DDF resolution: 1 x 10-5 DDF uncert. 2 x 10-4

35 On-Site High-Voltage Calibrations Impulse Voltage Testing at a Power Transformer Factory NMI Mobile High-Voltage Calibration Unit

36 Impact on Electrical Energy Security ] Essential for safe and efficient operation of electrical grids The Support Australian new Energy technology Sector: for the transformation of the NEM: Renewable Energy Production and delivery of Generation electricity and gas DC transmission Efficient Extended use of length energy of in buildings, transmission appliances lines and transport. Switching of large users New types of transmission cables (cross-linked polyethilene)

37 Reference Gas Standards & LNG Exports Comparable measurements are essential for international trade NMIA gas standards are used to determine the composition, density and energy content of LNG exported from Australia

38 NMI Reference Gases NMI reference gases are made using: Very high accuracy balances Specific gas cylinders Well characterised gases Highly trained staff The calibration standards are accurate with small uncertainties

39 Proficiency Testing for Energy Gases NMI delivers PT services for a range of energy gases such as LPG, LNG, and pipeline natural gas. The NMI PT studies help to deliver comparability of gas measurements in the Asia-Pacific region.

40 High Flow Low Pressure Gas Flow Facility at NMIA Existing Gas Flow Standards 2 x primary standards: 300L Bell Prover (±0.1%) 5 x Mercury Sealed Piston Provers (± %) 3 x Nozzle Arrays used as transfer standards for flowrates from to 500 m³ h -1 : Rotor Sonic Nozzle Array, or RSNA (0.005 to 8 m³ h -1 ) Satellite Sonic Nozzle Array, or SSNA (0.5 to 180 m³ h -1 ) Octopus Sonic Nozzle Array, or OSNA (50 to 300 m³ h -1 ) Blue Spaghetti Monster Array, or BSMA (50 to 7000 m³ h -1 ) 300L Bell Prover PVTt System 12 L mercurcy sealed piston prover (Brooks prover)

41 The Blue Spaghetti Monster Array Why? To support custody transfer on a pipeline level metering. Provide calibration high-flow low-pressure facility for local industries. How? An array of 28 critical flow Venturi nozzles (CFVN) in parallel to produce various flow rates with uncertainties of ±0.11% Assembling the new 7000 m3/h gas flow facility 3-D model of the Blue Spaghetti Monster Array at NMIA

42 Critical Flow Venturi Nozzle Profiled nozzle designed according to standards (ISO9300). Relies on critical pressure drop between upstream and downstream. Very reliable and repeatable. Low Maintenance. Calibrated using NMI primary standards. Shockwave region Direction of flow

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44 Primary PVTt Facility Due to industry demand for higher flow rates and better accuracy we have developed a 670L PVTt collection tank primary standard for nozzle calibration up to 100 m³/h at better than +0.05%.

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46 Australia-China Workshop: Measurement Challenges for Electrical Energy Security 5-8 September 2017, Canberra and Sydney Over ] 50 participants from Australia and China The Australian Energy Sector: NMI Australia, NIM China, Chinese Embassy - Second Secretary and Counsellor for Science and Technology Universities (Harbin Institute of Technology, Thinghua University, Production and delivery of RMIT, UQ, Macquarie, UTS, etc.) electricity and gas Industry - electricity transmission and distribution, equipment manufacturing, etc. Government Efficient use of energy in Opening buildings, by Dr appliances Alan Finkel, and Australia s Chief Scientist transport.

47 Australia-China Workshop: Measurement Challenges for Electrical Energy Security Supported by Australia-China Science Research Fund ] Four Streams: The Australian Energy Sector: Power Quality Measurement of Quantities in Electrical Grids Data Security Energy Storage

48 Australia-China Workshop: Measurement Challenges for Electrical Energy Security ] The Key Australian Outcomes Energy Sector: Bring together key players from industry, academia and the Production metrology and institutes delivery in of Australia and China electricity identify and current gas and future trends in the electrical energy industries and the challenges they present for measurement science and technology Efficient use of energy in buildings, significant appliances steps towards and setting out a roadmap for future transport. measurement capabilities identify specific research activities aimed at implementing the plan. Agreement in principle on a large scale collaboration between national metrology institutes, universities and industry in Australia and China on Measurement Challenges for Power Systems with Large Penetration of Renewable Energy

49 Conclusions NMIA has dynamic involvement with the energy sector : Reference standards to underpin smooth operation Services in areas of market failure Expertise and international recognition Energy Sector Team critical sector engagement and project prioritisation NMIA collaborates extensively with its international counterparts and is extending its collaboration

50 Thank you Questions? Dr Ilya Budovsky Department of Industry, Innovation and Science National Measurement Institute Telephone