Hedy Lamarr Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy)

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3 Hedy Lamarr Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy)

4 Hedy Lamarr Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg.

5 Hedy Lamarr Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. very rich

6 Hedy Lamarr Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. very rich hundreds of dinner parties for clients

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10 Hedy Lamarr Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. very rich hundreds of dinner parties for clients Mandl was the jealous type

11 Hedy Lamarr Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. very rich hundreds of dinner parties for clients Mandl was the jealous type Hedy drugged the maid, put on her uniform, walked away

12 Hedy Lamarr Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. very rich hundreds of dinner parties for clients Mandl was the jealous type Hedy drugged the maid, put on her uniform, walked away Signed with MGM, changed name

13 Hedy Lamarr Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. very rich hundreds of dinner parties for clients Mandl was the jealous type Hedy drugged the maid, put on her uniform, walked away Signed with MGM, changed name Hooked up with composer George Antheil

14 Hedy Lamarr Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. very rich hundreds of dinner parties for clients Mandl was the jealous type Hedy drugged the maid, put on her uniform, walked away Signed with MGM, changed name Hooked up with composer George Antheil Piano episode, frequency hopping

15 Hedy Lamarr Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. very rich hundreds of dinner parties for clients Mandl was the jealous type Hedy drugged the maid, put on her uniform, walked away Signed with MGM, changed name Hooked up with composer George Antheil Piano episode, frequency hopping Antheil suggested piano rolls

16 Hedy Lamarr Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. very rich hundreds of dinner parties for clients Mandl was the jealous type Hedy drugged the maid, put on her uniform, walked away Signed with MGM, changed name Hooked up with composer George Antheil Piano episode, frequency hopping Antheil suggested piano rolls 1940 applied for patent 1942 granted

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24 Frequency hopping for anti-jam

25 Frequency hopping for anti-jam Reproducible hopping pattern that appears to be random

26 Frequency hopping for anti-jam Reproducible hopping pattern that appears to be random Pseudo-noise or pseudo-random hopping pattern

27 Frequency hopping for anti-jam Reproducible hopping pattern that appears to be random Pseudo-noise or pseudo-random hopping pattern Lamarr system was never built

28 Frequency hopping for anti-jam Reproducible hopping pattern that appears to be random Pseudo-noise or pseudo-random hopping pattern Lamarr system was never built : Many experimental systems (all classified) by Sperry, Sylvania, Bureau of Ships, MIT, NSA, etc:

29 Frequency hopping for anti-jam Reproducible hopping pattern that appears to be random Pseudo-noise or pseudo-random hopping pattern Lamarr system was never built : Many experimental systems (all classified) by Sperry, Sylvania, Bureau of Ships, MIT, NSA, etc: But some people knew

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31 What? said the missile expert. I guess I was off base about the jamming. Suddenly it seems to me that s so obvious. It must have been tried and it doesn t work. Right. It doesn t. That s because the frequency and amplitude of the control pulses make like pure noise they re genuinely random. So trying to jam them is like trying to jam FM with an AM signal. You hit it so seldom, you might as well not try. What do you mean, random? You can t control anything with random noise. The captain thumbed over his shoulder at the Luanae Galaxy. They can. There s a synchronous generator in the missiles that reproduces the same random noise, peak by pulse. Once you do that, modulation s no problem. I don t know how they do it. They just do. The Luanae can t explain it: the planetoid developed it. England put his head down, almost to the table. The same random, he whispered from the very edge of sanity. The Pod in the Barrier, by Theodore Sturgeon, Galaxy magazine, September 1957.

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34 UNITED NOT ALLOCATED RADIONAVIGATION MARITIME MARITIME MARITIME Radiolocation RADIONAVIGATION Radiolocation MARITIME MARITIME MARITIME AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION Maritime Radionavigation (Radio Beacons) Aeronautical Mobile AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION STATES Fixed STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (20 khz) MARITIME STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (60 khz) MARITIME AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION Aeronautical Mobile Aeronautical Radionavigation (Radio Beacons) MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) 3 khz 300 khz FREQUENCY 300 Aeronautical Radionavigation (Radio Beacons) MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) 325 AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) Aeronautical Mobile 335 Maritime Radionavigation (Radio Beacons) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) Aeronautical Mobile 405 Aeronautical Mobile RADIONAVIGATION 415 MARITIME AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION 435 Aeronautical Radionavigation MARITIME (DISTRESS AND CALLING) MARITIME AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) MARITIME (SHIPS ONLY) 525 AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) 535 BROADCASTING (AM RADIO) TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 khz 300 khz 3 MHz BROADCASTING BROADCASTING 1705 RADIO- LOCATION 1800 AMATEUR 1900 RADIOLOCATION 2000 MARITIME MARITIME (TELEPHONY) MARITIME LAND MARITIME (TELEPHONY) (DISTRESS AND CALLING) MARITIME (TELEPHONY) MARITIME LAND STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (2500kHz) Space Research STANDARD FREQ STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL MARITIME LAND 2850 AERONAUTICAL (R) 3000 THE RADIO SPECTRUM AERONAUTICAL (R) AERONAUTICAL (OR) 3 MHz * ** Radiolocation AERONAUTICAL (R) AMATEUR MARITIME * AERONAUTICAL (R) AERONAUTICAL (OR) * STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (5000 KHZ) STANDARD FREQ. Space Research ALLOCATIONS MARITIME ** 54.0 AERONAUTICAL (R) AERONAUTICAL (OR) * BROADCASTING * BROADCASTING MARITIME AERONAUTICAL (R) AERONAUTICAL (OR) Mobile AMATEUR AMATEUR AMATEUR BROADCASTING BROADCASTING Mobile Mobile MARITIME MARITIME AERONAUTICAL (R) AERONAUTICAL (OR) 88.0 BROADCASTING BROADCASTING STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (10,000 khz) STANDARD FREQ. Space Research AERONAUTICAL (R) AMATEUR Mobile* AERONAUTICAL (OR) AERONAUTICAL (R) BROADCASTING BROADCASTING BROADCASTING MARITIME AERONAUTICAL (OR) AERONAUTICAL (R) RADIO ASTRONOMY Mobile* BROADCASTING BROADCASTING Mobile* BROADCASTING AMATEUR AMATEUR AMATEUR Mobile* STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (15,000 khz) STANDARD FREQ. Space Research AERONAUTICAL (OR) BROADCASTING MARITIME BROADCASTING AERONAUTICAL (R) AERONAUTICAL (OR) AMATEUR AMATEUR Mobile MARITIME BROADCASTING MARITIME STAND. FREQ. & TIME SIG. Space Research STANDARD FREQUENCY & TIME SIGNAL (20,000 KHZ) STANDARD FREQ. Space Research ISM 6.78 ±.015 MHz ISM ±.007 MHz ISM ±.163 MHz BROADCASTING BROADCASTING Mobile AMATEUR AMATEUR BROADCASTING AERONAUTICAL (R) MARITIME Mobile* AERONAUTICAL (OR) ** AMATEUR AMATEUR STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (25,000 khz) STANDARD FREQ. Space Research LAND MARITIME LAND ** RADIO ASTRONOMY BROADCASTING MARITIME LAND ** ** ** LAND AMATEUR AMATEUR LAND 30 MHz 300 RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL INTER- LAND RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIODETERMINATION LAND LAND LAND LAND Radio Astronomy LAND RADIO ASTRONOMY LAND LAND LAND LAND AMATEUR BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 2-4) RADIO ASTRONOMY AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 5-6) BROADCASTING (FM RADIO) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL (R) AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL (R) AERONAUTICAL (R) AERONAUTICAL (R) AERONAUTICAL (R) MET. SAT. (S-E) MET. SAT. (S-E) MET. SAT. (S-E) MET. SAT. (S-E) MOB. SAT. (S-E) SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E) Mob. Sat. (S-E) SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E) MOB. SAT. (S-E) SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E) Mob. Sat. (S-E) SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E) AMATEUR AMATEUR AMATEUR (E-S) (E-S) RADIONAV- LAND LAND LAND MARITIME MARITIME LAND LAND LAND MARITIME MARITIME LAND MARITIME Land Mobile BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 7-13) Amateur Fixed Mobile Radiolocation Radiolocation Radiolocation LAND AMATEUR AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION LAND RADIOLOCATION 30 MHz ISM ±.02 MHz 300 MHz AMATEUR AMATEUR BROADCASTING MARITIME MARITIME MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (E-S) RADIONAVIGATION STD. FREQ. & TIME SIGNAL SAT. (400.1 MHz) MET. SAT. (S-E) Space Opn. (S-E) SPACE RES. (S-E). SAT. (S-E) MET. AIDS (Radiosonde) Met-Satellite Earth Expl. Earth Expl Sat (E-S) Satellite (E-S) (E-S) EARTH EXPL SAT. (E-S) MET-SAT. (E-S) SPACE OPN. (S-E) Earth Expl Sat (E-S) Met-Satellite (E-S) EARTH EXPL SAT. (E-S) MET-SAT. (E-S) MET. AIDS (Radiosonde) METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (RADIOSONDE) (E-S) RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH (S-S) RADIOLOCATION Amateur LAND LAND LAND LAND Meteorological Satellite (S-E) LAND LAND LAND LAND LAND BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 14-20) LAND BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 21-36) RADIO ASTRONOMY LAND TV BROADCASTING BROADCAST BROADCAST BROADCAST LAND LAND LAND AERONAUTICAL LAND LAND LAND AERONAUTICAL LAND Amateur RADIOLOCATION LAND LAND LAND LAND AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION RADIONAVIGATION (S-E) RADIOLOCATION Amateur Radiolocation AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION SPA CE RESEARCH ( Passive) RADIOLOCATION ** -SAT (E-S) ** LAND RADIO ASTRONOMY EARTH EXPL SAT (Passive) LAND Fixed (TLM) LAND (TLM) (TLM) -SAT (S-E) (TLM) LAND (TLM) ** (AERONAUTICAL TELEMETERING) SAT. (Space to Earth) Mobile ** Mobile (Aero. TLM) SAT. (Space to Earth) MARITIME SAT. (Space to Earth) MARITIME (space to Earth) (S-E) (S-E) Mobile Satellite (S- E) AERONAUTICAL (R) (space to Earth) (Space to Earth) AERONAUTICAL (R) (space to Earth) AERONAUTICAL (R) (space to Earth) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAV. (Space to Earth) RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) SAT(E-S) SAT. (E-S) RADIO ASTRONOMY SAT. (E-S) Mobile Sat. (S-E) AERO. RADIONAVIGATION AERO. RADIONAV. RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) AERO. RADIONAV. RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) (E-S) RADIO ASTRONOMY SAT. (E-S) RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (RADIOSONDE) RADIO ASTRONOMY ** METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (Radiosonde) METEOROLOGICAL (s-e) Fixed MET. SAT. (s-e) (E-S) SPACE RES. EARTH EXPL. SPACE OP. (E-S)(s-s) SAT. (E-S)(s-s) (E-S)(s-s) MOB. FX. S) (S-E) EARTH EXPLORATION SAT. (s-e)(s-s) SPACE OPERATION (s-e)(s-s) SPACE RESEARCH (s-e)(s-s) (LOS) (LOS) ** R- LOC. B-SAT SPACE RES..(S-E) Amateur Amateur RADIOLOCATION ** Radiolocation Mobile Fixed MOB FX BCST- Fixed MET. AIDS (Radiosonde) Radiolocation Mobile Radiolocation Mobile Fixed MOB FX R- LOC. B-SAT RADIOLOCATION Fixed AMATEUR AMATEUR Amateur Radiolocation Radiolocation RADIODETERMINATION SAT. (S-E) (S-E) BCST - SAT. ** FX-SAT (S - E) E-Expl Sat Radio Ast Space res. MOB** B- SAT. FX FX-SAT RADIO ASTRON. SPACE RESEARCH EARTH EXPL SAT Radiolocation METEOROLOGICAL AIDS AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION Radiolocation MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION BROADCASTING METEOROLOGICAL AIDS SPACE OPERATION MHz ISM ± 13 MHz ISM ± 50 MHz GHz EARTH EXPLORATION METEOROLOGICAL SPACE RESEARCH STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL Radiolocation MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION Radiolocation RADIO- LOCATION Amateur Radiolocation RADIO- LOCATION Radiolocation RADIO- LOCATION AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (Ground) SAT. (S-E) RADIO- LOCATION AERO. RADIO- NAV.(Ground) SAT. (S-E) ** (S-E) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (S-E) ** RADIO ASTRONOMY Space Research (Passive) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERO. RADIONAV. SAT (S-E) RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation Radiolocation Radiolocation RADIO- LOCATION AERONAUTICAL RADIONAV. Radiolocation Radiolocation RADIONAVIGATION Radiolocation MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION MARITIME METEOROLOGICAL RADIONAVIGATION AIDS Amateur Amateur RADIOLOCATION RADIO- LOCATION Amateur- sat (s-e) Amateur SAT(E-S) (E-S) (E-S) (E-S) (S-E)(E-S) (E-S) SAT (E-S) SPACE RESEARCH (E-S) Fixed Mobile Satellite (S-E) (S-E) (S-E) (S-E) Mobile Satellite (S-E) Mobile Satellite (S-E) MET. (S-E) (S-E) (S-E) Fixed Mobile Satellite (E-S) (E-S) EARTH EXPL. (S-E) (E-S) (E-S) Mobile Satellite (E-S) (no airborne) Mobile Satellite (E-S)(no airborne) MET. (E-S) (E-S) (E-S) EARTH EXPL. SAT. (S-E) EARTH EXPL. (S-E) SPACE RESEARCH (S-E) (deep space only) SPACE RESEARCH (S-E) RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation Radiolocation Radiolocation AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION Radiolocation MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAVIGATION Meteorological Aids RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation Radiolocation Amateur RADIO- LOCATION Amateur Satellite Amateur Radiolocation RADIOLOCATION RADIO ASTRONOMY EARTH EXPL. SAT. (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) EARTH EXPL. (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY (S-E) (S-E) Mobile ** BROADCASTING (E-S) (E-S) SPACE RESEARCH (S-E) (Deep Space) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAV. Space Research (E-S) Radiolocation RADIO- LOCATION SAT.(E-S) Radiolocation RADIO- LOCATION Standard Freq. and Time Signal Satellite (E-S) Space Research Land Mobile Satellite (E-S) SAT. (E-S) RADIO NAVIGATION Space Research Land Mobile Satellite (E-S) (E-S) Mobile** Fixed Mobile SAT. (E-S) Land Mobile Satellite (E-S) Fixed Mobile FX SAT.(E-S) L M Sat(E-S) Mobile Space Research Fixed Space Research Space Research Mobile EARTH EXPL. SAT. (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERO RADIONAV SAT (E-S) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation RADIOLOCATION Space Res.(act.) Radiolocation RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation Radioloc. RADIOLOC. Earth Expl Sat Space Res. BCST SAT. FX SAT (E-S) Radiolocation (E-S) (S-E) (S-E) SPACE RES. FX SAT (S-E) EARTH EXPL. SAT. (S-E) (S-E) (S-E) SAT. (S-E) FX SAT (S-E) (S-E) STD FREQ. & TIME FX SAT (S-E) SAT (S-E) SPACE RES. EARTH EXPL. SAT. ** RAD.AST ** EARTH EXPL. SAT. SPACE RES. INTER- EARTH EXPL. SAT. (Passive) SPACE RES. (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY AMATEUR AMATEUR Amateur Radiolocation RADIO- LOCATION Earth Expl. Satellite (Active) INTER- RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION (E-S) Earth INTER- Expl. Satellite (Active) RADIOLOCATION (E-S) (E-S) INTER- Standard Frequency and Time Signal Satellite (E-S) RADIONAVIGATION (E-S) Earth Exploration Satellite (S-S) std freq e-e-sat INTER-SAT. & time e-e-sat (s-s) INTER-SAT. Earth Exploration Satellite (S-S) INTER- Earth Exploration Satellite (S-S) SAT (E-S) (E-S) (E-S) (E-S) (E-S) 3 GHz ISM 5.8 ±.075 GHz ISM ± GHz 30 GHz ACTIVITY CODE GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE NON-GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATION SERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION Primary Capital Letters Secondary Mobile 1st Capital with lower case letters GOVERNMENT/ NON-GOVERNMENT SHARED (E-S) (E-S) Standard Frequency and Time Signal Satellite (S-E) Stand. Frequency and Time Signal Satellite (S-E) 30 GHz EARTH EXPLORATION SAT. (Passive) RADIONAVIGATION SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH (deep space) RADIONAVIGATION INTER- SAT SPACE RES. RADIONAVIGATION INTER- RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation EARTH EXPL. SAT. (Passive) SPACE RE..(Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (space-to-earth) (S-E) SPACE RES. SAT. (S-E) - SAT. EARTH EXPL SAT (E-S) Earth Expl. Sat (s - e) SPACE RES. (E-S) SAT. SAT Mobile Fixed FX-SAT (S-E) BROAD- CASTING BCST SAT. BCST SAT. BROAD- CASTING ** (E-S) RADIO ASTRONOMY (E-S) (E-S) SAT (E-S). RADIONAV. MOB. SAT(E-S) RADIONAV.SAT. AMATEUR AMATEUR FX SAT(E-S) FX SAT(E-S) EARTH EXPLORATION FI XED (E-S) (E-S) SPACE RESEARCH SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) EARTH EXPLORATION (Passive) INTER- SAT EARTH EXPL-SAT (Passive) INTER- SAT SPACE RES. EARTH-ES INTER- SAT EARTH-ES SPACE RES. SPACE RES. EARTH EXPLORATION SAT. (Passive) INTER - SAT SPACE RES. EARTH EXPLORATION SAT. (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) INTER- SAT RADIO- LOC. SPACE RES.. EARTH EXPLORATION SAT. (Passive) INTER- RADIO- LOCATION INTER- ** ISM ±.250 GHz GHz IS DESIGNATED FOR UNLICENSED DEVICES INTER- ** SPACE RESEARCH EARTH EXPLORATION INTER- RADIO NAVIGATION RADIO- NAVIGATION (E-S) (E-S) (E-S) AMATEUR AMATEUR RADIOLOC. Amateur RADIOLOC. Amateur Amateur Sat. RADIOLOC. AMATEUR AMATEUR SAT Amateur Satellite Amateur RADIO- LOCATION (S-E) (S-E) BROAD- CASTING BROAD- CASTING EARTH EXPLORATION (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY (E-S) RADIO- LOCATION RADIO- NAVIGATION RADIO- NAVIGATION SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) EARTH EXPL. (Passive) (S-E) EARTH EXPLORATION (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY EARTH EXPL SAT. (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) INTER- Amatuer E A R T H EXPL. SAT SPACE RES. INTER- SAT. MO- BILE EARTH EXPL SAT. (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) Radiolocation INTER- ISM ±.500 GHz INTER- RADIO- LOCATION RADIO- NAVIGATION Radiolocation RADIO- NAVIGATION AMATEUR AMATEUR Amateur Amateur Satellite RADIO- LOCATION (S-E) SPACE RES. (Passive) EARTH EXPL. SAT. (Passive) (S-E) (S-E) SPACE RES. (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY EARTH EXPLORATION (Passive) INTER- EARTH EXPLORATION SAT. (Passive) INTER- SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) INTER- EARTH EXPLORATION (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY INTER- RADIO- NAVIGATION RADIO- NAVIGATION EARTH EXPLORATION SAT. (Passive) SPACE RES. (Passive) (E-S) EARTH EXPLORATION (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY (S-E) EARTH EXPL. SAT. (Passive) SPACE RES. (Passive) (S-E) (S-E) Amateur Amateur Satellite Radiolocation Radiolocation RADIO- LOCATION AMATEUR AMATEUR ISM ± 1GHz EARTH EXPLORATION (Passive) SPACE RES. (Passive) RADIO- NAVIGATION RADIO- NAVIGATION RADIO- ASTRONOMY (E-S) 300 GHz * EXCEPT AERO (R) This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by the FCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changes made to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult the Table to determine the current status of U.S. allocations. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE DMINISTRATION ANATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS & INFORMATION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Telecommunications and Information Administration Office of Spectrum Management October 2003 ** EXCEPT AERO WAVELENGTH BAND DESIGNATIONS ACTIVITIES 3 x 10 7 m 3 x 10 6 m 3 x 10 5 m 30,000 m 3,000 m 300 m 30 m 3 m 30 cm 3 cm 0.3 cm 0.03 cm 3 x 10 5 Å 3 x 10 4 Å 3 x 10 3 Å 3 x 10 2 Å 3 x 10Å 3Å 3 x 10-1 Å 3 x 10-2 Å 3 x 10-3 Å 3 x 10-4 Å 3 x 10-5 Å 3 x 10-6 Å 3 x 10-7 Å VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF) LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast P L S C X Radar Bands Radar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray Infra-sonics Sonics Ultra-sonics Microwaves Infrared X-ray FREQUENCY 0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 khz 10 khz 100 khz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz THE RADIO SPECTRUM 3 khz MAGNIFIED ABOVE 300 GHz PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC- TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNT OF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.

35 1970 s: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) or Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

36 Spread spectrum communication Signature sequence: Send 1: Send 0: The correlator counts #(agreements) - #(disagreements) in each window

37 Given periodic sequences of period T a =(a 0,a 1, ) and b =(b 0,b 1, ) Their cross correlation is C a,b (τ) = r 1 i=0 ( 1) a i( 1) b i+τ Autocorrelation A a (τ) =C a,a (τ) Idea: Each user has a different signature sequence. These sequences have low cross-correlations. The receiver (correlator) knows your sequence. Received signal will look like this:

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47 Now what about all those errors?

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52 Some common CDMA systems GPS: 24 satellites Each has its own spreading code GHz common carrier MHz chiprate (C/A code) 1023 bit spreading code 1000 bits/sec information 50 bits/sec after error correction 30 sec (1500 bits) for full frame 15 watt transmitter GPS Pcode (military only) GHz carrier Mhz chiprate

53 Wi FI: 2.4 GHz carrier 11 MHz chiprate 11 bit spreading code 1 Mb/sec information rate CDMA cell phones: 860 MHz, 1.8 Ghz, 1.9 Ghz MHz chiprate 128 bit spreading code 9600 bits/sec information rate 3G CDMA cell phones: 8 and 16 MHz chiprate

54 6-Channel, 10-Model Memory DSM Parkflyer and Micro Helicopter System

55 Advantages No frequency control pins

56 Advantages No frequency control pins No interference from motors

57 Advantages No frequency control pins No interference from motors Smaller antennas

58 Advantages No frequency control pins No interference from motors Smaller antennas Fast response time

59 Advantages No frequency control pins No interference from motors Smaller antennas Fast response time Latest sexy thing

60 Advantages No frequency control pins No interference from motors Smaller antennas Fast response time Latest sexy thing Disadvantages Reduced range

61 Advantages No frequency control pins No interference from motors Smaller antennas Fast response time Latest sexy thing Disadvantages Reduced range Momentary signal loss is deadly

62 Advantages No frequency control pins No interference from motors Smaller antennas Fast response time Latest sexy thing Disadvantages Reduced range Momentary signal loss is deadly Very directional signal: install receiver very carefully

63 Advantages No frequency control pins No interference from motors Smaller antennas Fast response time Latest sexy thing Disadvantages Reduced range Momentary signal loss is deadly Very directional signal: install receiver very carefully Latest sexy thing

64 Who else uses 2.4 GHz?

65 Who else uses 2.4 GHz? Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g)

66 Who else uses 2.4 GHz? Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) Bluetooth

67 Who else uses 2.4 GHz? Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) Bluetooth Cordless Phones

68 Who else uses 2.4 GHz? Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) Bluetooth Cordless Phones Microwave Ovens

69 Who else uses 2.4 GHz? Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) Bluetooth Cordless Phones Microwave Ovens Trees

70 Who else uses 2.4 GHz? Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) Bluetooth Cordless Phones Microwave Ovens Trees (Higher frequencies do not penetrate wood very well.)

71 Who else uses 2.4 GHz? Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) Bluetooth Cordless Phones Microwave Ovens Trees (Higher frequencies do not penetrate wood very well.) Yes, spread spectrum is great! But there is one problem it can t solve.

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75 Pilot Error The End

76 The End