Comparative Use of Unlicensed Spectrum. Training materials for wireless trainers

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1 Comparative Use of Unlicensed Spectrum Training materials for wireless trainers

2 Goals to see the issues related with the use of a shared medium, like the unlicensed radio spectrum (specifically the 2.4 GHz ISM band) to discuss the most common sources of interferences when operating a WiFi network to introduce a few software and hardware tools that help identifying sources of interferences 2

3 Sharing the air These considerations are important to keep in mind when using devices that operate using unlicensed spectrum. All devices must share the available radio bandwidth. Devices that use different protocols are typically unaware of each other. This competition leads to contention, retries, noise, dropped packets, delays, or static. The effect and amount of interference depends on how the devices make use of the spectrum.

4 Sharing the air These considerations are important to keep in mind when using devices that operate using unlicensed spectrum. All devices must share the available radio bandwidth. Devices that use different protocols are typically unaware of each other. This competition leads to contention, retries, noise, dropped packets, delays, or static. The effect and amount of interference depends on how the devices make use of the spectrum.

5 Sharing the air These considerations are important to keep in mind when using devices that operate using unlicensed spectrum. All devices must share the available radio bandwidth. Devices that use different protocols are typically unaware of each other. This competition leads to contention, retries, noise, dropped packets, delays, or static. The effect and amount of interference depends on how the devices make use of the spectrum.

6 Sharing the air These considerations are important to keep in mind when using devices that operate using unlicensed spectrum. All devices must share the available radio bandwidth. Devices that use different protocols are typically unaware of each other. This competition leads to contention, retries, noise, dropped packets, delays, or static. The effect and amount of interference depends on how the devices make use of the spectrum.

7 Electromagnetic Spectrum Approximate frequency in Hz microwave visible light X rays radio infrared ultraviolet gamma rays Approximate wavelength in meters Approximate range for WiFi

8 Channels Channel Center Frequency (GHz) 22 MHz

9 Non-overlapping channels: 1, 6, Channel Center Frequency (GHz) 22 MHz

10 MHz Channel Center Frequency (GHz) Non-overlapping channels: others MHz Channel Center Frequency (GHz)

11 Adjacent channel interference Channel Center Frequency (GHz) 22 MHz

12 Non-adjacent channel interference Channel Center Frequency (GHz) 22 MHz

13 Other 2.4 GHz communications devices Which common communication devices operate at 2.4 GHz? b/g networks Bluetooth devices Cordless phones Video senders Baby monitors

14 Bluetooth: frequency hopping Channel Center Frequency (GHz) 22 MHz

15 Cordless phones: wide channels Channel Center Frequency (GHz) 22 MHz

16 Video senders: extreme interference Channel Center Frequency (GHz) 22 MHz

17 Other sources of interference

18 Microwave Ovens

19 Power Supplies

20 Radar stations

21 Other high-power radio sources

22 Seeing the noise

23 Wi-Spy spectrum analyzer

24 Chanalyzer

25 Spectools

26 EaKiu

27 Ubiquiti AirView

28 Spectrum Analyzer A good spectrum analyzer is usually the best (and most expensive) tool for detecting sources of interference.

29 Thank you for your attention For more details about the topics presented in this lecture, please see the book Wireless Networking in the Developing World, available as free download in many languages at:

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