ARCH: Prac+cal Channel Hopping for Reliable Home- Area Sensor Networks. Chenyang Lu
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1 ARCH: Prac+cal Channel Hopping for Reliable Home- Area Sensor Networks Chenyang Lu
2 Home Area Network for Smart Energy Connecting power meters, thermostats, HVAC, appliances. Source: AT&T Labs 2
3 Wireless Sensor Networks Ø Advantage q q q Do not require wired infrastructure. Easily and inexpensively retrofit existing homes. Energy efficiency Ø Reliability challenges q q Crowded 2.4 GHz ISM band Unpredictable environments 3
4 Empirical Studies from Real Homes Ø Spectrum study of existing wireless signals. (WiSpy) Ø link reliability in all 16 channels. (TelosB) Ø Collected from 10+ apartments in different neighborhoods. 4
5 Design Insights 1. Links have different channel conditions within a home. 2. Link reliability achievable through infrequent channel hopping. 3. Channel-hopping decisions must be made dynamically. 4. Avoid adjacent channels when the current channel becomes unreliable. 5
6 ARCH: Adap+ve and Robust Channel Hopping Ø Receiver-oriented protocol q Insight: Links have different channel conditions within a home. q Different receivers may have different channels. Ø Monitor channel condition q Maintain a sliding window of ETX values of incoming links q Mark channel unreliable if ETX values exceed threshold Ø Select a new channel q Insight: strong correlation in link failures among adjacent channels. q Probabilistically chooses a new channel q The further away a channel is from the current channel, the more likely it will be chosen. Ø Upon selecting a new channel, nodes notify neighbors of this change. Neighbors update their neighbor tables. 6
7 Mul+- Hop Communica+on Receiving Channel: k Receiving Channel: i Receiving Channel: j 7
8 Mul+- Hop Communica+on Receiving Channel: k Receiving Channel: i Receiving Channel: j Receiving Channel: k Receiving Channel: i Receiving Channel: j 8
9 Mul+- Hop Communica+on Receiving Channel: k Receiving Channel: i Receiving Channel: j Sending Channel: i Receiving Channel: i Receiving Channel: j 9
10 Mul+- Hop Communica+on Receiving Channel: k Receiving Channel: i Receiving Channel: j Receiving Channel: k Sending Channel: j Receiving Channel: j 10
11 Mul+- Hop Communica+on Receiving Channel: k Receiving Channel: i Receiving Channel: j Receiving Channel: k Receiving Channel: i Sending channel: k 11
12 Mul+- Hop Communica+on Receiving Channel: k Receiving Channel: i Receiving Channel: j Receiving Channel: k Receiving Channel: i Receiving Channel: j 12
13 Mul+- Sender Problem 1 Sending Channel: j 4 Sending Channel: j 2 Old Receiving Channel: i New Receiving Channel: j 5 Sending Channel: i 13
14 Coordinated Hopping (1) 1 pending => j neighbor list 4 5 pending => j 2 Receiving Channel: i Sending Channel: i 14
15 Coordinated Hopping (2) 1 Sending Channel: j, i 4 Sending Channel: j, i 2 Receiving Channel: i neighbor list 5 Sending Channel: i 15
16 Coordinated Hopping (3) 1 Sending Channel: j, i 4 Sending Channel: j, i 5 Sending Channel: i now => j 2 Receiving Channel: i neighbor list 16
17 Coordinated Hopping (4) 1 Sending Channel: j, i 4 Sending Channel: j, i 2 Receiving Channel: j neighbor list 5 Sending Channel: j 17
18 Coordinated Hopping (5) 1 Sending Channel: j 4 Sending Channel: j 2 Receiving Channel: j 5 Sending Channel: j 18
19 Handling Channel Desynchroniza+on Ø Default channel q No data transmission, only for resynchronization Ø When sender reaching maximum number of retransmissions q Sender => default channel Ø When receiver reaching maximum wait time q Receiver => default channel 1 2 Sending Channel: i Receiving Channel: j 19
20 Handling Channel Desynchroniza+on Ø Channel is too noisy à false detection Ø Exchange previous channels when resynchronizing Ø Blacklist this channel and pick a new one 1 2 Sending Channel: i Receiving Channel: i 20
21 Single- Hop Data Collec+on Ø 10 real-world apartments Ø 24-hour experiment Ø 30 TelosB mote pairs Ø BoX-MAC in TinyOS Ø Data rate: 1 packet/5 minutes 21
22 Single- Hop Data Collec+on ETX-based ARCH Fixed channel scheme 22
23 Single- Hop Data Collec+on 67% ETX-based ARCH Fixed channel scheme 30% 23
24 Single- Hop Data Collec+on 24
25 Mul+- Hop Data Collec+on Ø 11 TelosB motes, LPL BoX-MAC in TinyOS Ø Fixed routing Ø Three-floor building 25
26 Mul+- Hop Data Collec+on 26
27 Mul+- Hop Data Collec+on Ø Power Efficiency 27
28 Mul+- Hop Data Collec+on Ø Number of channel hops per day 28
29 Conclusion Ø ARCH: Practical Channel Hopping for Home Area Networks q Grounded on insights from empirical studies in real homes q Adaptive channel selection q Decentralized q Minimal communication overhead Ø Promising experimental results in real homes q 42% reduction in the number of packet transmissions q 32% average reduction in radio on time q <12 channel hops per day in multi-hop experiment
30 Reading Ø M. Sha, G. Hackmann and C. Lu, ARCH: Practical Channel Hopping for Reliable Home-Area Sensor Networks, IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS'11), April
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