APPENDIX-A HVDC MILE STONE. 1965:Mercury-arc valveprojectcommissioned:konti-kan(250mw),sakuma

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1 APPENDIX-A HVDC MILE STONE 1954:First HVDV Project Gotland 1 in Sweden. 1965:Mercury-arc valveprojectcommissioned:konti-kan(250mw),sakuma (300MW) (image) and NewZealand (600 MW).Development starts on HVDC valve based on thyristors. 1970: ABB's last mercury-arc valve project commissioned Pacific Intertie (1,440MW, ±400 kv), USA. 1975:The world's first HVDC transmission project with 12-pulse converters: pole1 of the Skagerrak link, 500 MW, Norway Denmark, commissioned. 1979: Contract signed for the world's largest HVDC transmission: Itaipu, Brazil,6,300 MW, ± 600 kv. 1982:The world's first project with 500 kv thyristor valves: Inga-Shaba, Congo, transmission (560 MW) commissioned.(also the world s longest line 1,700 km.) 1985: Itaipu bipole 1 (3,150 MW, ±600 kv) commissioned. The 200 MW High gate back-to-back station commissioned after a record short delivery time of 17 months. 1987: Itaipu bipole 2 (3,150 MW, ±600 kv) commissioned. 1989: New world record for HVDC submarine cables: 400 kv, 500 MW, 200 km for Fenno-Skan.

2 1992:The first multi-terminal HVDC transmission, Quebec New England (2,000 MW, ± 500 kv) commissioned. 1994:New world record for HVDC submarine cables: 450 kv, 600 MW, 250 km for Baltic Cable, Sweden -Germany. 1999:The world's first commercial HVDC Light (50 MW) project commissioned in Gotland, Sweden. 2000:The world's first HVDC project with CCC commissioned at Garabi, Brazil, 2x550 MW back-toback. 2002: The world's largest HVDC converter,1,500 MW, 500 kv, commissioned in pole 1 of the Three Gorges Changzhou transmission, China.The world's longest land cable, the Murraylink HVDC Light transmission (220 MW, 180 km) commissioned in Australia. 2005: Commissioning of the world's first offshore platform HVDC transmission: Troll HVDC Light (2 x 42 MW), Norway. 2006: Commissioning of the world's largest Voltage Source Converter HVDC transmission, Estlink, 350 MW.

3 APPENDIX B CIGRE HVDC Benchmark System data Parameters Rectifier Inverter AC Voltage Base 345kV 230kV Base MVA 100MVA 100MVA Transformer Tap( HV side) 1.01pu 0.989pu Voltage Source angle angle Nominal DC Voltage 500kV 500kV Nominal DC Current 2kA 2kA Transformer leakage reactance Source impedance 0.18pu R=3.737 ohm L=0H 0.18pu R=0.7406ohm L= H System frequency 50Hz 50Hz Minimum Angle α = 15 γ =15 Transformer sizing Inverter transformer DC power to be delivered Pdi = 1000MW DC Voltage level Vdi = 500kV DC rated current Idi = 1000/500 =2kA

4 Rectifier firing angle α = 15 Minimum Extinction angle γ = 15 RMS value of secondary line current (Valve side) ILLi = 2/3(Idi) =1.633kA Let Line voltage (valve side) of inverter transformer = VLLI MVA of each Transformer STi = 3 ILLi VLLI Therefore, STi = VLLi Base impedance Zbase = VLLI 2 / STi = VLLi Transformer leakage reactance XLi = 0.18pu = 0.18 * Zbase= VLLi No.of Bridges N=2 But Line voltage for each bridge Vdi/2 = 1.35 VLLi cosγ - 3 Idi XLi/π After substituting the data VLLi = kV Rating of the inverter transformer = MVA Turns ratio Y/ Transformer K = 230/ 3/ = Y/Y Transformer K = 230/ 3/ / 3 = Rectifier Transformer Cable Resistance Rcab = 5Ω Voltage drop Vdrop = Idci *Rcab =10kV Cable loss, Pcable = 20MW DC power to be delivered Pdcr = Pdci + Pcable = 520MW DC Voltage level Vdcr = Vdci + Vdrop = 510kV DC Rated current Idcr = Pdcr/Vdcr =2kA

5 Rectifier Firing angle α = 15 RMS Value of secondary line current (Valve side) ILLr = 2/3(Idr) =1.633kA Let Line voltage (valve side) of rectiifer transformer = VLLr MVA of each Transformer STr = 3 ILLr VLLr Therefore, STr = VLLr Base impedance Zbaser = VLLI 2 / STr = VLLr Transformer leakage reactance XLi = 0.18pu = 0.18 * Zbaser= VLLr No.of Bridges N=2 But Line voltage for each bridge Vdr/2 = 1.35 VLLr cos α - 3 Idr XLr/π After substituting the data VLLr = kV Rating of the inverter transformer = MVA Turns ratio Y/ Transformer K = 345/ 3/ = Y/Y Transformer K = 345/ 3/ / 3 = 1.599

6 APPENDIX C Complete System data for Chapter-4

7 APPENDIX D Technical data for 800MW CCC-Application Vdbase = 500kV Idbase =1.6kA Vlphase =300kV Vlbase =364kV Rated DC Voltage at the converter Rated DC Current at the converter Rated primary side AC line Voltage Rated secondary side AC line Voltage SCR = Short Circuit ratio Zs = Impedance in System Equivalent TMVA =850MVA L=74.42mH Transformer MVA rating Transformer leakage inductance as seen from valve / secondary side where Lpu = 0.15pu C=48 Series capacitance of CCC system = rad/s Angular frequency of the AC source Angular frequency Qf=440Mvar Bf=Qf/ Vlbase 2 Gf=0 Reactive Power Produced in the AC filter Filter susceptance Filter Conductance

8 Technical data for 1000MW CCC -Application Vdbase = 500kV Idbase =2.0kA Vlphase =230kV Vlbase =211.42kV Rated DC Voltage at the converter Rated DC Current at the converter Rated primary side AC line Voltage Rated secondary side AC line Voltage SCR = Short Circuit ratio Zs = Impedance in System Equivalent TMVA =1196MVA L=94mH Transformer MVA rating Transformer leakage inductance as seen from valve / secondary side where Lpu = 0.18pu C=100 Series capacitance of CCC system = rad/s Angular frequency of the AC source Angular frequency Qf=145Mvar Bf=Qf/ Vlbase 2 Gf=0 Reactive Power Produced in the AC filter Filter susceptance Filter Conductance