Keyword PCB(Printed Circuit Board), Network Analyzer, Microstrip Patch, IE3D Software.

Transcription

1 Volume 6, Issue 3, March 2016 ISSN: X International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Paper Available online at: Special Issue on 3 rd International Conference on Electronics & Computing Technologies-2016 Conference Held at K.C. College of Engineering & Management Studies & Research, Maharashtra, India Designing & Fabrication of Broadband Antenna Jaseem Shaikh, Omkar Pradhan, Gaurav Patade, Harshal Jagtap Department of Electronics Engineering, K.C. College of Engineering & Management Studies & Research, Kopri, Thane, Maharashtra, India Abstract Bandwidth is the range of frequencies within which the performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristics, conforms to a specified standard. In telecommunication, broadband is a wide bandwidth data transmission with an ability to simultaneously transport multiple signals and traffic types.current application areas of broadband are Video based applications, Tele-health applications, Distance learning applications, E government applications and Emergency management operations applications. Using broadband there is still growth going on in above areas to develop future applications. But while developing these applications there are some challenges like Limited access of capital, ISP network limitations, technical engineering, social resistance. Keyword PCB(Printed Circuit Board), Network Analyzer, Microstrip Patch, IE3D Software. I. INTRODUCTION An antenna is an electrical device that converts the input electrical energy into electromagnetic waves on transmitter side. On receiver side, it converts the received electromagnetic energy into voltage difference. Thus it acts as transducer as it does the energy conversion from one form to another form. Radiation pattern: The graphical representation of the radiation properties of antenna is called as radiation pattern. Efficiency: The surface integral of the radiation intensity over the radiation sphere divided by the input power P is a measure of the relative power radiated by the antenna or the antenna efficiency. 2π π G(θ, ) 0 4π P r /P 0 = sin θ dθ= n 0 e..efficiency Where P r is the radiatedpower. Material losses in the antenna are reflected power due to poor impedance match reduce the radiated power. Effective Area: Antennas capture power from passing waves and deliver some of it to the terminals.given the power density of the incident wave and the effective area of the antenna, the power delivered to the terminals is the product. P d = SA eff Directivity: Directivity is a measure of the concentration of radiation in the direction of the maximum. Directivity = maximum radiation intensity/average radiation intensity = U max /U 0. Return Loss: It is a parameter which indicates the amount of power that is lost to the load and does not return as a reflection. Bandwidth: Antenna bandwidth is basically the range of frequencies over which essential performance parameters are satisfactory. Then bandwidth as a percentage of the center frequency, represented as % B is given by: B% =(f A -f B )/f C * 100% Where f A and f B are the upper and lower frequencies and fc is the center frequency. Impedance Matching: Impedance matching is the practice of designing the input impedance of an electricalload or the output impedance of its corresponding signal source to maximize the power transfer or minimize signal reflection from the load. VSWR:The standing wave ratio (VSWR) is defined as the ratio of the highest voltage (V max ) or current (I max ) to the lowest voltage (V min ) orcurrent (I min ) along the transmission line. VSWR= Vmax Vmin = Imax Imin SWR is used as an efficiency measure for transmission lines, electrical cables that conduct radio frequencysignals, used for purposes such as connecting radio transmittersand receivers with their antennas and distributing cable television signals. Gain of an antenna (G):The gain (G) of an antenna is an actual or realized quantity which is less than the directivity (D) due to ohmic losses in the antenna. G=. 4π Pin 2016, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 142

2 II. SYSTEM OUTLINE A. Hardware Implementation Fig 1: Front view Fig 2: Back view Antennas play a very important role in the field of wireless communications. Some of them are parabolic Reflectors, Patch Antennas, Slot Antennas and Folded Dipole Antennas. Each type of antenna is good in its own properties and usage. We can say antennas are the backbone and almost everything in the wireless communication without which the world could have not reached at this age of technology. Patch antennas play a very significant role in today s world of wireless communication systems. A microstrip patch antenna is very simple in construction using a conventional microstrip fabrication technique. The most commonly used microstrip patch antennas are rectangular and circular patch antennas. These patch antennas are used for simple and for the widest and most demanding applications. Dual characteristics, circular polarizations, dual frequency operation, frequency agility, broad bandwidth, feed line flexibility, beam scanning can be easily obtained from these patch antennas. Fig 3: Microstrip antenna Fig 4: Side view of Microstrip Antenna A.1) Microstrip Antenna - Feeding Methods There are many methods to feed the microstrip antennas. These methods are classified into two main types depending upon whether the feed line is directly in contact with the microstrip patch or not as: 1) Direct contacting feeds 2) Non-contacting feeds 1. Direct contacting feeds-here the feed line is in direct contact with the patch. The two most popular methods are discussed below a) Microstrip line feed- In this method, a microstrip line is used to the feed the patch. The microstrip feed line is also a conducting strip of much smaller width as compared to patch. The matching is done by notching the patch to provide an inset feed point and controlling the inset position. 2016, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 143

3 Fig 5: Microstrip line feed b) Coaxial feed-when the signal from the transmitter is available via coaxial line we go for this method. In this method the inner conductor of coaxial line is attached to the radiation patch while the outer conductor is attached to the ground plane as shown in below fig. Fig 6: coaxial feed 2. Non contacting feeds- Both the microstrip feed line and the coaxial feed possess inherent asymmetries which generate higher order modes which produce cross-polarized radiation. To overcome some of these problems, the non-contacting type of feed is used. Two most popular methods are a) Proximity feed- Here a two layer substrate is used with patch on upper substrate and feeding microstrip line on the lower substrate terminating in an open stub below the patch. The two are capacitive coupled. Fig 7: Proximity feed b) Aperture coupled feed- The aperture coupling consists of two substrates separated by ground plane. At the bottom side of lower substrate there is microstrip feed line whose energy is coupled to the patch through a slot on the ground plane separating the two substrates. A high dielectric constant material is used for the bottom substrate and thick low dielectric constant material is used for the top surface. A.2) MIMO Antenna Fig 8: Aperture coupled feed Fig 9: Forms of MIMO Antenna 2016, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 144

4 1) Single-input and single-output (SISO)-It is a simple single variable control system with one input and one output. 2) Single-input and multiple-output(simo)- It is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at the destination (receiver). 3) Multiple-input and single-output(miso)-is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at the source (transmitter). 4) Multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO)-is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver). B. Software Architecture IE3D MGRID software: The software simulations of our project focused on designing and testing of patch antennas using software called IE3D. IE3D is simulation software that models 3D dielectric structures such as patch antennas with finite substrates and dielectric resonator antennas. IE3D displays current distribution, radiation pattern, s- parameters, VSWR which are crucial parameters in designing microstrip Patch antenna. Simulation results 3 GHz= dB, 5.15 GHz= db, 7.15 GHz= db Fig 10: S11 (db) vs. frequency graph 3GHz- 1.02, 5.15 GHz- 1.11, 7.15 GHz Fig 11: VSWR vs. Frequency graph 2016, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 145

5 3 GHz i0.72, 5.05 GHz i5.38, 7.06 GHz i0.128 Fig 12: Smith chart III. ADVANTAGES 1. Through this technology high data rate is possible. 2. High throughput is achieved using MIMO antenna. 3. It provides low transmission power. 4. Cost is low. 5. It provides high flexibility. 6. Extensive Multipath Diversity is possible. IV. APPLICATIONS 1. In Broadband antenna at 3MHz we can get Industrial application. 2. At 5MHz we can get WLAN & Bluetooth wireless application. 3. At 7MHz wecan get Military application. V. CONCLUSION 1. Multiple-input multiple-output, or MIMO, is a radio communications technology or RF technology that is being used in many new technologies these days. 2. Eg. Wi-Fi, LTE (3G long term evolution) and many other radio, wireless and RF technologies 3. It provides increased link capacity and spectral efficiency combined with improved link reliability ACKNOWLEDMENT To implement new technology in engineering sector requires many efforts of individuals, guides and organizations. First of all, special thanks to principal sir and HOD madam for giving us opportunity to take this topic as our BE project. Our project based on MIMO technology is also a result of assistance provided by Guide Prof. SrinivasBattu. We would like to express our sincere gratitude for his continuous guidance and supervision towards the project throughout a year. REFERENCES [1] R. Chair, C.-L. Mak, K.-F. Lee,K.-M. Luk, and A. A. Kishk, "Miniature wide-band half U-slot and half E- shaped patch antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 53, pp , 2005 [2] A.A Deshmukh, and G. Kumar, "Compact broadband U-slot-loaded rectangular micro strip antennas,"microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 46, pp , [3] S.J Shi, L. H. Weng, Y. Y. Yang, X. Q. Chen, and X. W. Shi, "Design of wideband dissymmetric e-shaped micro strip patch antenna,"journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol. 23, pp , [4] M.T.Islam, M. N. Shakib, and N. Misran,"Broadband E-H shaped micro strip patch antenna for wireless systems,"progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 98, , [5] H.M Chen, J.-Y. Sze, and Y.-F. Lin, "Broadband rectangular micro strip antenna with a pair of U-shaped slots Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 27, , [6] Y.Jan, and K.-L. Wong, "Broadband circular micro strip antenna with two open-ring slots" Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 23, , , IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 146

6 [7] M.-C Pan, and K.-L. Wong, "Broadband slot-loaded trapezoid micro strip antenna," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 24, pp , 2000 [8] Bahl, I. J and Bhartia, P; Microstrip Antennas, Artech House, 1980 [9] Garg, R and Ittipiboon, A; Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook, Artech House,2001 [10] Zurcher, J-Francois and Gardiol, F; Broadband Patch Antenna Artech House,1995. [11] Kumar, G and Ray, K.P; Broadband Microstrip Antenna, Artech House, [12] Pozar and Schaubert; Microstrip Antennas, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 80,1992. [13] Brown, S; Microstrip Patch Antennas for PCS Applications, Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering; The University of Auckland, 1997 [14] Khatri, N; Directional Antennas for indoor Wireless Communications,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering; The University of Auckland,2002. [15] Pues, H. F. and A. R. Van de Capelle, "An impedance matching technique for increasing the bandwidth of microstrip antennas," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 37, , [16] Pozar, D. M. and B. Kaufman, "Increasing the bandwidth of a microstrip antenna by proximity coupling," Electron. Lett., Vol. 23, No. 8, , [17]. Lee, R. Q., K. F. Lee, and J. Bobinchak, "Characteristics of a two-layer electromagnetically coupled rectangular patch antenna," Electron. Lett., Vol. 23, No. 20, , 1987 [18] Targonski, S. D., R. B. Waterhouse, and D. M. Pozar, "Design of wideband aperture-stacked patch antennas," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 46, , [19] Gao, S., L. W. Li, P. Gardner, and P. S. Hall, "Dual-polarized wideband microstrip antenna," Electron. Lett., Vol. 37, No. 18, , [20] Gupta, K. C. and A. Benalla (eds.), Microstrip Antenna Design, Artech House, Canton, Mass., [21] James, J. R. and P. S. Hall (eds.), Handbook of Microstrip Antennas, Peter Peregrinus, UK, [22] Pozar, D. M. and D.H. Schaubert (eds.), Microstrip Antennas, the Analysis and Design of Microstrip Antennas and Arrays, IEEE Press, New York, NY, [23] Zucher, J. F. and F. E. Gardiol, Broadband Patch Antennas, Artech House, Boston, [24]. Huynh, T. and K. F. Lee, "Single-layer single-patch wideband microstrip antenna," Electron. Lett., Vol. 31, No. 16, , [25] Wong, K. L. and Y. F. Lin, "Small broadband rectangular microstrip antenna with chip-resistor loading," Electron. Lett., Vol. 33, No. 19, , [26] Gonzalez de Aza, M. A., J. Zapata, and J. A. Encinar, "Broadband cavity-backed and capacitively probe-fed microstrip patch arrays," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 48, , , IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 147