Art Nouveau, Art Deco, and Russian Contructivism

Transcription

1 Art Nouveau, Art Deco, and Russian Contructivism

2 Designing a Typographic Art Nouveau Poster

3 Art Nouveau( ) vs. Art Deco( ) The Quick Trick: It all comes down to "flowery" vs. "streamlined." Art Nouveau is the decorative one. Art Deco is sleeker. Both the Art Nouveau and Art Deco movements emerged as reactions to major world events; the Industrial Revolution and World War I, respectively.

4 Art Nouveau Art Nouveau (New Art) is a transitional style that bridged the aesthetic confusion of the Victorian era and Modernism. Art Nouveau thrived from about 1890 to 1910, and overlapped with the Arts and Crafts movement. Art Nouveau is considered a "total" art style, embracing architecture, graphic art, interior design, and most of the decorative arts including jewelry, furniture, textiles, household silver and other utensils and lighting, as well as the fine arts.

5 Other names of Art Nouveau Nieuwe Kunst In Netherland Jugendstil in Germany Arte Joven, in Spain Secession, in Austria Stile Liberty, in Italy

6 Art Nouveau was aimed at modernizing design, seeking to escape the eclectic historical styles that had previously been popular. The movement was committed to abolishing the traditional hierarchy of the arts, which viewed so-called liberal arts, such as painting and sculpture, as superior to craft-based decorative arts. The practitioners of Art Nouveau sought to revive good workmanship, raise the status of craft, and produce genuinely modern design.

7 Inspirations Arts and Crafts Movement Japanese Art Led by William Morris Reaction against the cluttered designs and compositions of Victorian-era decorative art Handcraftsmanship Highly expressive paintings of post impressionist The flat perspective and strong colors of Japanese wood block prints (Olive green, carnation pink and periwinkle blue) Whiplash curves were derived

8 Ukiyo-e Japanese woodblock printing from Edo(Tokyo) during a great period of peace in Japan Translates to reflections of the passing world or pictures of the floating world Images from this art period are scenes from everyday life Screen paintings depicting the entertainment districts of urban Japan.

9 Whiplash curves Art Nouveau typically employed intricate curvilinear patterns of sinuous asymmetrical lines, often based on plant-forms

10 Other Influences and prominent features: Rhythmic floral patterns, is often considered the first realization of Art Nouveau 2D imagery (Japan) Nature illustrations of deep sea creatures and plants were used as references

11 Characteristics Moved away from imitation of real subjects and moved towards flowing and twisting lines of nature Inspired by the lines and shapes of nature united flowing, natural forms with more angular contours Art Nouveau designers also believed that all the arts should work in harmony to create a "total work of art Art Nouveau was a short-lived movement whose brief incandescence was a precursor of modernism, which emphasized function over form and the elimination of superfluous ornament.

12 Art Nouveau embraced all forms of art and design: Architecture Furniture Glassware Graphic Design Jewelry Painting Pottery Metalwork Textile

13 French Art Nouveau French Art Nouveau began in Paris in 1881, with Jules Chéret and Eugene Grasset, after a new French law that lifted censorship restrictions led to a booming poster industry. Jules Cheret, considered the father of the modern poster,designed lithographic posters for music halls, the theatre, beverages, medicines, household products, entertainers and publications. Jules Chéret, poster, L aureole du midi, Pétrole de Sureté, 1893.

14 Parisian elegance, a carefree grace, and astounding technical mastery are present. The figures create a lively play of angles, linking the top and bottom lettering. As with many of Chéret s larger posters, it was necessary to print Palaisde Glace in two sections. Jules Chéret, Palaisde Glace, Champs-Èlysée (Ice Palace, Champs-Èlysée), 1893

15 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec developed a journalistic, illustrative style that depicted the nightlife of Paris. Shapes become symbols; in combination, these signify a place and an event. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, poster, La Goulue au Moulin Rouge, 1891

16 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec The influence of the Japanese print is clearly evident in the flat silhouette, unmodulated color, and stylized curvilinear drawing. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, poster for Aristide Bruant, 1893.

17 Alphonse Mucha Art nouveau found it s most comprehensive statement from 1895 to 1900 in the work of young Czech artist Alphonse Mucha. Mucha s dominant theme was a central female figure surrounded by stylized forms derived from plants and flowers, Moravian folk art, Byzantine mosaics and even magic and the occult. The pensive female figure seems mesmerized by the plethora of stylized plant forms surrounding her.

18 Alphonse Mucha Mucha delighted in filling the total space with animated form and ornament. Alphonse Mucha, poster for Job cigarette papers, 1898

19 Alphonse Mucha Mucha s women project an archetypical sense of unreality exotic, sensuous, yet maidenlike. They express no specific age, nationality, or historic period and their stylized hair patterns became a hallmark of the era.

20 ARCHITECTURE Art Nouveau buildings have many of these features: Asymmetrical shapes Extensive use of arches and curved forms Curved glass Curving, plant-like embellishments Mosaics Stained glass Japanese motifs

21 Rationalist: Organic: Mackintosh school Glasglow, Scotland dependent on the straight line Gaudi house Barcelona, Spain gives precedence to the curved line and floral shapes

22 1. An abstract, structural style with a strong symbolic and dynamic tendency (France & Belgium) (Horta, Guimard, Van de Velde) Henry Van de Velde s hous

23 2. A floral approach focusing on organic plant forms Aquarium Pavillion (Galle, Majorelle, Vallin)

24 3. The linear, flat approach, with a heavy symbolicelement (Glasglow group, Mackintosh) Glasgow School of Art by Charles Rennie Mackintosh

25 4. A structured, geometric style (Austria & Germany) (Wagner, Olbrich, Hoffmann, Loos) Majolikahaus in Vienna by OttoWagner

26 Paris Metro Entrance s Paris, France 1899 to 1905

27 FURNITURE Henri Van De Velde Henri van de Velde was very influential in the birth of Belgian Art Nouveau Style. In 1896 he presented his furniture works in Samuel Bing's gallery "L'Art Nouveau" in Paris and became internationally known.

28 Henri van de Velde, poster for Tropon food concentrate, 1899.

29

30 LAMPS

31 GLASSWARE,POTTERY

32 Fall of Art Nouveau & Birth of Art Deco When Art Nouveau fell out of fashion in the 1920s and 1930s, it was replaced by the clean, simple geometries of Art Deco. The extravagant curves of Art Nouveau were seen as old-fashioned and viewed with contempt.

33 Art Deco 34

34 Art Deco Art deco was a reaction to the Art Nouveau movement, an expression of the opposition to the disharmony. This style diverged significantly into the future, began to use mass production to create useful objects, however consistent their highest quality. Because of that they unfortunately were not available to the whole society. After World War I, cubist ideas inspired a new direction in pictorial images, often referred to as art deco, a term used to identify popular geometric works of the 1920s and 1930s. Streamlining, zigzag, and decorative geometry were used to express the modern era of the machine while still satisfying a passion for decoration that carried over from art nouveau. 35

35 Art Deco 3 6

36 Art Deco Growing impact of the machine can be seen in repeating and overlapping images from 1925 and in the 1930s, in streamlined forms derived from the principles of aerodynamics. 37

37 Post-Cubist Pictorial Modernism A. M. Cassandre

38 Art Deco Style highlights: applying geometric shapes, sharp edges, but with rounded corners, using materials such as chrome, glass, shiny fabrics, mirrors, ceramic tiles, bakelite and expensive, imported materials such as ivory, bronze, precious stones, shells, sunrises, flowers were recurring motifs, bright colours, architecture with large windows and doors, flat roofs, corner windows often appeared, furniture in single copies, streamline shapes. 39

39 Pre-Cubist Pictorial Modernism The art deco idiom often conveyed unbridled optimism for machines and human progress, but here it turns darkly toward a future where robots replace people. Heinz Schulz-Neudamm, cinema poster for Metropolis, 1926.

40 CONSTRUCTIVISM

41 Beginnings Committed to complete abstraction with a devotion to modernity Themes are often geometric, experimental and rarely emotional. Constructivist themes are also quite minimal, where the artwork is broken down to its most basic elements. In 1917 the group turned their energies to massive propaganda but by 1920 a deep ideological split developed. Kandinsky and Malevich took the direction of the artist as a spiritual activity separated from the needs of society. They reject the social or political role Art for everyone, Art for the people! Art was created to serve all people and be practical in its nature.

42 Evolution The artists did not believe in abstract ideas, rather they tried to link art with concrete and tangible ideas. It acted as a lightning rod for the hopes and ideas of many of the most advanced Russian artists who supported the revolution s goals. It borrowed ideas from Cubism, Suprematism and Futurism, but at its heart was an entirely new approach to making objects, one which sought to abolish the traditional artistic concern with composition, and replace it with construction. COMPOSITION CONSTRUCTION

43 Constructivism is marked by: Stylistically, Organization of abstract, geometrical elements to make dynamic or visually stable forms Combinations of different sans serif typefaces for their visual and formal properties as well as their literal meanings Simple, flat, symbolic colours Extensive white space as part of the design Photography (rather than drawn illustrations) and photomontage

44 FUTURIST PAINTING PHOTOGRAPHY Dance. An Objectless Composition (1915) No recognizable dancer can be seen Only a divine spark of dance comes across The Staircase (1930) Woman with a child against the stern geometry Camera position innovative, yet balanced and flowing composition

45 ALEXANDER RODCHENKO DESIGN (work for Russian industry) PHOTOMONTAGE Maquette for the Advertisement of the Red October Bisquittes (1923) Mayakovsky-Rodchenko: AdvertisingConstructors Books (The Advertisement Poster for the Lengiz Publishing House)(1924) He updated Russian advertising, using geometric compositions and strident(harsh) colors to trumpet modernity

46 El Lissitzky Believed that the artist could be an agent for change, which he summarized to goal-oriented creation Lissitzky was of the most innovative and proficient designers of the constructivist ideal. He developed a painting style he called PROUNS (an acronym for: Projects for the establishment of new art). He developed visual ideas about balance, space, and form in his paintings, which became the basis for his graphic design and architecture. El Lissitzky in a self-portrait (1914)

47 El Lissitzky SUPERMATISM PHOTOMONTAGE Proun 99 (1925) An effort to create three-dimensional environments in which two-dimensional shapes could exist in direct contrast to the space The Runner (1930) The segmented photo mimics the effect of perceiving objects in motion

48 El Lissitzky GRAPHIC DESIGN LITHOGRAPHY USSR, The Russian exhibition poster(1929) Equality of the sexes Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge (1919) Red wedge Bolsheviks White circle Kerensky forces

49 Other Important Art Vladimir Tatlin, Corner Counter-Relief (1914) Sculpture with spatial qualities made of Iron, copper, wood and strings El Lissitzsky Proun Room (1923) Geometric Proun compositions into a room environment

50 Other Important Artists Naum Gabo, Head No. 2 (1916) Stereometric construction Form through space rather than mass Lyubov Popova, Textile Design (1924) Vladimir Mayakovsky, Agitprop poster(1924) "Want it? Join 1.You want to overcomecold? 2. You want to overcome hunger? You want to eat? 4. You want to drink?

51 Other Important Artists VasililyYermilov Victor Pasmore Lyubov Popova Alexander Vesnin Vladimir Mayakovsky

52 LEGACY Russian Constructivism was in decline by the mid 1920s, partly a victim of the Bolshevik regime s increasing hostility to avant-garde art. A number of Constructivists would teach or lecture at the Bauhaus schools in Germany. In the 1980s graphic designer Neville Brody used style based on Constructivist posters that initiated a revival of popular interest. Also during the 1980s designer Ian Anderson founded The Designers Republic, a successful and influential design company with used constructivist principles.