Technical Product Guide

Transcription

1 strength in materials Technical Product Guide

2 Table of Contents Corporate Overview Corporate Overview...1 Glass Fiber Manufacturing...2 Nomenclature...3 Conversion Tables...6 AGY Glass Yarns...8 AGY Glass Rovings...14 AGY Chopped Glass...16 AGY Packaging Specificaions...18 AGY Sizing...20 AGY provides the best quality, highest performance, and broadest range of glass fiber yarns, rovings and chop products to a wide variety of markets and end uses. Although founded as an independent entity in 1998, AGY has a 50+ year history of serving the composites industry. Globally, AGY has over 600 employees involved in production, sales, distribution and development of our products. Our world headquarters, technology center and manufacturing facility are located in Aiken, SC U.S.A. We also have commercial and administrative offices in Lyon, France, and a commercial office in Shanghai, China. Typical Fiber Properties...26 Glossary of Terms...28 strength in materials 1

3 Glass Fiber Manufacturing AGY glass fibers are made from molten glass. The viscous liquid is drawn through tiny holes at the base of the furnace to form hair-like filaments. A protective sizing, applied as the filament cools and hardens, helps prevent abrasion during additional processing and makes the glass compatible with various resin systems. For yarn products, after sizing is applied, filaments are gathered into strands and wound into intermediate (forming) packages for processing. These strands become the basic components for a variety of textile and roving products. Textile yarns are produced by twisting and sometimes plying several strands of fiber. Once twisted, the yarns can be further processed by beaming or rewinding onto different packages. Textile yarns can also be texturized for decorative and industrial applications and coated with a variety of resinous or elastomeric materials. For some processes, the gathered strands are not wound onto packages but are further processed into chopped strands for a variety of applications. Raw Material Storage Furnace Forming Package Binder Application Bushing Twisting Assembled roving Texturizing Chop Various Yarn bobbins Air Jet Beams Glass Fiber Nomenclature General Glass fiber yarns are typically identified by either an inch-pound based system (U.S. customary system) or a TEX/metric system (based on the SI*/metric system). This section gives a brief description of glass fiber yarn nomenclature, including comparisons of the two systems (see table on page 4). A more comprehensive description can be found in ASTM D578 standard specification for glass fiber strands. AGY s products use standardized nomenclature designations that include both alphabetical and numerical elements. They identify glass composition, filament type, strand count and yarn construction. These designations match either an inch-pound version or a TEX/metric version. Both systems are industry-recognized identifications. Roving Nomenclature Glass fiber roving nomenclature is defined by ASTM D578. The nomenclature uses alpha-numeric designations signifying binder, sizing, yield in yards and method of manufacture/construction of a roving. The following is an explanation of the standard alpha-numerical form: XXXX-YY-ZZZZ. XXXX is a number/character combination signifying a binder (sizing). Typically it is a three-digit number with or without a letter designation afterwards. YY is a two-character alpha (letter) designation used internally by AGY to identify the method of manufacture or construction of a roving, for example it may be an assemblage of multiple ends of a G75 yarn to produce a given yield. The letters would change as the method of production changed. Note that each company producing glass fiber rovings use their own letter designations so they would not be comparable for similar products from different manufacturers. Because of this, roving nomenclature is often shortened to indicate only the sizing and the yield as in , dropping the two-letter middle designator. ZZZZ at the end of the form is the yield in yards/lb for U.S. customary system (or TEX for the SI/metric system), typically rounded to the nearest conventional yield (e.g., AGY s 449-AA-750 yield rovings are actually 735 yds./lb. nominal). Designations such as 250, 750 and 1250 have been in existence for years, and it has become convention to use them instead of actual nominals. Please refer to the appropriate product technical specification for actual yields of a given product. Chop Nomenclature Glass fiber chop nomenclature is defined by ASTM D578. The chop nomenclature is modelled after the yarn nomenclature, and has the basic form: SG /32 INCH 2204 LB BULK BAG 2 Single End Roving Oven Where S = Glass type, and can be E, S, L etc G = Filament filameter (See Table 1) 37 = chop bundle size, in this case it was chopped from a 3700 yd / lb input 544 = Binder system 5/32 inch = chop length 2204 lb bulk bag = packaging *Le Système International d Unités (SI) 3

4 Yarn Nomenclaure Typical Yarn Nomenclature Identified in U.S. Customary System (based on inch-pound) E C Glass Composition: E=Electrical L=Low Dieletric S=High Strength Type of Filament: C=Continuous S=Staple T=Texturized Typical Yarn Nomenclature Identified In TEX/Metric System (based on SI/metric) E C Glass Composition: E=Electrical L=Low Dieletric S=High Strength Type of Filament: C=Continuous S=Staple T=Texturized Twist The fifth segment in the nomenclature is the number of basic strands* twisted together intp a single yarn. Following this number is the number of turns per unit length and either the letter S or Z which indicates the direction of the twist. The S or Z direction of the yarn is determined by the slope of the yarn when it is held in a vertical position. A twist is mechanically applied to yarns because, in addition to helping keep all of the filaments together, it provides the yarn higher abrasion resistance, improved processing and better tensile strength. Filament Diameter: (see Table 1) G 9 Yield Designation: (see Table 2) Number of single strands twisted into continuous filament ends/number of twisted strands plied together 1/2 1x2 Number of turns per inch in The twist of the final yarn 2.8 S Direction of twist S = S direction Z = Z direction (see next page) S 112 Filament Diameter: (see Table 1) Yield Designation: (see Table 2) Number of single strands twisted into continuous filament ends x Number of twisted strands plied together Direction of twist S = S direction Z = Z direction (see next page) Number of turns per meter in the twist of the final yarn Z twist: ascending left to right configuration as in center of letter Z U.S. Customary Yield The approximate length of the fabricated yarn required to make one pound mass can be computed when the yield designation number is multiplied by 100 and divided by the total number of strands. The result of this computation must always be considered approximate. The yards per pound are reduced slightly in the twisting and plying operations, and by the addition of sizes or binders. The example above then identifies the Following yarn: ECG75 1/2 2.8S The example above then identifies the Following yarn: EC9 68 1x2 S112 4 E = C = G = electrical glass continuous filament average filament diameter (see table 1) 75 = 7,500 yards/lb. nominal bare glass in basic strand 1/2 = one ply of 2-strand construction (total 2 basic strands) 2.8 = the number of turns per inch (TPI) in the twist of the final yarn S = the direction of the twist E = electrical glass C = continuous filament 9 = 9 micrometers 68 = 68 grams per 1,000 meters of yarn 1x2 = one ply of 2-strand construction (total 2 basic strands) S = the direction of the twist 112 = the number of turns per meter (TPM) in the twist of the final yarn *A basic strand is one produced from a single bushing. 5

5 Yarn Nomenclaure (continued) Table 1 - Designations for Glass Strand Filament Diameters Filament Designations Range for Filament Diameter Average US Units SI Units (letter) (microns) Microns Inches BC to to C to to D to to DE to to E to to F to to G to to H to to J to to K to to L to to M to to N to to P to to Q to to R to to S to to T to to U to to The low values stated for each micron range are exact equivalents to inches, rounded to the nearest houndredth micron. The high values stated for each micron range are slightly higher than exact equivalents to inches to provide continuation between ranges. Table 2 - Description of Continuous Filament Glass Fibers 6 Filament Designations US Units (letter) SI Units (microns) 100 yds/lb Nominal Yarn Number (strand count) SI Units Bare Glass TEX (yds/lb) (g/1000m) Approximate Number of Filaments BC 4 3, , BC 4 3, , BC 4 3, , BC 4 2, , BC 4 1, , D 5 1, , BC 4 1, , C 4.5 1, , C 4.5 1, , D 5 1, , D , D , D , DE , E , E , BC , DE , G , DE , DE , G , H , G , G , K , H , G , K , H , Table 3 - Yarn Reference and Conversion Formulas Conversion - Measurements US Units SI Units To Convert US Units to SI Multipy by: Turns per Inch (tpi) vs Turns per Meter (tpm) TPI TPM TPI TPM Table 5 - Yardange Conversions Factors Conversion - Yardage US Units to Metric Units Metric Units to US Units Denier = 4,464,492 yds/lbs = 4,464,492 (yds/lbs) Denier TEX = 496,055 yds/lb = 496,055 (yds/lb) Tex TEX = Cotton Count = Cotton count Tex Denier = 5,315 Cotton count = 5,315 Cotton Count Denier Denier = TEX x 9.0 To convert SI Units to US Multiply by: Length mile km inch mm inch cm foot mm yard mm Area yard 2 m inch 2 cm feet 2 m Textile oz/yd g/m oz/yd 2 g/m turns/in [tpi] turns/m [tpm] yd/lb m/kg Table 4 - Strand Twist Cross Reference 7

6 AGY Glass Yarns E-Glass Singles Yarns Filament Diameter Sliver Const Twist US Micron Nominal Yield (yds/lb) (TEX) Denier Average Tensile Strength Sizing (lbs) (N) BC 4 3,750 1/0 0.5Z 375, BC 4 3,000 1/0 0.7Z 300, BC 4 2,250 1/0 0.7Z 225, D 5 1,800 1/0 1.0Z 180, BC 4 1,500 1/0 0.5Z 150, C 4.5 1,200 1/0 0.5Z 120, D /0 1.0Z 90, D /0 1.0Z 90, D /0 1.0Z 45, D /0 1.0Z 45, D /0 1.0Z 45, E /0 1.0Z 22, E /0 0.5Z 22, E /0 4.0Z 11, BC /0 1.0Z 15, BC /0 3.0Z 15, BC /0 3.0Z 7, BC /0 3.0Z 3, , DE /0 0.7Z 15, G /0 0.7Z 15, G /0 0.7Z 15, G /0 3.0Z 5, DE /0 0.7Z 10, DE /0 0.7Z 7, G /0 0.7Z 7, G /0 1.0S 7, G /0 0.7Z 7, H /0 0.7Z 5, G /0 0.7Z 5, G /0 3.0Z 3, , G /0 0.7Z 3, , G /0 0.7Z 3, , H /0 0.7Z 2, , H /0 0.7Z 1, , K /0 0.5Z 1, , NOTE: All values given are for reference only and are subject to change, for additional information, please contact your AGY Technical Representative RPPU - Returnable Plastic Pallets 8542: 28 Bobbins per tray 3 Trays high 2 Bundles per pallet 168 Bobbins per pallet : 15 Bobbins per tray 2 Trays high 2 Bundles per pallet 60 Bobbins per pallet Approx. Full Bobbins Bobbin Pallet Bobbin Weights per Type Type (lbs) (kg) Pallet T T T T T T T T T T T T T RPPU RPPU T T T T T RPPU RPPU RPPU T RPPU RPPU RPPU RPPU RPPU RPPU RPPU RPPU T RPPU RPPU RPPU RPPU RPPU T : 18 Bobbins per layer 3 Layers per box 54 Bobbins per box 4 Boxes per pallet 216 Bobbins per Pallet 8542: 10 Bobbins per layer 3 Layers per bo 30 Bobbins per box 4 Boxes per pallet 120 Bobbins per Pallet 9228: 12 Bobbins per layer 3 Layers per box 36 Bobbins per box 4 Boxes per pallet 144 Bobbins per Pallet 9

7 AGY Glass Yarns (continued) Lot Glass Yarns Filament Diameter US Micron Sliver Const Twist Nominal Yield (yds/lb) (TEX) Denier Average Tensile Strength Sizing (lbs) (N) G /0 4.0Z 3, , G /0 4.0Z 14, TBD TBD L-Glass Yarns Filament Diameter US Micron Sliver Const Twist Nominal Yield (yds/lb) (TEX) Denier Average Tensile Strength Sizing (lbs) (N) BC 4 3,400 1/0 1.0Z 340, BC 4 1,700 1/0 1.0Z 170, C 4.5 1,360 1/0 1.0Z 136, D 5 1,020 1/0 1.0Z 102, D /0 1.0Z 51, DE /0 1.0Z 34, E /0 1.0Z 25, S-2 Glass Yarns Filament Diameter US Micron Sliver Const Twist Nominal Yield (yds/lb) (TEX) Denier Average Tensile Strength Sizing (lbs) (N) D /0 1.0Z 45, G /0 1.0Z 15, G /0 1.0Z 15, G /0 1.0Z 7, G /0 0.7Z 7, G /0 1.0Z 7, S-3 HDI Glass Yarns Filament Diameter US Micron Sliver Const Twist Nominal Yield (yds/lb) (TEX) Denier Nominal Tensile (lbs) (N) Sizing BC 4 3,750 1/0 0.7Z 375, TBD TBD BC 4 3,000 1/0 0.7Z 300, TBD TBD BC 4 1,500 1/0 1.0Z 150, C 4.5 1,200 1/0 1.0Z 120, TBD TBD D /0 1.0Z 45, TBD TBD E /0 1.0Z 22, BC Sewing Thread Filament Diameter US Micron Sliver Const Twist Nominal Yield (yds/lb) (TEX) Denier Nominal Tensile (lbs) (N) Sizing BC 4 BC - 4 2/2 9.6Z 3, , BC 4 BC - 6 2/3 9.1Z 2, , BC 4 BC - 8 2/4 8.3Z 1, , Bobbin Approx. Full Bobbin Weights Pallet Type (lbs) kg) Bobbins per Pallet T T Bobbin Approx. Full Bobbin Weights Packaging (lbs) kg) Bobbins per Pallet T T T T T T T Bobbin Approx. Full Bobbin Weights Packaging (lbs) kg) Bobbins per Pallet T T T T T T Bobbin Approx. Full Bobbin Weights Packaging (lbs) kg) Bobbins per Pallet T T T T T T Bobbin Approx. Full Bobbin Weights Packaging (lbs) kg) Bobbins per Pallet T T T T : 12 Bobbins per layer 3 Layers per box 36 Bobbins per box 4 Boxes per pallet 144 Bobbins per Pallet : 12 Bobbins per layer 36 Bobbins per box 4 Boxes per pallet 144 Bobbins per Pallet 11

8 AGY Glass Yarns (continued) E-Glass Multi-Tex (Multi-End Texturized) Yarns Nomenclature US SI Sliver Sizing Nominal Yield (yds/lb) (TEX) Packages per Pallet ETDE 1.75 ET None 173 2, ETDE 1.75 ET Acrylic 168 2, ETDE 2.25 ET None 217 2, ETDE 2.25 ET Acrylic 214 2, ETDE 3.50 ET None 346 1, ETDE 3.50 ET Acrylic 357 1, ETDE 4.50 ET None 440 1, ETDE 4.50 ET Acrylic 432 1, ETDE 6.00* ET None ETDE 6.00* ET Acrylic ETDE 9.00* ET None ETDE 11.60* ET None 1, ETG 1.40 ET None 135 3, ETG 1.75 ET None 162 3, ETG 1.75 ET Acrylic 161 3, ETG 2.25 ET Acrylic 222 2, ETG 2.75* ET Acrylic 250 1, ETG 3.50* ET None 362 1, ETG 3.50 ET Acrylic 357 1, ETG 4.50 ET None 448 1, ETG 4.50 ET Acrylic 447 1, ETG 6.00 ET None ETG 6.00 ET Acrylic ETG 9.00* ET None ETG 9.00* ET Acrylic NOTE: All values given are for reference only and are subject to change, for additional information, please contact your AGY Technical Representative T-405 Packaging 15 Packages per layer 3 Layers High 45 Packages per pallet Typical Pallet Weight** (lb) (kg) * These products are make to order only ** Pallet weight information is for reference only, actual pallet weights will vary All products pack 3-25 lb Forming Tube Input Products Glass Type Products Binder Sliver Filament Diameter Nominal Yield (yds/lb) Tube ID (in) S2 SCE225 1/ E ,500 6 E ECG50 1/ G50 9 5, E ECG75 1/ G75 9 7, E ECH15 1/ H15 9 1, Pkgs per Pallet Forming tube packaging Packages per layer 3 Layers per pallet 27 Packages per pallet Forming tube input Packages per layer 3 Layers per pallet 36 Packages per pallet 13

9 AGY Glass Rovings S-2 Glass Assembled Rovings Product 365-AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA-310 Product Binder Binder Filament Nominal Yield Diameter (yds/lb) (TEX) Filament Diameter 1, ,444 1, , , Nominal Yield (yds/lb) (TEX) VE1-AB ,201 VE1 VE1-AB ,396 Product Binder Filament Nominal Yield Diameter (yds/lb) (TEX) End Count 517-AB AB AB AB AB , AB , AB , AB , B-AC B , , , , ,616 End Count Draw Outside Outside Outside Outside Outside Outside Outside Outside - Continuous Pack End Count Draw Draw Nominal Package Weight (lb) (kg) Outside 16 7 Outside 16 7 Outside 16 7 Outside 16 7 NOTE: All values given are for reference only and are subject to change, for additional information, please contact your AGY Technical Representative S-2 Glass Single End VeTron Rovings Nominal Package Weight Resin (lb) (kg) Compatibility Vinyl Ester, Polyester NOTE: All values given are for reference only and are subject to change, for additional information, please contact your AGY Technical Representative S-2 Glass Single End Zentron Rovings Nominal Package Weight Resin Compatibility (lb) kg) 16 7 Epoxy/Polyester, fast wetting 16 7 High Temperature thermoplastics 16 7 Epoxy/Polyester, fast wetting Polyamides, BMI, PEEK, 16 7 PEI, PPS, PES, PEK, PAI, Epoxies and LCP 16 7 Epoxy/Polyester, fast wetting 16 7 High Temperature thermoplastics 16 7 Epoxy/Polyester, fast wetting Polyamides, BMI, PEEK, 16 7 PEI, PPS, PES, PEK, PAI, Epoxies and LCP Epoxy/Polyester, fast wetting NOTE: All values given are for reference only and are subject to change, for additional information, please contact your AGY Technical Representative Resin Compatibility Tube Type ID Packages per Pallet Polyester, Vinyl Ester, Epoxy Paper Epoxy (Amine), Urethane Paper Epoxy (Anhydride), Phenolic Paper Polyamides, BMI, PEEK, PEI, PPS, PES, PEK, PAI, Epoxies and LCP Paper Tube Type ID Packages per Pallet None /8 Thick Wall Tube Type None Thick Wall None Thick Wall None Thick Wall None Thick Wall None Thick Wall None Thick Wall None Thick Wall None Thick Wall ID 6 3/8 6 3/8 6 3/8 6 3/8 6 3/8 6 3/8 6 3/8 6 3/8 Packages per Pallet None 6 3/ Outside draw and continuous packaging 9 Packages per Layer 3 Layers High 27 Packages per pallet Draw packaging 12 Packages per Layer 3 Layers High 36 Packages per pallet Assembled roving packaging 20 Packages per Layer 3 Layers High 60 Packages per pallet 15

10 AGY Chopped Glass Engineered Chop Products Glass Type Filament Diameter Filaments Resin per Bundle Binder Chop Length Compatibility Packaging S2 7 1, mm (5/32 ) Poly carbonate 50lb box 2,204 lb Super Sac S mm (5/32 ) Poly carbonate 50lb box 2,204 lb Super Sac S2 7 1, mm (5/32 ) Nylon 50lb box 2,204 lb Super Sac S mm (5/32 ) Nylon 50lb box 2,204 lb Super Sac S2 7 1, mm (5/32 ) Nylon 50lb box 2,204 lb Super Sac S mm (5/32 ) Nylon 50lb box 2,204 lb Super Sac S mm (1/4 ) Epoxy (anhydride), Phenolic 50 lb box S mm (1/4 ) Epoxy / urethane 50 lb box E 11 1, mm (2 ) Good dispersion and processing in 50lb bag carding E mm (1/4 ) Starch based, good dispersion 40lb bag E mm (1/2 ) Starch based, good dispersion 40lb bag E 6 1, mm (2 ) Starch based, good dispersion 1,000 lb bulk box NOTE: All values given are for reference only and are subject to change, for additional information, please contact your AGY Technical Representative Box / Nominal Pallet Weight Bag per (lb) kg) Pallet 27 1, ,204 1, , ,204 1, , ,204 1, , ,204 1, , ,204 1, ,350 2, , , , , / / / / / / , / /- 7 50lb Box Packaging Bulk box packaging Bag Packing Super Sac Packaging Miscellaneous Bulk Fiber Glass Type Products Binder Packaging S2 S-2 fiber By Product Starch 1,000 lb bulk box E TP-40 Air Runback Starch 1,000 lb bulk box E TP-40 Beam cut off Starch 1,000 lb bulk box E TP-167 Uncut forming Hanks Starch 1,000 lb bulk box E TP-167 Uncut Thin Tube Starch 1,000 lb bulk box E TP-167 Start up bands Starch 1,000 lb bulk box NOTE: All values given are for reference only and are subject to change, for additional information, please contact your AGY Technical Representative Bulk box packaging Nominal Pallet Weight (lb) (kg) 1, / /- 7 1, / /- 7 1, / /- 7 1, / /- 7 1, / /- 7 1, / /

11 AGY Packaging Specifications Yarn Package Dimensions Bobbin Measurement Units Type Diameter (ID) Length (L) Traverse (T) Flange Diameter Type Build (FD) US (in) Plastic Double SI (cm) Tube Taper US (in) Plastic SI (cm) Tube US (in) Plastic SI (cm) Tube US (in) Plastic SI (cm) Tube US (in) Plastic SI (cm) Spool US (in) Plastic SI (cm) Spool Milk Bottle Milk Bottle Milk Bottle Straight Straight Bare Bobbin (Nom. Weight) Max Full Package Diameter (D) 0.49 lbs g lbs g lb g lb g lb g lb g , 8542, , 9228 Roving Package Dimensions Package Measurement Units Diameter (ID) Length (L) Traverse (T) Wind Direction Build US (in) 6.38 **10.50** SI (cm) **26.70** Forward Square Edge 4059 US (in) SI (cm) Forward Square Edge 4144 US (in) SI (cm) Forward Square Edge US (in) Forward SI (cm) **The 4044 package does not have an inner tube. The glass is packaged into a cylindrical shape without a core.** Square Edge Forming Tube Package Dimensions 18 Package Measurement Units Diameter (ID) Length (L) US (in) SI (cm) US (in) SI (cm) US (in) SI (cm) US (in) SI (cm) Beam Sizes Available Beam Sizes Available (inches) Flange Diameter Width Barrel Diameter Gudgeon Length 5 or 6 5 or 6 6 Gudgeon Diameter Beams are made to specific customer needs with typical end counts ranging from , however AGY has the capabilty of handling over 1,000 ends. Contact your AGY representative for specific details. Gudgeon Length Gudgeon Diameter Flange Diameter Barrel Diameter Width 19

12 Sizing for Yarns, Rovings and Chopped Products 20 E-Glass Yarns Sizing Slivers Approximate LOI (%) Sizing Type 517 G75, K Resin 602 DE50, DE75, DE100, DE37, G Starch / Lube 603 G37, G Resin 620 G75, G150, G37, H18, DE75, DE150 and H Starch / Lube G37, E225, D450, D900, D Starch / Lube 622 E225, D450, D900, C120,BC2250, BC Starch / Lube 636 G150, DE100, DE37, BC Starch / Lube 641 G150, G75, H Starch / Lube 723 D Starch / Lube S-2 Glass Yarns 383 SG Resin L-glass Yarns Assembled Rovings 493 SG150 and SG Resin 550 SG150 and SG Resin 636 SG150 and SG Starch / Lube 762 SE Resin 933 SG Resin BC1700, C1360, D1020, D510, DE340, E Starch / Lube , 750, and 1250 yield 0.50 Resin , 750, 1250 and 2500 yield 0.65 Resin , 750 and 1250 yield 1.00 Resin , 750 and 1250 yield 0.23 Resin Direct Rovings and 1400 yield 0.50 Resin E-Glass Chop 402 S-2 Glass Chop Chopped and 1400 yield 0.25 Resin 721B 250 yield 0.40 Resin and 1400 yield 0.65 Resin and 1400 yield 0.30 Resin VEI 207 and 414 yield 0.50 Resin Various Input 1/4" Chop H18 Input 2" Chop SG-75 Input 1/4" Chop SE-37, SG-37 5/32" Chop SE-37, SG-37 5/32" Chop SE-37, SG-37 5/32" Chop 0.85 Starch / Lube 0.44 Special Chopping Size 1.20 Resin Thermoplastic Chop Thermoplastic Chop Thermoplastic Chop Sizing Comments Application Product Compatibility / Comments Industrial Epoxy / Polyester Faster Wetting Than 603 Made to Texturize Texturization Very Efficient Product for Texturizing Industrial Epoxy / Polyester Workhorse Sizing Industry Standard Similar to 620 Weaving Industrial Weaving Industrial General Purpose Good Processability Good Processability Fast Aqueous Wet-Out Air Friendly Weaving Good Loom Efficiency General Purpose Weaving Industrial General purpose, good processability Industrial sizing, high strand integrity Warping Industrial Good Processability High Strand Integrity High Tensile Industrial High Tensile Industrial Applications Industrial Epoxy / Polyester / Vinyl Ester Industrial Epoxy / Polyester Aerospace Industrial High Temperature Thermoplastics General Purpose Weaving Industrial General purpose, good processability Industrial Rubber Compatible Aerospace "Toughened Epoxy / Thermoplastics Poor Broken Filament Resistance" Air Friendly Weaving Good Loom Efficiency Industrial Aerospace Industrial Aerospace Industrial Aerospace Aerospace Industrial Aerospace Industrial Industrial Aerospace Recreation Aerospace Marine Weaving Pultrusion N/A Industrial Made for Carding Carding Polyester / Vinyl Ester / Epoxy Epoxy (Amine) / Urethane Compatible Epoxy (Anhydride) / Phenolic Toughened Epoxy /Thermoplastics, Poor Broken Filament Resistance "Epoxy / Polyester Faster Wetting Than 603" High Temperature Thermoplastics Epoxy Compatible, Fastest Epoxy Wet-Out Epoxy Compatible, Fastest Epoxy Wet-Out Toughened Epoxy /Thermoplastics, Poor Broken Filament Resistance Vinylester / Polyester Compatible Good Dispersion and Processing in Carding N/A Industrial Epoxy / Urethane Made for Extrusion Industrial Thermoplastic polyester and polycarbonate Made for Extrusion Industrial Polyamides (Nylons) Made for Extrusion Industrial High Temperature Thermoplastics 21

13 Yarn Sizing Grid -- Processability & Compatibility L-Glass E-Glass Yarns Sizings S-2 Glass Yarns Sizings Yarn Processability Processability Heat Cleanability Air Texturization Air Friendly High Strand Integrity Yarn Tensile Strength Tape / Facing Laminate Tensile Aqueous Wet-Out Alkali Resistance Low Running Tension Broken Filament Resistance Polymer / Resin Compatibility PVC (polyvinyl chloride) PVAc (polyvinyl acetate) PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) Epoxy Polyester Vinyl Ester Cyanate Ester Phenolic Acrylic Polyurethane SBR BMI (bismaleimide) PTFE (Teflon) PA (Nylon) Polycarbonate PPS PEEK, PEKK Heat Cleanability Air Texturization Air Friendly High Strand Integrity Yarn Tensile Strength Tape / Facing Laminate Tensile Aqueous Wet-Out Alkali Resistance Low Running Tension Broken Filament Resistance Polymer / Resin Compatibility PVC (polyvinyl chloride) PVAc (polyvinyl acetate) PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) Epoxy Polyester Vinyl Ester Cyanate Ester Phenolic Acrylic Polyurethane SBR BMI (bismaleimide) PTFE (Teflon) PA (Nylon) Polycarbonate PPS PEEK, PEKK Excellent Moderate Poor N/A Excellent Moderate Poor N/A 22 23

14 Roving Sizing Grid Processability & Compatibility Chopped Fiber Sizing Grid Processability & Compatibility Assembled Rovings Sizings Direct Rovings Sizings Processability B VE1 Air Texturization Low Catenary Low Twist Level High Strand Integrity Composite Tensile Strength Tape / Laminate Tensile Resin Impregnation Elevated Temp Color Retention Low Running Tension Broken Filament Resistance Polymer / Resin Compatibility PVC (polyvinyl chloride) PVAc (polyvinyl acetate) PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) Epoxy Polyester Vinyl Ester Cyanate Ester Phenolic Acrylic Polyurethane SBR BMI (bismaleimide) PTFE (Teflon) PA (Nylon) Polycarbonate PPS PEEK, PEKK Excellent Moderate Poor N/A E-Glass Chop Sizings S-2 Glass Chop Sizings Processability Heat Cleanability Hopper Flow Low Fines High Strand Integrity Air Conveyance Mechanical Conveyance Aqueous Wet-Out Low Static Plenum Air Dispersion Can Be Carded Polymer / Resin Compatibility PVC (polyvinyl chloride) PVAc (polyvinyl acetate) PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) Epoxy Polyester Vinyl Ester Cyanate Ester Phenolic Acrylic Polyurethane SBR BMI (bismaleimide) PTFE (Teflon) Thermoplastic PBT (PolyButylene Terephthalate) PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) PC (Polycarbonate) PA 6 (PolyAmide Nylon 6) PA 6,6 (PolyAmide Nylon 6,6) PA 12 (PolyAmide Nylon 12) PPS (PolyPhenylene Sulfide) PEI (PolyEther Imide) PEKK (PolyEther Ketone Ketone) PEEK (PolyEther Ether Ketone) Excellent Moderate Poor N/A 24 25

15 Typical Fiber Properties Category Property Test Method Units Physical Density ASTM C693 g/cm 3 Physical Hardness (Mohs Scale) -- Physical Moisture Regain ASTM D1909 % Optical Refractive Index, 589, nm Oil Immersion -- Mechanical Fiber Tensile Strength Modified ASTM 2101 MPa Mechanical Fiber Tensile Modulus Modified ASTM 2101 GPa Mechanical Strain to Failure Modified ASTM 2101 % Mechanical Impregnated Strand Tensile Strength ASTM D 2343 MPa Mechanical Impregnated Strand Tensile Modulus ASTM D 2343 GPa UD Fabric Laminate Properties (60% FVF) Mechanical Tensile Strength ASTM D 3039 / ISO MPa Mechanical Tensile Modulus ASTM D 3039 / ISO GPa Mechanical Flexural Strength ASTM D 790 MPa Mechanical Flexural Modulus ASTM D 790 GPa Mechanical Compressive strength ASTM D 3410 MPa Mechanical Compressive modulus ASTM D 3410 GPa Thermal Coefficient of Thermal Expansion BS : / C Thermal Thermal Conductivity, k ASTM C177 W/m/ K Thermal Softening Point Temp ASTM C338 C Thermal Annealing Point Temp ASTM C336 C Thermal Strain Point Temp ASTM C336 C Thermal Flame Resistance ASTM D2863 Oxygen Index Electrical Volume Resistivity, ρv, 500 V, 22oC ASTM D257 x1015 Ohms-cm Electrical Surface Resistivity, ρs, 500 V, 22oC ASTM D257 x1015 Ohms Electrical Dielectric Breakdown, 500 V/s ASTM D149 kv/mm Electrical Dielectric Constant, ɛ', 1 MHz ASTM D Electrical Dielectric Constant, ɛ', 10 GHz Resonant Cavity -- Electrical Dielectric Loss, tan δ, 1 MHz ASTM D Electrical Dielectric Loss, tan δ, 10 GHz Resonant Cavity -- E-Glass L-Glass S-3 HDI S-1 HM S-2 Glass % 100% 100% 100% 100% < * Refer to OC, AGY Technology Transfer Document 26 27

16 Glossary of Terms In the glass fiber textile industry, as with many other industries, there is widely used and commonly understood terminology. This section defines words or terms used in this publication and within the industry. ABRASION Wearing away by friction. Glass is highly resistant to abrasion by other materials, but can be damaged through contact with itself. A lubricant is used during processing and fabrication to prevent abrasion. BARE GLASS The glass as it flows from the bushing in fiber form, before binder or sizing is applied. BATCH OVEN Large temperature-controlled oven, used to heat-clean rolls of glass fiber fabric. BEAM A spool on which a number of parallel ends of single or plied yarns are wound, for use in weaving or similar processing operations. BEAMED YARNS Beamed yarns are pulled in a continuous, parallel manner around a beam. BEAMING Operation in which many ends of yarn from a creel are combined on a section beam. BINDER A material applied in liquid form to fibers, yarn or fabric, to retain structural integrity during further processing. (Also known as sizing.) BOBBIN The spool onto which yarns are wound. (Also known as package.) BRAID/BRAIDER A narrow tubular or flat fabric produced by intertwining a single set of yarns in a pattern. BUSHING A precious metal plate with holes through which molten glass is extruded into filaments. CABLED YARN Yarn that is plied more than once; yarn made by plying two or more previously plied yarns. CARDING The process of untangling and partially straightening fibers by passing them between two closely spaced surfaces which are moving at different speeds, and at least one of which is covered with sharp points, thus converting a tangled mass of fibers to a filmy web. CHEMICAL SIZE A surface finish applied to the fiber that contains some chemical constituents other than water. CHOPPED STRANDS Strands that are chopped to various lengths. COATED YARNS Yarns that are run through a coating bath and then dried in an oven. COLLET A spool on which the gathered strands from the bushing are wound for further processing. CONTINUOUS FILAMENT A yarn made of filaments that extend substantially throughout the length of the yarn. CORONIZING Continuous heat cleaning and weave setting

17 Glossary of Terms (continued) CREEL That part of a twisting, winding or warping machine that holds packages of strands for further fabrication. CREELING The method used to supply many parallel ends of yarn, uniformly spaced. The creel is a support for yarn packages and tension devices. Creeling is performed for such operations as section beaming and warping, and where uni-directional reinforcement is required; for example, in supplying yarns to scrim masters and other yarn-laying equipment for reinforcing paper tapes. There are two types of creels. One is a simple pin creel, in which the yarn is pulled off as the package is rotated. The weight of the yarn package is usually sufficient for uniform delivery tension. The other type of creel referred to as the pirn or cone-type pulls over the end of the stationary package, using transfer tails. Tension devices are used to maintain uniform delivery of the yarn. Polished or chrome-plated surfaces minimize filament fracture and build-up of fuzz and dirt. DENIER A direct numbering system for expressing linear density, equal to the mass in grams per 9,000 meters of yarn, filament, fiber or other textile strand. DENSITY, FIBER Mass per unit volume of the solid matter of which a fiber is composed, measured under specified conditions. DIRECT-SIZED YARN Specially formulated sizings on textile yarns that allow them to be resin compatible. DISPERSION The process of suspending individual fibers (filaments) in an aqueous medium. E-GLASS A family of calcia-alumina-silicate glasses which has a certified chemical composition and which is used for general purposes and most electrical applications. (ASTM D578-90) END A single fiber, strand, roving or yarn being incorporated into a product. FIBER/FILAMENT An individual rod of glass, of sufficiently small diameter to be flexible, and of limited length. FILAMENT YARN A yarn composed of continuous filaments assembled with or without twist. FILL The system of yarns running crosswise in a woven fabric (short for filling). (Also known as weft.) FINISH Coupling agent applied to fabric to improve compatibility with resins or to improve high-temperature lubricity. FLY Fibers which fly out into the atmosphere during carding, drawing, spinning or other textile processes. FUZZ Untangled or broken fiber ends that protrude from the surface of a yarn or fabric. GLASS BLENDS When several different fiber types, i.e. different lengths and diameters, are blended in the fiber slurry. 30 HEAT CLEANING Batch and continuous processes in which organic yarn binder is removed from glass fabrics. 31

18 Glossary of Terms (continued) KNITTED FABRIC A structure produced by inter-looping one or more ends of yarn or comparable materials. L-GLASS YARNS A proprietary glass formulation designed for high speed, low loss printed circuit board applications. LOOM A mechanical device that interlaces fibers at right angles with varying degrees of weave construction (weight, thickness and design). More modern looms are air jet, but more traditional shuttle and rapier equipment is still in use. LOOM BEAM A large, flanged cylinder onto which all warp yarns are wound and from which yarns enter the looms. NON-WOVEN FABRIC A textile structure produced by the bonding or interlocking of fibers, or both, accomplished by mechanical, chemical, thermal or solvent means and combinations thereof. OVERSPRAY A specially formulated binder applied to texturized yarn that helps retain the bulk of the yarn after texturizing. PACKAGE A bobbin or spool onto which yarns or rovings are wound. PLIED YARN A yarn formed by twisting together two or more single yarns in one operation. (Also known as folded yarn or formed yarn.) PLY 1. The number of single yarns twisted together to form a plied yarn. 2.The number of plied yarns twisted together to form a cord or cable. 3.The individual yarn in a plied yarn, cord or cable. 4. One of several layers of fabric. 32 POLYESTER COMBINATION YARN A polyester/fiber glass hybrid yarn. ROVING A multiplicity of filaments or yarns gathered together into an approximately parallel arrangement without twist. RPPU Reusable plastic packaging unit. S-GLASS A family of magnesium-alumina-silicate glasses with a certified chemical composition which conforms to an applicable material specification and which produces high mechanical strength. (ASTM D578-90) S-GLASS FIBER The AGY trademarked brand of high tensile strength S glass fibers. S-3 HDI YARNS Proprietary glass formulation designed to meet the demanding technical requirements of the high density interconnects (HDI) used in printed circuit boards, and in particular the integrated circuit (IC) package substrates. SCRIM A light, woven or non-woven fabric with relatively large openings between the yarns, used as reinforcement for paper and other products. SECTION BEAM A flanged cylinder onto which yarn is drawn and accumulated from yarn bobbins or packages. SERVING Wrapping of yarn around a product in one or more layers to form a protective covering. 33

19 Glossary of Terms (continued) SEWING THREAD A flexible, small diameter yarn or strand, usually treated with a surface coating, lubricant or both, intended to be used to stitch one or more pieces of material or an object to a material. SINGLE YARN The simplest strand of textile material suitable for operations such as weaving, knitting, etc. SIZE/SIZING A generic term for compounds which, when applied to yarn or fabric, form a more or less continuous solid film around the yarn and individual fibers. (Also known as binder.) SLASHING The method of applying sizing to a width of warp yarns on a continuous basis. SLIVER Overlapping and parallel staple fibers that have been gathered into a loose, continuous bundle. SPLICE The joining of two ends of yarn by intertwining, knotting, overlapping or adhering them together. STRAND 1. A single fiber, filament or monofilament. 2. An ordered assemblage of textile fibers having a high ratio of length to diameter and normally used as a unit including slivers, rovings, single yarns, plied yarns, cords, braids, ropes, etc. TENSION DEVICE A mechanical or magnetic device that controls tension. TEX A unit of expressing linear density, equal to the mass in grams of 1,000 meters of yarn, filament, fiber or other textile strand. 34 TEXTURIZED YARNS Texturized yarns are run through an air jet to achieve various degrees of fiber bulk and loft. TURN One 360 revolution of the components around the axis of the strand. TWIST AND PLY FRAMES Machines used to twist and ply glass yarns. VETRON ROVING AGY s single end high strength glass roving designed specifically for compatibility with vinyl ester and polyester resin systems. WARP 1. The yarn running lengthwise in a woven fabric. 2. A group of yarns in long lengths and approximately parallel, put on beams or warp reels for further textile processing including weaving, knitting, twisting, dyeing, etc. WARP SIZE Chemicals applied to the warp yarn to improve strand integrity, strength and smoothness to withstand the rigors of weaving. WEFT The system of yarns running crosswise in a fabric. (Also known as fill.) WINDING The process of transferring yarn from one type of package to another yarn package. YARN A generic term for a continuous strand of textile fibers, filaments or material in a form suitable for knitting, weaving or otherwise intertwining to form a textile fabric. ZENTRON ROVING AGY s single-end rovings made from S-2 Glass fibers. 35

20 AGY World Headquarters/Americas 2556 Wagener Road Aiken, South Carolina U.S. A. Phone: +(1) (toll free) Fax: +(1) AGY Europe Le Gemellyon Nord 57 Boulevard Marius Vivier Merle Lyon Cedex 03 France Phone: +(33) Fax: +(33) asktheexperts@agy.com AGY Asia Suite , Bldg 1 No Jinshajiang Road Shanghai China Phone: +(86) asktheexperts@agy.com DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY This data is offered solely as a guide in the selection of a reinforcement. The information contained in this publication is based on actual laboratory data and field test experience. We believe this information to be reliable, but do not guarantee its applicability to the user s process or assume any liability arising out of its use or performance. The user, by accepting the products described herin, agrees to be responsible for thoroughly testing any application to determine its suitability before committing to production. It is important for the user to determine the properties of it own commercial compounds when using this or any other reinforcement. BECAUSE OF NUMBEROUS FACTORS AFFECTING RESULTS, WE MAKE NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING THOS OF MERCHNATABILITY AND FITNESS, FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. STATEMENTS IN THIS DOCUMENT SHALL NOT BE CONSTRUED AS PRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OR AS INDUCEMENTS TO INFRINGE ANY PATENT OR VIOLATE ANY LAW, SAFETY CODE, OR INSURANCE REGULATION.