Electronic Supplementary Material 1 - Multivariable modeling of factors associated with spinal pain in young adolescence - Eur Spine J

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1 Electronic Supplementary Material 1 - Multivariable modeling of factors associated with spinal pain in young adolescence - Eur Spine J Variable Name Unit Source Domain Scale # Min Q1 Median Q3 Max Possible levels number missing 1 Height cm Cont (9.27) 2 Weight kg Cont (0.23) 3 Thinness vs. Normal 4 Overweight/ obese vs. Normal Body mass index Cat 1 Thinness, Normal, Overweight/ obesity 5 Proportion of trunk length to body length 6 Hyperextension vs. Neutral 7 Flexion vs. Neutral 8 Leaningforward vs. Neutral 9 Sway-back vs. Neutral Sagittal knee alignment Global body alignment % 10 Trunk lean 11 Body lean 12 Generalized joint laxity 13 Pelvic tilt 14 Vertebral level of the lumbar apex 15 Spinal level iliac crest Cont (1.28) Cat 0 Flexion, Neutral, Hyperextension Cat 0 Neutral, Swayback, Leaningforward Cont (2.69) Cont (1.21) Cat 6 Yes, No Cont (4.18) Cont (0.80) Cont (0.79)

2 16 # of vertebrae included in lumbar lordosis 17 Lumbar lordosis 18 Sacral inclination 19 Vertebral level of the thoracic apex 20 # of vertebrae included in thoracic kyphosis 21 Thoracic kyphosis 22 Antero of the head 23 Thoracic spine posture in forward bend 24 Lumbar spine posture in forward bend 25 Sacral inclination in forward bend 26 Trunk inclination in forward bend 27 Flexion mobility of the thoracic spine 28 Flexion mobility of the lumbar spine 29 Thoracic spine posture in backward bend Cont (0.92) Cont (7.14) Cont (5.95) Cont (0.83) Cont (0.92) Cont (10.43) Cont (5.54) Cont (12.66) Cont (11.37) Cont [SQRT] (0.99) Cont (15.24) Cont (14.53) Cont (13.60) Cont (16.57)

3 30 Lumbar spine posture in backward bend 31 Sacral inclination in backward bend 32 Trunk inclination in backward bend 33 Extension mobility of the thoracic spine 34 Extension mobility of the lumbar spine Cont (10.77) Cont (12.55) Cont (9.51) Cont (14.11) Cont (9.27) Handedness Survey Cont 51 Right-handed, Left-handed 36 Gibbus Cat 8 Yes, No 37 Community education vs. privately run schools 38 publicly run schools vs. privately run schools Educational network (school) Socio Cat 0 Community education, publicly run schools, privately run schools 39 Chronological age years 40 Early vs. Maturity status Average classification + maturers 41 Late vs. Socio Cont (1.13) Socio Cat 6 Early maturers, Average maturers, Late maturers 3

4 Average maturers 42 Years from age at PHV 43 Percentage of adult stature 44 Predicted growth remaining years + % + cm + 45 Gender 46 * Menarchial status * 47 Technical Secondary vs. General education level 48 Vocational (school) vs. General 49 Family com 50 Family size # of children Educational attainment father Educational attainment mother Socio Cont (0.66) Socio Cont (2.63) Socio Cont (4.53) Socio Cat 0 Male, Female Socio Cat 10 Pre menarcheal, Post menarcheal Socio Cat 0 General, Technical, Vocational Socio Cat 45 Nuclear, Nonnuclear Socio Cont (1.40) Socio Cat 257 Lower education or less, Upper education, Higher education Socio Cat 263 Lower education or less, Upper 4

5 Employment status father Employment status mother Social class father Social class mother 51 activity Minutes/ week 52 Achieving the Health-norm education, Higher education Socio Cat 313 Inactive (housekeeping, retirement, disabled, unemployed, career interruption, daytime education), Active (fulltime or parttime) Socio Cat 292 Inactive (housekeeping, retirement, disabled, unemployed, career interruption, daytime education), Active (fulltime or parttime) ISCO88 Socio Cont 326 ISCO88 Socio Cont 330 FPAQ Lifestyle Cont Dutch Norm for Healthenhancing Activity (0.59) Lifestyle Cat 57 Yes, No 5

6 (, child) 53 Achieving the Fitnornorm Dutch Fit- Lifestyle Cat 59 Yes, No (, child) 54 Achieving the Survey (child) Lifestyle Cat 67 Yes, No Combi-norm 55 activity in leisure time Survey (child) Lifestyle Cat 45 Yes, No 56 Sedentary Hours/ FPAQ Lifestyle Cont behavior week (0.53) 57 Scholastic SPPA (1) Psychosocial Cont competence (2.92) 58 Social acceptance SPPA (1) Psychosocial Cont (3.15) 59 Athletic SPPA (1) Psychosocial Cont competence (3.43) 60 SPPA (1) Psychosocial Cont appearance (3.72) 61 Behavioral SPPA (1) Psychosocial Cont conduct (3.04) 62 Close friendship SPPA (1) Psychosocial Cont (2.90) 63 Global selfesteem RSES (2) Psychosocial Cont (3.24) 64 Attachment to IPPA (3) Psychosocial Cont peers (6.04) 65 Attachment to IPPA (3) Psychosocial Cont mother (6.45) 66 Attachment to IPPA (3) Psychosocial Cont father (7.69) 67 Vitality SVS (4) Psychosocial Cont (5.70) 68 Satisfaction with SWLS (5) Psychosocial Cont life (4.03) 69 Extraversion ABVK (6) Psychosocial Cont (4.15) 70 Neuroticism ABVK (6) Psychosocial Cont (6.77)

7 71 Depression DQC (7) Psychosocial Cont (6.97) 72 Affect PANAS (8) Psychosocial Cont (10.17) 73 Psychosomatic complaints Pain complaints Cont (0.26) LBP or TSP as outcome NP in the last month Pain complaints Cat 19 Yes, No 75 NP or TSP as outcome 74 NP as outcome 75 LBP as outcome LBP in the last month TSP in the last month Pain complaints Cat 0 Yes, No Pain complaints Cat 0 Yes, No Abbreviations: ABVK Amsterdamse Biografische Vragenlijst voor Kinderen [Amsterdam Biographical Questionnaire for Children]; Cat Categorical; Cont Continuous; DQC Depression Questionnaire for Children; FPAQ Flemish Activity Questionnaire; IPPA Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment; ISCO 88 International Standard Classification of Occupations; LBP low back pain; NA not applicable; NP neck pain; pre-phv pre-peak height velocity; Q1 first quartile; Q3 third quartile; RSES Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; SPPA Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents; SVS Subjective Vitality Scale; SWLS Satisfaction with Life Scale; TSP thoracic spine pain. Legends: * variable included only in analyses among girls; variable included only in analyses among boys; variable not included in multivariate analyses because of number of missing values; logarithmic transformation was applied; [SQRT] square root transformation was applied. For variables where a transformation was applied, the summaries of the transformed variables are shown. (1) 7 separate subscales; scores per subscale range from 5 to 20 with high scores indicating high perceived competence; in the present study, the global self-worth subscale was not detained in order to avoid overlap with the RSES. (2) scores range from 0 to 30, high scores reflect high global self-esteem. (3) 3 scales representing the quality of the relationship with mother, father, and peers; scores per scale range from 12 to 48, with high scores indicating more secure attachment. (4) scores range from 7 to 35, with high scores reflecting enhanced feelings of aliveness and energy. In the present study, we provided less response categories when compared to the original format (5 vs. 7). (5) scores range from 5 to 25 and high scores indicate high satisfaction. In the present study, we provided less response categories when compared to the original format (5 vs. 7). (6) scales neuroticism and extraversion, scores range from 11 to 44 (neuroticism) and 8 to 32 (extraversion), with higher scores representing more neurotic lability and more extrovert personality, respectively. (7) scores range from 9 to 45, with high scores representing depressed mood. In the present study, we provided 5 response categories instead of the 2 provided in the original questionnaire format. (8) 2 scales representing positive and negative affect with scores ranging from 10 to 50 each, with an intense experience of the emotion as scores increase; we computed an affect-balance score by subtracting the negative from the positive affect score: the greater the excess of positive over negative affect, the higher the score. 7