High Performance Flexible Fabric Electronics. for Megahertz Frequency Communications
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1 High Performance Flexible Fabric Electronics for Megahertz Frequency Communications Rob Seager (Loughborough University) Tilak Dias (Nottingham Trent University) ADVANCED THERAPEUTIC MATERIALS LTD
2 The Partners Loughborough University antenna specialists Nottingham Trent University textile material properties, performance and design expertise Cash s Major international player in textiles and anti counterfeiting for clothing Defence Marine Systems understanding of potential applications in defence and aerospace Advanced Therapeutic Materials Ltd innovation in manufacturing of textiles Antrum Ltd expertise in the commercialisation of antenna technologies IEMRC invaluable investment and support
3 Current Achievements Full Fabric Patch and Dipole Antennas Meshed Antennas Copper Wire Antennas Stitch Direction Study Washing and Abrasion Study On-body Measurements Bending Measurements Frequency Selective Surfaces
4 Full Fabric Patch and Dipoles o Performance makes these antennas commercially viable o Some variability that still needs to be addressed o Amberstrand patches o Copper wire and Amberstrand dipoles Amberstrand Dipole Copper Wire Dipole Match for eight nominally identical embroidered patch antennas
5 Amberstrand and Solid Copper Patch Antenna Results
6 Fine Copper Wire Dipole On Body Antenna Results Sample Frequency (GHz) S11 (db) Gain (dbi) Efficiency (%) Fine Copper Wire on denim + cotton Fine Copper Wire on Teflon + denim + cotton Embroidered Copper Wire Dipoles -5 Measured S11 (db) GHz db Without Teflon Ref CuWD_06 With Teflon Ref CuWDT_ GHz db Frequency (GHz)
7 Aims and Objectives The primary objective of the research is to find the most effective way to produce a fabric antenna by using digital embroidery technology. Research Activities 1. Study of electro-conductive yarns for the embroidery process 2. Creation of fabric antennas 3. Investigation of fabric based interconnection systems
8 1. Analysis of electro conductive yarns for the embroidery process Activities: Survey of electro-conductive yarns, manufacturers and suppliers Tensile testing of electro-conductive yarns to determine their stress-strain behaviour Testing of electro-mechanical properties of electroconductive yarns Evaluation of electro-conductive yarns for embroidering
9 Electro conductive fibres and yarns Metal yarns fine metal wire (mono filament and multi filament) Blended yarns PA or PE fibres with either carbon or metal fibres Metal deposition yarns PA with Ag or Zylon with Ag or Ni Stainless steel yarn Carbon fibres and yarns Conducting polymeric yarns PA yarn plated with Ag micro layer
10 Electro conductive fibres and yarns Stainless steel yarn from Bekintex NV X-Static yarn from Noble Biomaterials Inc Shieldex yarn from Statex GmbH Amberstrand yarn from Syscom Advanced Materials Inc Yarn X Static Shieldex DC Resistance in Ohms/m (34dtex/10 filaments) (150dtex/34 filaments) Stainless steel Amberstrand 6.56 (200dtex/66 filaments) Gold (18 carat) 4.19
11 Cyclic loading of conductive yarns Change of electrical resistance 5 LOG (Resistance per unit length)- LOG (Ohms/m) X Static yarn (34dtex/10f) X-static Shieldex yarn (150dtex/34f) Statex Stainless steel yarn Steel yarn Amberstrand (200dtex/66f) AmberStrand Number of Cycles
12 2. Creation of fabric antennas Embroidery Technology Embroidery yarn Looper yarn Barudan BEVT Z1501CB Formation of Lockstitches
13 2. Creation of fabric antennas Observations Embroidery Technology Barudan BEVT Z1501CB Difficulties encounters with X-Static yarns (also too high electrical resistance) Difficulties also observed with rigid (stiff) yarns and/or metal wire (tension dials and looper yarn package) Higher stitch densities would result in yarn breakages Higher frictional properties of electro-conductive yarns (the main issue)
14 Yarn Friction Change of yarn tensioning devices (cymbal tensioners) Figure 1: conventional tension dials Figure 2: cymbal tension device
15 Improve yarn contact surfaces Reduce yarn frictional properties; yarn lubrication
16 Stitch Direction 3 separate shapes Embroidery speed, 500 rpm
17 Variation of stitch Direction - Continuous shape Embroidery speed, 500 rpm One continuous shape acting like a sheet of metal
18 2. Creation of fabric antennas Durability of fabric antennas Abrasion testing Wash testing Abrasion testing Martindale abrasion machine in accordance with BSI Tested against itself and the BSI standard abradant fabric 9kg loading weight
19 Testing of 10cm x 3 mm transmission line against military and abrasion fabric at 0.6 and 0.8 stitch densities BSI standard abradant fabric; 0.8 SD Initial measurement - DC 0.248Ω After rubs - DC 1.102Ω After rubs - DC 2.701Ω Military fabric; 0.6 SD Initial measurement - DC 0.133Ω After rubs - DC 0.246Ω After rubs - DC 0.307Ω
20 Conclusions Stitch density makes a difference to the durability of the embroidered antennas Properties of Amberstarnd yarn are retained even after abrasion testing; more analysis necessary understand how this affects the antenna performance No test standards for testing embroidered antennas
21 2. Creation of fabric antennas Durability of fabric antennas Abrasion testing Wash testing Wash Testing Determine the change of dimensions of the antennas due to washing Access the change in electrical properties (DC resistance) of the antennas due to washing Use of domestic washing machine Wash cycle: 30 C; 47 minutes; 800 rpm spin; domestic washing powder Conclusions: no significant differences have been observed
22 Meshed Patch Antennas Need to control cost Need to minimise stiffness of antenna system Need to maintain performance More modes available o Multiband antennas
23 Meshed Patch Antennas Need to control cost Need to minimise stiffness of antenna system Need to maintain performance More modes available o Multiband antennas Meshed ground plane also an option being considered
24 Publications 5 conference papers published 2 conference papers accepted 1 journal paper published in IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation. (August 2013) 2 journal papers submitted o o Velcro connections FSS spin out project with School of Arts at Loughborough 3 journal papers planned o o o Copper wire and Amberstrand dipoles close to completion Effect of washing and abrasion - close to completion Effect of meshing patch antennas
25 Thanks to the Loughborough and Nottingham Trent University Research Team Yiannis Vardaxoglou (LU) Tilak Diaz (NTU) Rob Seager (LU) Tess Acti (NTU) Will Whittow(LU) Alford Chauraya(LU) Shiyu Zhang(LU)
26 Conclusions A huge amount has been achieved in this project. Collaboration has resulted in two small internal projects being funded Funding for continuation work is being sought The collaboration has been hugely beneficial Industrial input has been timely and valuable to the academics
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