Studies on elastane-cotton core-spun stretch yarns and fabrics: Part II Fabric low-stress mechanical characteristics

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1 Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol. 38, December 2013, pp Studies on elastane-cotton core-spun stretch yarns and fabrics: Part II Fabric low-stress mechanical characteristics A Das a & R Chakraborty Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi , India Received 24 July 2012; revised received and accepted 4 October 2012 The present paper reports study on the interaction effect of elastane stretch, proportion of elastane core and twist multiplier on tensile and low-stress mechanical properties of woven fabrics made from stretchable elastane-cotton core-spun yarns. A three-variable factorial design technique, proposed by Box & Behnken, has been used to investigate the combined interaction effect of the above variables on various tensile (breaking load and elongation) and low-stress mechanical characteristics (shear rigidity, shear hysteresis, bending rigidity, bending hysteresis, linearity of compression thickness curve, compressional energy, compressional resilience) of fabrics. It has been observed that the tensile and low-stress mechanical characteristics of woven fabrics made from elastane core-spun yarns are significantly influenced by the process parameters. But, no specific trend is observed in breaking elongation of fabrics for any of the process variables. Keywords: Bending, Breaking load, Compression, Elastane-cotton core-spun yarn, Low-stress mechanical characteristics, Shear 1 Introduction Fabric hand simply denotes the sensations when a fabric is touched by human senses and it depends on combinations of several characteristics such as flexibility, shear, tensile, compressive character, etc. Blending cotton with elastane fibre is one of the popular combinations in use. Garments have a greater freedom and flexibility than those made from blends of spandex. These fabrics are mainly formulated keeping in mind the comfort properties as well as stretchablility mainly required for sportswear. The most important quality of the garments made of stretchable fabrics is their instant response to the deformation and return back to their original size and shape due to the body movement. Elastane filaments can be stretched up to four to seven times their initial length. When the tension is released, the filament returns immediately to its initial length. This special property is exploited in woven fabrics, which are normally not stretchable, by imparting elasticity and dimensional stability in the woven structure. The stretchable woven fabrics, made from elastane blended stretchable yarns, are used in various speciality applications, like stretch denims, compression garments, furniture and automobile a Corresponding author. apurba@textile.iitd.ernet.in apurba65@gmail.com upholstery fabrics, ladies and men s outerwear, sportswear and leisure wear, underwear, tapes and many other technical applications. The elastic yarn and fabric, using elastane filament as core, can be produced in many ways 1. There are some studies available on method of production of elastane core-spun yarns in modified ring frame 2, rotor spinning machine 3-4, air vortex spinning 5, and in woolen frames 6. There are some studies which report the dimensional and other related mechanical properties of elastane core-spun yarn knitted fabrics In a study 13 the mechanical properties of fabrics containing elastane core-spun yarn have been studied and it is reported that the increase in elastane stretch has significant impact on fabric tensile and tear strength. Also, it was reported that with the increase in elastane core content both tensile and tear strength reduce. A detailed study on effect of tensile fatigue cyclic loads on bagging deformation behaviour of stretch woven fabric has been conducted and it is reported that bagging fatigue increases after 1000 cycles but no significant changes are reported after 2000 cycles 14. But it is found that the study on low stress mechanical characteristics of elastic woven fabrics is scanty. The Part-I of this paper 15 dealt with the characteristics of elastane cotton core-spun stretch yarns. The basic objective of the present investigation is to study the low-stress mechanical characteristics of

2 DAS & CHAKRABORTY: FABRIC LOW-STRESS MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS 341 woven fabrics made from the elastane cotton core-spun stretch yarns. Also, the interactive effects of some yarn production parameters, like elastane stretch, proportion of elastane content and yarn twist multiplier, on the low-stress mechanical characteristics of woven fabrics have been studied. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials Since proportion of elastane core, elastane stretch and twist level are three important factors which determine the stretchability characteristics of elastane cotton core-spun yarns and characteristics of fabrics made out of these yarns, a three level factorial design proposed by Box & Behnken 16 is used for the study. The same elastane cotton core-spun yarn samples, as reported in Part-I 15, were used as weft and normal cotton yarn was used as warp. The core-spun yarns were produced on a ring spinning frame [LMW5/1 model] attached with it a special attachment for making the core-spun yarn. The elastane core-spun yarn samples were prepared as per a three-variable factorial design, proposed by Box &Behnken 16 to investigate the combined interaction of process variables (i.e. proportion of elastane core, elastane stretch and twist multiplier) on low-stress mechanical characteristics of fabrics. From all the yarn samples 3/1 twill fabrics were produced in CCI sample loom (Model- SL8900S). A total of 15 fabric samples were prepared by using 15 core-spun yarn samples having 78 dtex elastane in core. The ends/cm and picks/cm were kept constant at 20 and 16 respectively for all the fabric samples. 2.2 Methods Washing and Drying of Fabric Samples After the preparation of the fabric samples, the fabrics were allowed to relax for 24h in a standard laboratory condition (27±2 C and 65±2% RH) and then washed by mild detergent and dried by line drying. Thereafter the dried fabrics were subjected mild ironing before testing. Table 1 shows the actual values of process variables corresponding to coded levels. Table 1 Actual values of process variables corresponding to coded levels Variables Level Elastane stretch (A) Yarn T.M. (B) Proportion of elastane core (C), % Tensile Testing It was not possible to test the low-stress tensile characteristics of fabrics in KESF-1 instrument due to very high stretchablity of fabrics made from the stretchable elastane core-spun yarn. Basically, the KESF-1 is meant for measuring only low-stress tensile and shear characteristics of fabrics. As the fabrics were highly stretchable they were continuously stretched before any reading gets recorded. So, the tensile tests were performed in Instron tensile tester. The test speed was kept at 100 mm/min and average of ten tests was taken for each sample. The tensile properties of fabrics, i.e. breaking load and breaking elongation, are given in Table Low-stress Mechanical Properties Low-stress mechanical properties of fabrics were measured by KESF instruments. The shear characteristics of fabrics were measured using KESF-1 instrument. For the testing of shear characteristics of fabrics the instrument parameters were kept at mm/s shearing speed, 5 cm 20 cm size of fabric specimen, ±140 mrad maximum shear angle and 0.1 N/cm constant sample tension. The shear rigidity of fabrics at 2.5 shear angle (G) represents the resistance offered by fabrics during shear at low shear deformation. Two different shear hysteresis parameters, i.e. 2HG and 2HG5, are the hysteresis of shear deformation curve at ±0.5 and ±5.0 shear angle respectively during shear deformation and recovery cycle. KESF-2 instrument was used to measure the low stress bending Table 2 Tensile properties of stretchable fabrics and corresponding process variables Sl No. Codes levels Fabric characteristics Elastane stretch (A) Yarn T.M. (B) Proportion of elastane core (C), % Breaking load, kg Breaking elongation %

3 342 INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES., DECEMBER 2013 characteristics of fabrics. The instrument parameters kept for bending testing are rate of bending 0.5 cm -1 /s, sample size 20 cm 1cm, and maximum curvature ± 2.5 cm -1. Two bending related parameters were obtained, i.e. bending rigidity at 1.5cm -1 curvature (B) and bending hysteresis at ±0.5cm -1 curvature (2HB). The compressional characteristics of fabrics were measured in KESF-3 instrument. The test parameters were rate of compression 0.02mm/s, area of circular foot 2cm 2, and maximum compressive pressure 5kPa. The compressional parameters obtained were linearity of compression thickness curve (LC); compressional energy per unit area (WC); and compressional resilience (RC). All the low-stress mechanical characteristics of fabrics are given in Table 3. 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Tensile Characteristics The contour plots in Fig. 1 and the response surface equation in Table 4 show the interactive relations between process variables and fabric breaking load. No specific trend is observed in breaking elongation of fabrics for any of the process variables. It can be observed from Fig. 1(a) that the increase in yarn twist multiplier results in consistent increase in breaking load of fabric. The trend is not same as that of yarn, where the increase in twist results in initial increase and subsequent drop in tenacity of elastane core-spun yarn 15. The initial increase in twist level results in increase in cohesion between core elastane filament and sheath cotton fibres. These results in increase in yarn tenacity, thus the fabric breaking load increases. Sl No. Shear rigidity (G) gf/cm.deg Shear hysteresis ±0.5 shear angle (2HG), gf/cm Table 3 Low-stress mechanical properties of stretchable fabrics Shear hysteresis at ±5 shear angle (2HG5) gf/cm Bending rigidity (B) gf.cm 2 /cm Fig. 1 Contour plots on relationship between the process parameters and the fabric breaking load Bending hysteresis (2HB) gf.cm/cm Linearity of compression curve (LC) Compressional energy per unit area (WC) gf.cm/cm 2 Compressional resilience (RC) %

4 DAS & CHAKRABORTY: FABRIC LOW-STRESS MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS 343 Table 4 Response surface equations of fabric properties Response Response surface equations R 2 Breaking load of fabrics A B C 1.57 A B 0.12 A C B C 0.32 A B C Shear rigidity (G) A B-2.500E-003 C A B A C BC E-00 A E-003 B E-00 C Shear hysteresis at ±0.5deg shear angle (2HG) Shear hysteresis at ±5deg shear angle (2HG5) A B C A B A C B C A B C A B C A B A C B C A B C 2 Bending rigidity (B) E-003 A E-003 B E-003 C A B E-003 A C E-003 B C E-00 A E-004 B E-00 C Bending hysteresis (2HB) A B E-003 C A B E-005 A C E-003 B C A B C Linearity of compression thickness curve (LC) A B C A B A C B C A B C Compressional energy (WC) E-003 A E-003 B C E-003 A B - Compressional resilience (RC) But unlike the elastane core-spun yarn, in case of woven fabric the higher yarn twist results in uniform load sharing by individual yarn due to compact and uniform yarn structure. It is evident from Figs 1(a) and 1(b) that with the increase in elastane stretch the breaking load of fabric reduces. The increase in elastane stretch results in increase in disorientation and buckling of cotton sheath fibres due to relaxation of elastane core filament. This, in turn, results in unequal load sharing of individual yarns of woven fabric during axial loading, which results in reduction in breaking load. The effect proportion of elastane core content does not have any significant effect on breaking load of fabrics, as can be observed from Fig. 1(b). 3.2 Shear Characteristics Shear Rigidity (G) Shear is a very important property of fabric handle. Lower the value means less resistance to shearing and corresponding softer material. The interactive relations between process variables and shear rigidity 4.250E-003 A C E-004 B C E-003 A B E- 003 C A B C+1.20 A B A C B C A B C 2 of fabric are shown in contour plots (Fig. 2) and the response surface equation in Table 4. It is evident from Table 4 that the process variables are highly correlated with the shear rigidity of fabric. Fig. 2(a) shows the effects of elastane stretch and twist multiplier on shear rigidity of fabric. It is evident that at constant level of elastane stretch, with the increase in the amount of twist the shear rigidity of fabric increases. The same trend is observed for all the levels of elastane stretch. This may be due to the fact that by increasing the level of twist in the core-spun yarn the yarn becomes more compact and stiff. So it offers more resistance to shear and as a result more is the value of shear rigidity. It is evident from Fig. 2 that the increase in elastane stretch results in consistent reduction in shear rigidity of fabric. This may be due to the fact that higher elastane stretch results in generation of greater bulkiness due to loop formation by the sheath cotton fibres after relaxation and the yarn structure becomes more unstable and softer. This, in turn, results in reduction in shear rigidity. It can

5 344 INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES., DECEMBER 2013 be observed from Fig. 2b that the increase in proportion of elastane core results in reduction in shear rigidity of fabric. The increase in proportion of elastane core from 10% to 20% is achieved by reducing the number of cotton sheath fibres proportionally, because the same elastane core filament is used. Therefore, increase in elastane content means the decrease in number of wrapping sheath fibres. So, with the increase in proportion of elastane core, i.e. decrease in number of sheath fibre in the yarn cross-section, there is more chance of sheath fibres to get buckled. This is due to the fact that the average buckling force per sheath cotton fibre increases with the increase in elastane content. So, the buckled sheath fibres results a softer cover on the yarn surface. The softer yarn surface results in lower shear rigidity Shear Hysteresis (2HG) The contour plots in Fig. 3 and the response surface equation in Table 4 show the interactive relations between process variables and shear hysteresis of fabrics at ±0.5 shear angle. Table 4 also shows that the process variables are highly correlated with the shear hysteresis. It is evident from Fig. 3 that with the increase in elastane stretch the shear hysteresis of fabrics decreases. The same trend is observed for all the levels of twist multiplier [Fig. 3(a)] and elastane core content [Fig. 3(b)]. It has already been mentioned that the higher elastane stretch results in generation of greater bulkiness due to loop formation by the sheath cotton fibres after relaxation. The bulkier yarns result in better interlocking among the yarns due to loops, which, in turn, results in lesser sliding of yarns during shear deformation. Due to lesser yarn-to-yarn relative movement in the woven fabric the shear hysteresis becomes lower as the yarns become bulkier due to higher elastane stretch. It can be observed from Fig. 3(a) that the increase in yarn twist, in general, results in increase in shear hysteresis. This is mainly due to the fact that at lower twist level the cotton sheath fibres are wrapped loosely and cohesion between the elastane core and sheath fibres is lower. With the increase in twist level the sheath fibres become compact in structure, which Fig. 2 Contour plots on relationship between the process parameters and the shear rigidity of fabric Fig. 3 Contour plots on relationship between the process parameters and the shear hysteresis of fabric

6 DAS & CHAKRABORTY: FABRIC LOW-STRESS MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS 345 results in increase in shear hysteresis due to higher chances of yarn-to-yarn slide. It can be observed from Fig. 3(b) that with the increase in proportion of elastane core content the shear hysteresis initially increases and then drops. The same trend is valid for all the levels of elastane stretch. At lowest level of elastane core (10%), the presence of very high proportion of cotton sheath fibre results in compressible surface and hence low shear hysteresis. The initial increase in proportion of elastane core thus results in increase in shear hysteresis. Further increase in proportion of elastane core results in drop in shear hysteresis due to increased bulkiness and yarn surface friction 15. Similar trends are also observed in case of shear hysteresis at ±5 shear angle (2HG5). 3.3 Bending Characteristics Bending Rigidity (B) The interactive relations between process variables and bending rigidity of fabrics are shown in contour plots in Fig. 4 and the response surface equation in Table 4. It can be observed from Fig. 4(a) that the increase in the level of yarn twist increases the bending rigidity of fabrics. This is mainly due to the fact that at lower level of twist the sheath fibres are not wrapped tightly with the elastane core and chances of buckling of sheath fibres are more. This results in more flexible fabric. On the other hand the increase in level of yarn twist the sheath fibres are bound tightly with the core and the resultant yarn structure becomes more compact, which in turn results in stiffer fabrics. It is evident from Fig. 4 that the increase in elastane stretch reduces the bending rigidity of fabrics, which is mainly due to the fact that increase in elastane stretch results more distortion in arrangements of sheath fibres. It can be observed from Fig. 4(b) that the increase in the proportion of elastane core does not have any significant impact on the bending rigidity of fabrics Bending Hysteresis (2HB) The interactive relations between process variables and bending hysteresis of fabrics are shown in Fig. 5 and the response surface equation in Table 4. It is evident from Table 4 that the process variables are not highly correlated with the bending hysteresis of Fig. 4 Contour plots on relationship between the process parameters and the bending rigidity of fabric Fig. 5 Contour plots on relationship between the process parameters and the bending hysteresis of fabric

7 346 INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES., DECEMBER 2013 fabrics. Figure 5(a) shows the effects of elastane stretch and twist multiplier on bending hysteresis of fabrics. It is evident that at constant level of elastane stretch, with the increase in the amount of twist the bending hysteresis of fabrics initially decreases and after certain level it again increases. This may be due to the fact that at lower level of yarn twist the structure of yarns is not very compact, as mentioned earlier. The loose yarn structure results in higher distortion of yarn structure during bending and results in higher bending hysteresis of fabrics. But, as the yarn twist increases above certain level the yarn becomes harder which results in reduction in coefficient of friction 15. The lower coefficient of friction of yarn offers lesser resistance during bending deformation of fabrics, which results in increase in bending hysteresis. It is evident from Fig. 5 that the increase in elastane stretch results in reduction in bending hysteresis of fabrics. This may be due to the fact that higher elastane stretch results in generation of greater bulkiness due to loop formation by the sheath cotton fibres after relaxation. The bulky yarn has greater contact area with other surface, which, in turn, results in higher coefficient of friction of yarn 15. The higher is the coefficient of friction of yarn, the lesser will be the chances of deformation of fabric structure during bending, which leads to lower bending hysteresis of fabrics. The increase in the proportion of elastane core does not have any specific impact on the bending hysteresis of fabrics, as can be observed from Fig. 5(b). 3.4 Compressional Characteristics The fabric handle characteristics (fabric softness and fullness) and fabric surface smoothness are highly correlated with compressional characteristics; therefore, it is one of the most important factors while assessing the fabric mechanical properties. The compressional characteristics of fabric sometime influence the thermal property of a fabric. For example, when a fabric is compressed, the thermal conductivity of the fabrics increases or there is a drop in thermal insulation due to the absence of still air entrapped in the fabric after compression. Compressional characteristics of fabrics are influenced by many parameters, like structure of yarns & fabrics, type of constituent fibres, etc. In the present study, three indices are used as a measure of compressional property, namely the linearity of compression thickness curve (LC); the compressional energy per unit area (WC). The higher values of LC and WC indicate the softer fabrics 17,18. The compressional resilience (RC) reflects the ability of a fabric recovering from compressional deformation, i.e. higher value of RC means the more ability of recovery after being compressed and retain the fullness of fabric Linearity of Compression Thickness Curve (LC) Figure 6 and the response surface equation in Table 4 show the interactive relations between process variables and linearity of compression thickness curve (LC). Table 4 also shows that the process variables are highly correlated with the shear hysteresis. It is evident from Fig. 6 that, in general, with the increase in elastane stretch the linearity of compression thickness curve (LC) decreases. It has already been mentioned that the higher elastane stretch results in generation of greater bulkiness due to loop formation by the sheath cotton fibres after relaxation, which results in reduction in LC value. It can also be observed from Fig. 1(a) that the increase in yarn twist results in increase in linearity of compression thickness curve (LC), i.e. the fabric follows more linear relationship during compression. This is mainly due to the fact that at lower twist level the cotton sheath fibres are wrapped loosely, so the fabrics are softer at lower twist level. With the increase in twist level the sheath fibres become compact in structure, which results in more compact and harder yarn. It can be Fig. 6 Contour plots on relationship between the process parameters and the linearity of compression-thickness curve

8 DAS & CHAKRABORTY: FABRIC LOW-STRESS MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS 347 observed from Fig. 6(b) that with the increase in proportion of elastane core the linearity of compression thickness curve (LC), in general, increases and thus the fabrics become soft. The rate of increase initially is very low but after certain level it increases at higher rate Compressional Energy per Unit Area (WC) Compressional energy is defined as the energy required for compressing a fabric and higher value compressional energy per unit area (WC) means softer fabric 17,18. The interactive relations between process variables and compressional energy per unit area of fabric are shown in Fig. 7 and the response surface equation in Table 4. It is also evident from Table 4 that the process variables are highly correlated with the compressional energy per unit area of fabric. Figure 7(a) shows the effects of elastane stretch and twist multiplier on compressional energy per unit area of fabric. It is evident that at constant level of elastane stretch, with the increase in the amount of twist the compressional energy per unit area of fabric initially increases. The same trend is observed for all the levels of elastane stretch. This may be due to the fact that by increasing the level of twist in the core-spun yarn the yarn becomes more compact and stiff. After certain level of yarn twist there is drop in compressional energy per unit area of fabric with the increase in yarn twist. It is evident from Fig. 7 that the increase in elastane stretch results in consistent reduction in compressional energy per unit area of fabric. This may be due to the fact that higher elastane stretch results in generation of greater bulkiness due to loop formation by the sheath cotton fibres after relaxation and the yarn structure becomes harder due to excessive number of loops. It can be observed from Fig. 7(b) that the increase in proportion of elastane core results in reduction in compressional energy per unit area of fabric. It has already been discussed that the increase in proportion of elastane core from 10% to 20% results in compactness in loops, so the fabrics become less soft. Therefore, increase in elastane content results decrease in compressional energy per unit area of fabric Compressional Resilience (RC) The contour plots in Fig. 8 and the response surface equation in Table 4 show the interactive relations Fig. 7 Contour plots on relationship between the process parameters and the compression energy per unit area Fig. 8 Contour plots on relationship between the process parameters and the compressional resilience

9 348 INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES., DECEMBER 2013 between process variables and compressional resilience of fabrics. Table 4 also shows that the process variables are highly correlated with the compressional resilience. It is evident from Figs 8(a) and (b) that, in general, with the increase in elastane stretch the compressional resilience of fabrics increases. It has already been mentioned that the higher elastane stretch results in generation of greater bulkiness due to loop formation by the sheath cotton fibres after relaxation. Due to higher energy stored in the fibre loops, they have tendency to return to original position after compressional deformation. So, the compressional resilience of fabrics with bulkier yarn structure becomes lower. It can be observed from Fig. 8(a) that the increase in yarn twist reduces the compressional resilience of fabrics. This is mainly due to the fact that at lower twist level the cotton sheath fibres are wrapped loosely and the chances of fibre loop formation is more. No specific trend is observed in case of proportion of elastane core content, as evident from Fig. 8(b). 4 Conclusion 4.1 The tensile and low-stress mechanical characteristics of woven fabrics made from elastane core-spun yarns are significantly influenced by the process parameters, like elastane stretch, proportion of elastane core and twist multiplier. 4.2 No specific trend is observed in breaking elongation of fabrics for any of the process variables. The increase in yarn twist multiplier results in consistent increase in breaking load of fabric, but with the increase in elastane stretch the breaking load of fabric reduces. 4.3 With the increase in the amount of twist the shear rigidity of fabric increases and the increase in elastane stretch results in consistent reduction in shear rigidity of fabric. 4.4 The increase in proportion of elastane core decreases the shear rigidity of fabric. The increase in yarn twist, in general, results in increase in shear hysteresis, whereas the shear hysteresis of fabrics decreases with the increase in elastane stretch. With the increase in proportion of elastane core content the shear hysteresis initially increases and then drops. 4.5 The increase in the level of yarn twist increases the bending rigidity of fabrics, whereas the increase in elastane stretch reduces the bending rigidity of fabrics. The proportion of elastane core does not have any significant impact on the bending rigidity of fabrics. With the increase in the amount of twist the bending hysteresis of fabrics initially decreases and after certain level it again increases. The increase in elastane stretch reduces the bending hysteresis of fabrics. The increase in the proportion of elastane core does not have any specific impact on the bending hysteresis of fabrics. 4.6 With the increase in elastane stretch the linearity of compression thickness curve decreases. The increase in yarn twist and the proportion of elastane core results in increase in linearity of compression thickness curve. The increase in the amount of twist results in initial increase in the compressional energy per unit area of fabric and after certain level of yarn twist it drops. With the increase in elastane stretch there is consistent reduction in compressional energy per unit area of fabric. The increase in proportion of elastane core reduces the compressional energy per unit area of fabric. With the increase in elastane stretch the compressional resilience of fabrics increases. The increase in yarn twist results in reduction in compressional resilience of fabrics. No specific trend is observed in case of proportion of elastane core content. References 1 (accessed on 20January 2011) 2 Lou C W, Text Res J, 75(5) (2005) Lin J H & Chang C W, Text Res J, 74 (2004) Matsuo T, Res J Text Apparel, 8(1) (2004) Ortlek G H & Ulku S, Text Res J, 77(6) (2007) Dang M, Zhang Z & Wang S, Fibres Polym, 7(4) (2004) Marmarali A B, Text Res J, 73(1) (2003) Tezel S & Kavusturan Y, Text Res J, 78 (2008) Postle R, Int J Clothing Sci Technol, 14(3/4) (2002) Herath C N & Kang B C, Int J Clothing Sci Technol, 19(1) (2007) Herath C N & Kang B C, Text Res J, 78(3) (2008) Herath C N, Kang B C & H Y, Fibers Polym, 8(1) (2007) Maric B & Gurada A, Proceedings, XII th Textile and Leather Romanian Conference (Performantica Publishing House, Lasi), (2002) Baghaei B, Shanbeh M & Ghareaghaji A A, Indian J Fibre Text Res, 35 (2010) Das A & Chakraborty R, Indian J Fibre Text Res, 38(3) (2013) Box G E P & Behnken D W, Technometric, 2(4) (1960) Youngjoo N & Chung H, Text Res J, 70(10) (2000) Morooka H, Yoshiaki A, Matsumoto Y & Morooka H, Text Res J, 70(1) (2000) Kan C W & Yuen C W M, Fibers Polym, 6 (2005) 169.

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