the Anglo-Persian Oil Company 1912 (the Turkish Petroleum Company) Foreign Office Agreement 50 beneficiary interest Calouste

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1 July, Arab World Studies No the Anglo-Persian Oil Company 1912 (the Turkish Petroleum Company) Foreign Office Agreement beneficiary interest Calouste 25

2 Gulbenkian Self-Denying Clause the Allied Supreme Council San Remo Agreement Charles W. Hamilton, American and Oil in the Middle East, Gulf Publishing Company,1962, p the Mineral Leasing Act the Iraq Petroleum Company the

3 Near East Development Company % The Red Line Agreement Charles W. Hamilton, American and Oil in the Middle East, Gulf Publishing Company,1962, p.93. Svante Karlsson, Oil and the World Order: American Foreign Oil Policy, Leamington Spa: Berg, 1986, p l4 David Painter, Oil and the American Century: The Political Economy of US Foreign Policy , Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, p.4. 27

4 Henry Deterding John Cadman Pool Associationthe Achnacarry Agreement As-Is Agreement Memorandum for European Markets the Heads of Agreement of Distribution the Draft Memorandum of Principle the East and General Syndicate 1928 Standard Oil of California 28

5 the Bahrain Petroleum Company British Nationality Clause the Kuwait Oil Company the California-Arabian Standard Oil Company, Casoc the Texaco the California-Texas Company Caltex 1/4 the Blue Line Agreement /4 29

6 Socony-Vacuum 50 Aramco (the Arabian-American Oil Company) Svante Karlsson, Oil and the World Order, p (the Anglo Iranian Oil Company)1951 the British Petroleum Oil Company 30

7 l Edward W. Chester, United States Oil Policy and Diplomacy: A Twentieth Century Overview, Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1983, p

8 % 55% 57% 20 90% 90% 75% 90% 2003 [1]Daniel Yergin. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and PowerNew York: Simon & Schuster, [2]Christopher Tugendhat, Adrian Hamilton. Oil, the Biggest BusinessLondon: Eyre Methuen, [3]U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations. ultinational Petroleum Companies and Foreign Policy: Report Together With Individual Views, Part 7Washington D.C.: US Exxon Texaco Mobil BP Nazli Choucri, International Politics of Energy Interdependence: The Case of Petroleum, Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1976, p

9 Government Printing Office, [4]Edward W. Chester. United States Oil Policy and Diplomacy: A Twentieth Century Overview Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, [5]Jones Evans. OPEC, Its Member States and the World Energy Market Harlow, Essex, U.K: Longman, [6]Svante Karlsson. Oil and the World Order: American Foreign Oil Policy Leamington Spa: Berg, [7]Charles W. Hamilton. American and Oil in the Middle East. Houston: Gulf Publishing Company, [8]George W. Stocking. Middle East Oil: A Study in Political and Economic Controversy Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, [9] Benjamin Shwadran. The Middle East, Oil and the Great Power, 3 rd edjerusalem: Israel Universities Press, [10]Benjamin Shwadran. Middle East Oil Crises Since 1973 Boulder and London: Westview Press, [11]Michael B. Stoff. Oil, War, and American Security: the Search for a National Policy on Foreign Oil, New Haven: Yale University Press [12] Anthony Sampson. The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Shaped New York: The Viking Press, [13]Michael Tanzer. The Energy Crisis: World Struggle for Power and Wealth New York: Monthly Review Press, [14] David Painter. Oil and the American Century: The Political Economy of US Foreign Policy Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, The Red Line Agreement and the Evolution of Political Structure of Oil in the Middle East ZHAO Qingsi Abstract The signing of the Red Line Agreement broke British, French and other European states colonial dominance of the Middle East oil, indicated the beginning of global oil power evolution. The end of the agreement ultimately established the dominance of American oil companies in the Middle East, signified the start of the United States to replace British hegemony in the Middle East. Key Words the Red Line Agreement; Oil Company; Oil Power; Political Pattern 33

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