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3 Contents Our History String Physics: How Strings Work Selecting Strings String Tensions Wolf Tones & False Tones Installation & Care of Strings Sound Spectrum Chart Zyex Helicore Helicore Bass Unicore Pro Arté Prelude Golden Spiral Solo Golden Spiral Rosin Silk Color Chart Old Salle, Italy

4 Our History Dark clouds skitter overhead, and rain begins to fall. A shepherd in Salle, Italy moves his flock into a sheltered area, out of the rain. Storms happen, and they pass. The shepherd knows this. He watches the rain from his shelter, thunder sending a skittish wave through the flock. A light burns in one of the buildings in town, he can see. It is his own home, and he wonders what his family is discussing as lighting licks at the house. It is 1687, and in the house, the D'Addario family is discussing musical strings for the first time. THIS, THEN, IS THE BEGINNING. The D'Addario family starts taking the intestines of their sheep to make gut strings for bowed instruments, lutes, early guitars. Many of the family members must have been musicians, helping to refine and perfect the hand-making of strings which were soon being traded across Italy, and gathering a following. Over 200 years later, in 1905, Charles D'Addario sits in a house on the same spot where his ancestors sat, weighing another decision. Should he bring the business to America? His family, indeed his whole life, is here, in Salle. Millions of people are flocking to America, looking not only for success, but for life in a country that offers freedom and choice and opportunities. The benefits of America are too much to pass up. He must try. Months later, he stands at the rail of a ship, shivering, his dark wool coat wrapped tightly around his throat against blowing wind and chilly drizzle. Charles has never been much for ships, and this trip has been long, cold, and rough. Someone in the crowd of hundreds huddled with him shouts. A murmur runs through the group as they peer through the fog, the haze, the salty spray. Suddenly, high up, in the distance, a pinpoint of light. More shouts. Trembling hands point. Charles sees it now, as a shadow comes into view through the mist beneath it. And now she stands before them, Liberty, raising her flame against the rain, guiding them into New York City. The people cheer at the sight of her, reach out as if to touch her, cry tears of joy. As tears mix with the rain on his cheeks, 1

5 Charles stares at Liberty and thinks, "I want to be near her always. I want her to watch over me." He sets up his home and his shop in Queens, just a few miles from Liberty's island. And she did watch over him, though for Charles, as for millions of immigrants, times were lean and tough. Making strings by hand in the shop over his home was grueling work, but the clientele began to form. His business grew and became established, and eventually his son, John, the first generation of D'Addarios born in America, joined. The company was named C. D'Addario & Son. John took the company to great success, migrating the string manufacturing to guitar strings, and improving automation techniques. unique stranded steel cores, debuted on the market, quickly becoming some of the most popular or chestral strings in the world. Next came Zyex violin and viola strings with a core made of material used by NASA in space flight which happened to mimic the sound and feel of gut like no other substance ever had, with none of the temperamental qualities of gut. Eventually, the company which became known as J.D'Addario & Company, Inc., now under the guidance of John's sons, John, Jr. and Jim, came back to bowed strings when they acquired the Kaplan Musical String Company in Like Charles, Ladislav Kaplan had come to America in the early part of the century with the dream of making strings as well, and had also succeeded. In fact, his invention, the Kaplamatic string winding machine, has been retooled, retrofitted, automated, and computerized by Jim D'Addario and his team of engineers, but is still similar in form to its original design. Charles and Ladislav had never been what one would call competitors letters show that the two were quite friendly, sharing ideas and materials often. After D'Addario acquired Kaplan, the real revolution in bowed instrument strings began. Jim reworked the Kaplamatic and the D'Addarios began experimenting and offering new strings under their own name. Prelude strings appeared first, followed by Pro Arté strings. In 1994, Helicore strings, with their And so, more than three centuries after the D'Addario family first sat together and discussed using their sheep gut to make musical strings, their direct descendants are now running the largest musical string company in the world, and making over 300,000 strings every day. The D'Addarios in Salle that day could never have predicted that their family name would someday be known the world over, and be requested daily by some of the greatest performers ever to play bowed instruments. From shepherd to immigrant to industry leaders, the D'Addario family has survived by maintaining a quality and an innovative nature that are now synonymous with the D'Addario name. Inspired by music, D'Addario is now a part of music, and it's a part we will always love to play. 2

6 String Physics tri ASTRETCHED STRING RUBBED WITH A BOW MAY OR MAY NOT MOVE PROPERLY, depending on variables such as bow speed and pressure, where the bow is placed relative to the bridge, the condition of the bow and rosin, and the design and construction of the string itself. Contrary to old-time belief, the bow hair does not grab the string with rough scales or barbs (it s actually very smooth), but works because of the stickiness of warmed rosin. The friction of rubbing increases the adhesion of the rosin particles stuck to the bow hair, and the string moves with the bow until the sticking force is exceeded (baseball pitchers use rosin for a similar purpose). It snaps back against the direction of bowing until it catches again, and the process repeats. All of this happens at the string s tuned frequency (for example, 440 times a second for an open A string). Because of these differences, the construction of bowed strings is radically different from those used on guitars, harps, or pianos where a long "sustain" is desired. Such strings are difficult or impossible to control with a bow because of their tendency to continue vibrating at one frequency when the player might want to change to another. Bowed strings must have just the right amount of "damping," which stops unwanted free vibrations. The pitch of a musical string depends on its length, its tension, and its mass. As every player knows, shortening a string while maintaining tension or tightening a string without changing its length will raise the pitch. A reasonable amount of tension is necessary for ease of playing and adequate power; if length and tension are fairly well fixed for a given instrument, the only way to lower the pitch is by increasing mass. This is why all lower strings are "loaded" with metal wire, whose only function is to provide that extra mass. HOW STRINGS WORK Strings made for bowing are very different from those that are struck or plucked. When struck by a piano hammer or displaced with a fingertip, a string has to move, and its tension forces it back to its original shape. Due to its mass, however, the string overshoots the straight line it began as and swings back and forth with decreasing amplitude until it uses up the energy originally applied to it. 3

7 Selecting Strings There are many characteristics to consider when selecting the best string for an instrument. Each string has its own unique characteristics. An understanding of these characteristics will make it easier to select the string that best matches your instrument, your playing style, and your personal preferences. SOUND the nature of sound is very complex and difficult to describe in words. Despite the complexities, we have attempted to provide some guidance by using in the instrument will change the pitch. the descriptive words clear to rich, and warm to bright. A synthetic core like Zyex is extremely stable with tuning because it changes very BOW RESPONSE is the time it takes for the string to little with temperature and humidity, produce a steady tone when the bow is pulled across the string. and has sufficient elasticity to respond Smaller diameter strings respond quicker to the bow than larger to instrument changes without changing diameter strings. pitch. BREAK-IN TIME this refers to how quickly a string will DURABILITY how long the string stabilize in pitch and sound after it has been put on an will last. String wear occurs as a result of instrument. Steel core strings tend to stabilize the fastest. both mechanical wear and corrosion. A Synthetic core strings take much longer to stabilize, while gut string may become unusable because it takes the longest. may break, or the sound may change significantly. Some strings are more fragile than others. A strings, which STABILITY how well the string stays in tune over the course of time. String stability is affected mainly by temperature and are typically wound with aluminum outer humidity. Steel core strings are the most stable, gut the least. windings are most susceptible to the wrap Tuning stability is also affected by instrument stability since breaking since the aluminum is thin and wood expands and contracts. Although steel core strings are soft. Larger strings (such as cello strings) extremely stable, they are very inelastic. Therefore, any change tend to last longer than smaller strings. 4

8 String Tensions Most of our full size strings are manufactured in three tensions: light, medium, and heavy. Heavier tension strings sound louder and can be played louder than lighter tension strings. However, they are less responsive and therefore more difficult to play softly. LIGHTER TENSION STRINGS ARE EASIER to bow, especially when playing softly. Their main disadvantage is that they will not play as loudly as higher tension strings. However, they can be played closer to the bridge, which offsets some of this disadvantage. We recommend starting with the medium tension strings, which have been optimized for the majority of instruments. However, you may want to adjust the tensions for your particular instrument. For example, if you want more volume and projection, try the heavy tension set. If you want to improve the bowing response for soft notes, try the light tension set. If only one string has a problem and seems mismatched to the other strings, try increasing or decreasing the tension for that particular string (all of the strings in our sets are available individually). All D Addario bowed fractional size strings are manufactured to the specific scale length for each size. This is important in that the strings will provide the best bow response and tension at the given pitch. It will also assist in the longevity of the string life. 5

9 Wolf Tones & False Tones ALL ACOUSTICAL STRINGED INSTRUMENTS work because they amplify the string motion by means of a light, thin structure that radiates well into the air. Such structures (instrument bodies) have a large number of sharply tuned resonances that make them effective, and the finer the instrument, the stronger these resonances are. In violins, violas, and cellos, the most powerful one is located on the second highest string in the middle of the first position (which is a fifth higher on the next lower string). If its frequency is close to a musical note there will be a conflict between the body resonance and the note being bowed. In the worst case there will be a beating or stuttering in the resultant sound (called a wolf ) that can be a nightmare to the player. Body resonances change frequency with humidity, so the problem may only occur occasionally. A simple solution is often to choose a string of lower tension that will reduce the tendency to excite the wolf tone. The only other relief is to reduce the instrument response at the offending resonance by moving the soundpost, reshaping the bridge, or using a weight between the tailpiece and bridge (in cellos) to absorb some of the energy. By definition, a string is false if a precise finger movement does not produce a precisely equivalent change of pitch. This was a problem once upon a time when cores and windings were less accurate than they are today, but no longer occurs in leading brands of modern strings. But even a perfect string will show false intervals in the vicinity of the strong instrument resonances discussed above. The instrument body, through the bridge, will tend to alter the string frequency when a note is close to such a resonance. Players constantly adjust for this, and it is one of the many reasons it takes time to get used to a different instrument. Problems can arise in playing double stops in the vicinity of major instrument resonances, especially with fifths across adjacent strings. Life expectancy of modern strings has been extended to great lengths, but can only be maximized with care on the part of the user. Cleanliness helps avoid foreign matter that may affect tone getting into the windings. Pulling on strings to lower pitch is a certain way to damage them, and tuning top strings above nominal pitch will overstress the core and hasten breakage. Sharp objects, including fingernails, can damage fine wrap wire, especially aluminum. Spare strings should be left in their original packages until used, to prevent corrosion or tarnishing. Coiling does not harm modern strings. 6

10 Installation & Care of Strings CARE IN MOUNTING STRINGS will extend life and maximize performance. The principal hazards are binding and buzzing, both of which can be eliminated by careful attention to the grooves in the top nut. Grooves should fit the string diameters at the bottom and be well lubricated with soft pencil lead. The edge toward the fingerboard should be square and definite to provide positive termination for the open string. Excessive width at this point may cause buzzing or intonation difficulties. The edge toward the pegbox must be rounded downward, especially toward the closest peg, to prevent binding that might cause the string to break when being brought to pitch. In fact nowhere in the path of the string should there be any sharp bends: all edges and corners at the tailpiece, bridge, top nut, and pegs should be chamfered (rounded) where they come in contact with strings. 7 To prevent friction that might also overstress the string, the upper ends of the strings should lead directly from the nut to the pegs without crossovers or rubbing on the sides of the pegbox. The last turn of the string should lie directly on the peg and not be crossed over another, for the same reason. It is not necessary to tie modern strings onto pegs; the silking will prevent slipping if the first turn is crossed on itself. The following turns should lie neatly side by side. Full-size strings should not be used on small-size instruments; the silked ends are made especially flexible because sharp bends in the playing length can cause breakage, especially in the thicker strings. Strings for small instruments are also made to different tensions to compensate for the shorter playing lengths. On steel-core strings, bridge protector sleeves should be used when provided unless the bridge notch is already covered with parchment. The material used in D Addario bridge protectors serves to keep the string from binding in the soft wood of the bridge but does not degrade the tone or power. Rosin buildup in the bowed area must be prevented to maintain good tone and intonation. Daily wiping with a clean dry cloth will suffice. If buildup does occur, rubbing alcohol will clean it off, but great care must be taken that no liquid touches the instrument s varnish.

11 Sound Spectrum Chart In addition to providing the best strings possible, another goal of ours is to provide key information to assist you in making the right string decision the first time. The D Addario Bowed Instrument String Sound Spectrum is a graphic representation of our strings, showing those key characteristics. The graphic layout also provides you with a way to compare all of our strings at a single glance. D'Addario Bowed Instrument Strings Sound Spectrum Zyex Heavy Loud Golden Spiral Solo Heavy Zyex Medium Golden Spiral Solo Medium Zyex Light Golden Spiral Solo Light Pro Arté Heavy Pro Arté Medium Pro Arté Light Volume Prelude Heavy Helicore Heavy Prelude Medium Helicore Medium Prelude Light Helicore Light Resistant Bow Response Quick/Easy Soft Tone Clear Rich H OW T HE C HART WORKS: There are two lines that intersect. The horizontal line describes the bow response of the string. More resistant strings are positioned to the left and strings with quick and easy response are positioned to the right. The vertical line describes the volume characteristic of the strings. Strings that are lower in volume appear toward the bottom of the chart while strings with more projection appear toward the top. The color bar represents our tone spectrum; the color of the oval shows the tone for each string. Example: Zyex heavy strings are very rich in tone and project well, while providing more bow resistance. 8

12 Bowed Strings Strings DZ310A 4/4 Scale Length Medium Tension Zyex Core Aluminum D Item # Note Description 4/4L 4/4M 4/4H millimeters inches DZ311 E Plain Steel DZ312 A Aluminum DZ313A D Aluminum DZ313S D Silver DZ314 G Silver DZ310A Set (Alum. D) DZ310S Set (Silver D) Zyex is a new generation of synthetic material, tremendous for professional players. It was created to be stable for drastic climatic conditions and settles in very fast, within a matter of hours. Zyex has a warmer sound than other synthetic strings. Viola LL 16" LM 16" LH 16" MM Item # Note Description and over and over and over 15"-16" millimeters inches /8 DZ411 A Aluminum DZ412A D Aluminum DZ413 G Silver DZ414 C Tung/Silver DZ410 Set String Guide Index Heavy Zyex Sound Spectrum Loud ZYEX violin, viola WHO IS IT FOR? professionals, educators INSTRUMENT new or bright instruments, electric or electric instruments using Piezo pickups MUSIC STYLES Classical, Modern Music, Jazz, Country Medium Light Resistant Bow Response Volume Quick/Easy Soft 9 Zyex is a registered trademark of Zyex, Ltd. U.S. Patent #

13 Scale Bowed Strings Multi-strand twisted steel core strings are superb for the advanced and professional player. The small string diameter provides quick bow response. Through special manufacturing techniques, the Helicore strings have a warm, clear sound with excellent pitch stability and longevity. H310 4/4 Length Strings Works Great On Electric s As Well! Medium Tension Multi-Strand Twisted Steel Core Item # Note Description 4/4L 4/4M 4/4H 3/4M 1/2M 1/4M 1/8M 1/16M millimeters inches /4 11 1/2 10 1/2 9 1/2 8 1/2 H311 E Plain steel H311W E Aluminum H312 A Aluminum H313 D Titanium H314 G Silver H315 C Tung/Silver 11.1 H310 Set H310W Set (Wound E) HE310-5 Set (5 String Set) Viola XLM 17" LL 16" LM 16" LH 16" MM SM Item # Note Description and over and over and over and over 15"-16" 15" and under millimeters inches 15 3/ /8 13 H411 A Aluminum H412 D Titanium H413 G Silver H414 C Tung/Silver H410 Set Cello Item # Note Description 4/4L 4/4M 4/4H 3/4M 1/2M 1/4M 1/8M millimeters inches 27 1/2 27 1/2 27 1/2 25 1/2 23 5/8 21 1/2 18 7/8 H511 A Titanium H512 D Titanium H513 G Tung/Silver H514 C Tung/Silver H510 Set Resistant Helicore Sound Spectrum Volume Loud Heavy Medium Light Quick/Easy Bow Response Soft String Guide Index HELICORE violin, viola, cello WHO IS IT FOR? professionals, advanced students. INSTRUMENT dark instruments, excellent for electric instruments using Piezo pickups MUSIC STYLES Classical, Modern Music, Jazz, Country 10

14 Bass Strings H610 1/4 Bass Length Scale Bass Strings Medium Tension Multi-Strand Core Helicore bass strings are available in Orchestral, Solo, Hybrid, and Pizzicato. Each one is designed with specific uses in mind. The Orchestral line has an excellent bow response and a warm sound. The Solo line is similar to the Orchestral line, except it's tuned one whole step higher. The Hybrid line has a good sustain for plucking, yet maintains a reasonable response when bowing, and is great for both. The Pizzicato line has a long sustain and "growl" for pizzicato. Orchestral Item # Note Description 3/4L 3/4M 3/4H 1/2M 1/4M 1/8M 1/10M millimeters inches 41 3/4 41 3/4 41 3/ /2 28 H611 G Nickel H612 D Nickel H613 A Nickel H614 E Nickel H615 C Nickel, Ext. E H616 Low B Nickel 66.4 H610 Set Hybrid Item # Note Description 3/4L 3/4M 3/4H millimeters inches 41 3/4 41 3/4 41 3/4 HH611 G Nickel HH612 D Nickel HH613 A Nickel HH614 E Nickel HH615 C Nickel, Ext. E HH616 Low B Nickel 69.6 HH610 Set Pizzicato Item # Note Description 3/4L 3/4M 3/4H millimeters inches 41 3/4 41 3/4 41 3/4 HP611 G Nickel HP612 D Nickel HP613 A Nickel HP614 E Nickel HP615 C Nickel, Ext. E HP610 Set Solo Item # Note Description 3/4M millimeters 1060 inches 41 3/4 HS611 A Nickel 60.5 HS612 E Nickel 63.0 HS613 B Nickel 68.4 HS614 F# Nickel 69.0 HS610 Set String Guide Index Pizzicato Heavy Helicore Bass Sound Spectrum More HELICORE BASS Orchestral WHO IS IT FOR? professionals, advanced students MUSIC STYLES Classical, Modern Music APPLICATION solo to ensemble, indoor or outdoor Pizzicato Medium Pizzicato Light Hybrid Heavy Hybrid Medium Sustain Hybrid professionals, advanced students, excellent with Piezo pickups Jazz, Modern Music solo or combo, indoor or outdoor, pizzicato or bowing Resistant Hybrid Light Bow Response Orchestral / Solo Heavy Quick/Easy 11 Pizzicato Solo professionals, advanced students, excellent with Piezo pickups professionals Jazz, Bluegrass, Country Classical, Modern Music solo or combo, indoor or outdoor, pizzicato solo, indoor or outdoor Tone Bright Less Warm Orchestral / Solo Medium Orchestral / Solo Light

15 VIOLONCELLO STRINGS Available for cello only, the Helicore/Unicore set is comprised of A and D strings, with cores forged of a single strand of high-tensile steel, in contrast to the G and C strings, which are crafted with the multi-strand core of the Helicores. The solid steel cores of the A and D produce increased power and volume, but keep a clear tone and quick bow response. Cello Item # Note Description 4/4L 4/4M 4/4H millimeters inches 27 1/2 27 1/2 27 1/2 HU511 A Nickel HU512 D Nickel HU510 Set HU511, HU512, H513, H514 Unicore Sound Spectrum Loud Heavy Medium Light Resistant Quick/Easy Bow Response Soft Volume String Guide Index HELICORE/UNICORE cello WHO IS IT FOR? professionals, advanced students INSTRUMENT dark instruments, excellent for electric instruments using Piezo pickups MUSIC STYLES Classical, Modern Music, Jazz, Country 12

16 Bowed Strings J56 4/4 Scale Length Medium Tension Perlon Core Aluminum D Nylon core strings, which are exceptional strings for serious students and amateur players. The Pro Arté strings have a warm sound, are less sensitive to humidity and temperature changes, and break in quickly. Item # Note Description 4/4L 4/4M 4/4H 3/4M 1/2M 1/4M 1/8M 1/16M millimeters inches /4 11 1/2 10 1/2 9 1/2 8 1/2 J5601W E Aluminum J5601 E Plain steel J5602 A Aluminum J5603 D Aluminum J5603S D Silver J5604 G Silver J56 Set (Alum D) J56W Set (Wound E) J56S Set (Silver D) Viola LL 16" LM 16" LH 16" MM SM 15" Item # Note Description and over and over and over 15"-16" and under millimeters inches /8 13 J5801 A Aluminum J5802 D Aluminum J5802S D Silver J5803 G Silver J5804 C Silver J5804T C Tung/Silver J58 Set (Alum. D, Sil. C) Cello Item # Note Description 4/4L 4/4M 4/4H 3/4M 1/2M 1/4M 1/8M millimeters inches 27 1/2 27 1/2 27 1/2 25 1/2 23 5/8 21 1/2 18 7/8 J5901 A Aluminum J5902 D Silver J5903 G Silver J5903T G Tung/Silver J5904 C Tung/Silver J59 Set (Silver G) String Guide Index PRO ARTE violin, viola, cello WHO IS IT FOR? step-up string from Prelude, advancing students INSTRUMENT all instruments MUSIC STYLES Classical & Modern Music Pro Arté Sound Spectrum Loud Heavy Medium Light Resistant Bow Response Volume Quick/Easy Soft 13

17 Bowed Strings A solid steel core string that is excellent for students and amateur players. A durable string that is not affected by temperature and humidity changes. Prelude strings are bright, without the shrill sound of traditional steel strings, and are easy to bow. J810 4/4 Scale Length Medium Tension Compound Wound Steel Core Item # Note Description 4/4L 4/4M 4/4H 3/4M 1/2M 1/4M 1/8M 1/16M millimeters inches /4 11 1/2 10 1/2 9 1/2 8 1/2 J811 E Plain steel J812 A Alum J813 D Nickel J814 G Nickel J810 Set Viola LL 16" LM 16" LH 16" MM SM 15" XSM Item # Note Description and over and over and over 15"-16" and under 12" millimeters inches / J911 A Aluminum J912 D Aluminum J913 G Nickel J914 C Nickel J910 Set Cello Item # Note Description 4/4L 4/4M 4/4H 3/4M 1/2M 1/4M 1/8M millimeters inches 27 1/2 27 1/2 27 1/2 25 1/2 23 5/8 21 1/2 18 7/8 J1011A A Aluminum J1011 A Nickel J1012 D Nickel J1013 G Nickel J1014 C Nickel J1010 Set Prelude Sound Spectrum Loud Heavy Medium Light Resistant Quick/Easy Bow Response Soft Volume String Guide Index PRELUDE violin, viola, cello WHO IS IT FOR? beginning students INSTRUMENT excellent rental instrument string, Piezo and magnetic pickups MUSIC STYLES Classical, Modern Music, Jazz, Country 14

18 G L K A P L A N OLDEN SPIRA SOLO Made with a gut core, Kaplan Golden Spiral Solo strings are recommended for professional and serious musicians. Gut strings have the warmest sound, traditional to stringed instrument playing. The Golden Spiral Solo strings are gauge selected. G J. No. K420L-3 Guaranteed True In Tone K A P L A N OLDEN SPIRA SOLO VIOLINE STRING D ' A D MEDIUM TENSION LOOP END D A R I O & C O M P A N Y, I N C. Made in USA L Item # Note Description Tension millimeters 328 inches 13 K420B-1 E Plain Steel, Ball End, Light Tension 15.2 K420B-3 E Plain Steel, Ball End, Medium Tension 16.8 K420B-5 E Plain Steel, Ball End, Heavy Tension 18.6 K420L-1 E Plain Steel, Loop End, Light Tension 15.2 K420L-3 E Plain Steel, Loop End, Medium Tension 16.8 K420L-5 E Plain Steel, Loop End, Heavy Tension 18.6 K301W E Alum Wd, Loop End, Medium Tension 16.3 Kaplan Item # Note Description Gauge Tension millimeters inches K424-1 A Alum. Light Tension K424-2 A Alum. Med. Light Tension 13 1/ K424-3 A Alum. Medium Tension 13 1/ K424-4 A Alum. Med. Heavy Tension 13 3/ K424-5 A Alum. Heavy Tension Kaplan Item # Note Description Gauge Tension millimeters inches K440-1 D Silver Light Tension K440-2 D Silver Med.-Light Tension 13 1/4 9.3 K440-3 D Silver Medium Tension 13 1/ K440-4 D Silver Med.-Heavy Tension 13 3/ K440-5 D Silver Heavy Tension Kaplan Item # Note Description Gauge Tension millimeters inches K450-1 G Silver Light Tension 15 1/2 7.9 K450-2 G Silver Med.-Light Tension 15 3/4 8.5 K450-3 G Silver Medium Tension K450-4 G Silver Med.-Heavy Tension 16 1/ K450-5 G Silver Heavy Tension 16 1/ Kaplan Item # Note Description Gauge Tension millimeters inches K425-1 D Alum. Light Tension 16 1/2 8.2 K425-2 D Alum. Med. Light Tension 16 3/4 8.7 K425-3 D Alum. Medium Tension K425-4 D Alum. Med. Heavy Tension 17 1/4 9.8 K425-5 D Alum. Heavy Tension 17 1/ String Guide Index Golden Spiral Sound Spectrum Loud GOLDEN SPIRAL SOLO violin, viola WHO IS IT FOR? professionals MUSIC STYLES Classical, Modern Music APPLICATION solo to ensemble, indoor use Heavy Medium Resistant Light Bow Response Volume Quick/Easy Soft 15

19 Viola Kaplan Item # Note Description Gauge Tension millimeters inches K423-L1 A Alum. Light Tension K423-L3 A Alum. Medium Tension 12 1/ K423-L5 A Alum. Heavy Tension Viola Kaplan Item # Note Description Gauge Tension millimeters inches K426-L1 D Alum. Light Tension 15 1/2 9.2 K426-L3 D Alum. Medium Tension K426-L5 D Alum. Heavy Tension 16 1/ Viola Kaplan Item # Note Description Gauge Tension millimeters inches K441-L1 D Silver Light Tension 11 1/2 9.1 K441-L3 D Silver Medium Tension K441-L5 D Silver Heavy Tension 12 1/ Viola Kaplan Item # Note Description Gauge Tension millimeters inches K451-L1 G Silver Light Tension 14 1/2 8.4 K451-L3 G Silver Medium Tension K451-L5 G Silver Heavy Tension 15 1/ Viola Kaplan Item # Note Description Gauge Tension millimeters inches K452-L1 C Silver Light Tension 17 1/4 9.1 K452-L3 C Silver Medium Tension 17 3/4 9.8 K452-L5 C Silver Heavy Tension 18 1/ Viola Kaplan Item # Note Description Gauge Tension millimeters inches 14 1/8 14 1/8 K423-M A Alum. Medium Tension K426-M D Alum. Medium Tension 16 1/2 9.3 K441-M D Silver Medium Tension 12 1/ K451-M G Silver Medium Tension 15 1/ K452-M C Silver Medium Tension 18 1/2 9.8 G L OLDEN SPIRA Are not gauge selected. Same string characteristics as Golden Spiral Solo. K A P L A N Item # Note Description Tension millimeters 328 inches 13 K400L E Plain Steel, Light Tension, Loop End 15.2 K400M E Plain Steel, Medium Tension, Loop End 16.8 K400H E Plain Steel, Heavy Tension, Loop End 20.4 K401 A Plain Gut K434 A Aluminum Wd. K435 D Aluminum Wd. K430 D Silver Wd. K460 G Silver Wd. G J. D ' No. K400L Guaranteed True In Tone K A P L A N OLDEN SPIRA VIOLINE STRING LIGHT TENSION A D D A LOOP END R I O & C O M P A N Y, I N C. Made in USA L Golden Spiral Sound Spectrum Loud String Guide Index Heavy Medium Resistant Light Bow Response Volume Quick/Easy KAPLAN GOLDEN SPIRAL violin, viola WHO IS IT FOR? professionals MUSIC STYLES Classical, Modern Music APPLICATION solo to ensemble indoor use Soft 16

20 Rosin K APLAN A RTCRAFT ROSIN Premium-quality Artcraft rosin is manufactured using the original recipe handed down from Ladislav Kaplan. Artcraft rosin is specially processed for very fine grain, keeping rosin dust to a minimum. Rosin is attached to a soft flannel cloth for a cleaner application. Item # KACR6 KACR7 Description Kaplan Artcraft Rosin, Light Kaplan Artcraft Rosin, Dark D ADDARIO N ATURAL ROSIN All-natural ingredients combined in a very special process makes this rosin perfect for either horsehair or synthetic bow hair. An easy-grip plastic tray holds the rosin, making it easy to apply. D Addario Natural Rosin produces less dust to keep the instrument cleaner. Item # VR200 VR300 Description D Addario Natural Rosin, Light D Addario Natural Rosin, Dark 17

21 Silk Color Chart Description Color Zyex Light tension violin Medium tension violin Heavy tension violin Helicore Helicore, Viola, Cello, Orchestral Bass Strings Helicore Solo Bass Helicore Hybrid Bass Helicore Pizzicato Bass Unicore Cello Strings Golden Spiral Solo Golden Spiral Pro Arté Light tension violin, viola, & cello Medium tension violin, viola, & cello Heavy tension violin, viola, & cello Prelude 4 4 size violin & cello, light tension 4 4 size violin & cello, medium tension, long scale viola 4 4 size violin & cello, heavy tension, extra short scale viola 3 4 size violin & cello, medium tension, medium scale viola 1 2 size violin & cello, medium tension, short scale viola 1 4 size violin & cello, medium tension 1 8 size violin & cello, medium tension 1 16 size violin S ILKING C OLORS AT P EG E NDS Strings denoted with 2 colors below have a small, solid section of the color on the far right silked at the top of the first color to indicate the tension (Helicore, Unicore, & Kaplan strings only). E Plain Steel E Aluminum Wound A Aluminum, Titanium, or Nickel D Aluminum or Nickel and B Solo Bass D Silver G Silver or Tung/Silver, Nickel C Silver, Nickel C Tungsten/ Low B Bass F# Nickel Light Tension Medium Tension Heavy Tension 18

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24 rio D Addario D Addari ddario D Addario D Ad rio D Addario D Addari ddario D Addario D Ad rio D Addario D Addari ddario D Addario D Ad rio D Addario D Adda ddario D Addario D Ad rio D Addari #19954-AAEDFe J. D Addario & Company, Inc. ddario D Addario D Ad PO Box 290 Farmingdale, NY USA DLK