The Vehicle Emission Penalty of Traffic Congestion

Transcription

1 Institute for Transport Studies FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT IAQM York Monday 23 rd June 2013 The Vehicle Emission Penalty of Traffic Congestion Dr James Tate Lecturer Twitter: drjamestate

2 CONTENTS Background Stop-start urban driving Limitations of average-speed traffic & vehicle emission models Modelling traffic & vehicle emissions second-by-second A step towards a virtual representation of the City of York network The York Low Emission Zone Feasibility Study The Models: framework, configuration and calibration Traffic microsimulations Instantaneous emission model PHEM (Emission factors, grams/ km) The Vehicle Emission Penalty of Traffic Congestion Analysing instantaneous emission predictions and those from EFT (v5.2c) Conclusions and Outlook

3 BACKGROUND Real driving in York Average speed per km: 16.7 km h km h km h -1 Speed (km.h 1 ) Engine Speed (RPM) Cumulative Distance (km) Time (seconds)

4 BACKGROUND Real driving in York Speed (km.h 1 ) Fuel (g.sec 1 ) NO X and NO 2 (g.sec 1 ) Time (seconds)

5 A VIRTUAL YORK Traffic Microsimulations: S-Paramics

6 MODELLING FRAMEWORK Coupled micro-scopic traffic & instantaneous emission model

7 TRAFFIC MICROSIMULATIONS 1 TRAFFIC DEMAND Average weekday (May 2011) Automatic Traffic Count (ATC) & Manual Count data J ANPR surveys (19 th May 2011, hrs) TIME PERIODS AM shoulder AM peak Inter-Peak PM peak PM shoulder Evening NIGHTtime 24-hour weighted average CALBRATION Demand/ Flows (DMRB procedure, GEH stat) Journey times (DMRB criteria) + Vehicle type proportions ( ± 1% ) Car, Van, HGV (rigid & artic), Bus, Coach SIMULATIONS Harvest ALL vehicle trajectories (1Hz) 10 replications per time period >1 million vehicle kms 1 The York 2011 S-Paramics network created by David Preater (Halcrow, 2011)

8 INSTANTANEOUS EMISSION MODEL PHEM version 11 TUGraz (Technische Universität Graz, Austria) A comprehensive power-instantaneous emission model for the EU fleet Simulates fuel consumption (FC) and tail-pipe emissions of NO X, NO 2, CO, HCs, Particulate Mass (PM), Particle Number (PN) Whole European vehicle fleet: Euro 0 to Euro 6 Petrol, diesel and hybrid powertrains Light and Heavy-duty vehicles etc. Simulations: Consider all driving resistances including GRADIENT Gear shift model Transient engine maps (with time correction functions) Thermal behaviour of engine, catalyst, SCR etc.

9 REMOTE SENSING VEHICLE EMISSIONS Surveying the vehicle fleet on the road Camera (Number plate) Vehicle Detector (Speed andacceleration) Emission ratios From peak exhaust plume conc. Source/Detector Emissions Analyser (Common Configurations) Mirror Box ESP RSD-4600 instrument Source Detector NO / CO 2 CO / CO 2 HC / CO 2 & PM Predict NO X and NO 2 / CO 2 Local measurements 4-days surveys September 2011 > 10,000 valid records

10 NO X EMISSION FACTORS Comparison with remote sensing measurements E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 CAR_diesel CAR_petrol 1.5 NO X (grams/km) E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 Euro class E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 VAN_diesel VAN_petrol 2.5 NO X (grams/km) E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 Euro class

11 BUS EMISSION FACTORS Comparison with remote sensing measurements E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 BUS BUS_bendy COACH NO X (grams/km) E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 Euro class E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 BUS E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 BUS_bendy COACH PM 10 (grams/km) E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 Euro class E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6

12 EMISSION CONTRIBUTIONS: NO X (%) NO X (%) CAR-petrol CAR-diesel VAN HGV COACH BUS

13 EMISSION CONTRIBUTIONS: NO 2 (%) NO 2 (%) CAR-petrol CAR-diesel VAN HGV COACH BUS

14 EMISSION CONTRIBUTIONS: PM 10 (%) PM 10 (%) CAR-petrol CAR-diesel VAN HGV COACH BUS

15 A VIRTUAL YORK Traffic Microsimulations: S-Paramics

16 BOOTHAM GILLYGATE (South East) Traffic Flow and Speed BOOTHAM GILLYGATE Flow (vehicles) Speed (km.h 1 ) Distance (metres)

17 BOOTHAM GILLYGATE (South East) NO X emissions: EFT v5.2c & PHEM11 AM Shoulder [07:00 08:00hrs & 09:00 10:00hrs] BOOTHAM GILLYGATE NO X (grams / hr / m) Distance (metres)

18 BOOTHAM GILLYGATE (South East) NO X emissions: EFT v5.2c & PHEM11 AM Peak [08:00 09:00hrs] BOOTHAM GILLYGATE NO X (grams / hr / m) Distance (metres)

19 BOOTHAM GILLYGATE (South East) NO X emissions: EFT v5.2c & PHEM11 Inter-Peak [10:00 16:00hrs] BOOTHAM GILLYGATE NO X (grams / hr / m) Distance (metres)

20 BOOTHAM GILLYGATE (South East) NO X emissions: EFT v5.2c & PHEM11 PM Shoulder [16:00 17:00hrs & 18:00 19:00hrs] BOOTHAM GILLYGATE NO X (grams / hr / m) Distance (metres)

21 BOOTHAM GILLYGATE (South East) NO X emissions: EFT v5.2c & PHEM11 PM Peak [17:00 18:00hrs] BOOTHAM GILLYGATE NO X (grams / hr / m) Distance (metres)

22 BOOTHAM GILLYGATE (South East) NO X emissions: EFT v5.2c & PHEM11 EVening [19:00 23:00hrs] BOOTHAM GILLYGATE NO X (grams / hr / m) Distance (metres)

23 BOOTHAM GILLYGATE (South East) NO X emissions: EFT v5.2c & PHEM11 NIGHTtime [23:00 07:00hrs] BOOTHAM GILLYGATE NO X (grams / hr / m) Distance (metres)

24 GILLYGATE BOOTHAM (West North) Traffic Flow and Speed GILLYGATE BOOTHAM Flow (vehicles) Speed (km.h 1 ) Distance (metres)

25 GILLYGATE BOOTHAM (West North) NO X emissions: EFT v5.2c & PHEM11 AM Shoulder [07:00 08:00hrs & 09:00 10:00hrs] GILLYGATE BOOTHAM NO X (grams / hr / m) Distance (metres)

26 GILLYGATE BOOTHAM (West North) NO X emissions: EFT v5.2c & PHEM11 AM Peak [08:00 09:00hrs] GILLYGATE BOOTHAM NO X (grams / hr / m) Distance (metres)

27 GILLYGATE BOOTHAM (West North) NO X emissions: EFT v5.2c & PHEM11 Inter-Peak [10:00 16:00hrs] GILLYGATE BOOTHAM NO X (grams / hr / m) Distance (metres)

28 GILLYGATE BOOTHAM (West North) NO X emissions: EFT v5.2c & PHEM11 PM Shoulder [16:00 17:00hrs & 18:00 19:00hrs] GILLYGATE BOOTHAM NO X (grams / hr / m) Distance (metres)

29 GILLYGATE BOOTHAM (West North) NO X emissions: EFT v5.2c & PHEM11 PM Peak [17:00 18:00hrs] GILLYGATE BOOTHAM NO X (grams / hr / m) Distance (metres)

30 GILLYGATE BOOTHAM (West North) NO X emissions: EFT v5.2c & PHEM11 EVening [19:00 23:00hrs] GILLYGATE BOOTHAM NO X (grams / hr / m) Distance (metres)

31 GILLYGATE BOOTHAM (West North) NO X emissions: EFT v5.2c & PHEM11 NIGHTtime [23:00 07:00hrs] GILLYGATE BOOTHAM NO X (grams / hr / m) Distance (metres)

32 CONCLUSIONS Method Detailed, coupled traffic-vehicle emission simulations are now feasible Emission Factors are in agreement with vehicle emission remote sensing measurements The PHEM total NO X emissions from Bootham and Gillygate over a typical weekday (weighted average) are 26% higher than those predicted by EFT The approach, moving towards a virtual representation of traffic networks and the local vehicle fleet: represents a step-change in the capability, resolution and validity of vehicle emission assessments naturally encapsulates events that influence emissions e.g. Bus stops allows complex traffic situations (e.g. congestion) & management (demand / LSTF) strategies to be assessed emerging vehicle technologies and control systems can be evaluated Allows the distribution of emissions through urban streets and intersections to be mapped

33 OUTLOOK Dissemination of The City of York Low Emission Zone feasibility study results, scenarios: Bus LEZ (Euro 3, 4, 5) Heavy-Vehicle LEZ (Euro 3, 4, 5) Plug-in Hybrid Buses (fast re-charge) on P&R services Wider up-take of the modelling approach: Demand management, Junction improvement etc. Inform air pollution dispersion models i.e. ADMS-Urban and Airviro The 2014 Euro 6 diesel emission standards are more effective at controlling NO X emissions in urban driving conditions The emission performance Euro 6 diesel vehs are assessed at the earliest opportunity (chassis dyno & remote sensing)

34 Institute for Transport Studies FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT IAQM York Monday 23 rd June 2013 The Vehicle Emission Penalty of Traffic Congestion Dr James Tate Lecturer Twitter: drjamestate