SAMPLE. Time the whole city spends using technology per week (minutes) In scientific notation. Phone Computer MP3 player Total.

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2 Annie is an anthropologist who has been collecting data for decades. An anthropologist is someone who studies people and culture. Many anthropologists travel around and survey people. Annie has collected data from her friends as well and has combined it all into a table. Q1 Anthropologist and place Below is the table of Annie s results. She and her fellow anthropologists have been surveying people in different cities about how long they spend using technology per week. Fill in the blanks, using scientific notation to shorten numbers. One has been done for you. Scientific notation is away of writing numbers that are too small or large to be conveniently written out in their full form. For example, the number is too long to be used conveniently. In scientific notation, this number would be 1.03 x The easiest way of doing this is to count the number of digits after the decimal point (there are 13 digits before the decimal point, so the long number is equal to 1.03 multiplied by 10, 13 times.) This is also applicable when a number is extremely small. For example, can be reduced to 5.6 x To find the number of times that 5.6 should be multiplied by 10, count the number of places the decimal point has moved. The number is negative because the decimal point has moved backwards. Annie (Sydney) Time the whole city spends using technology per week (minutes) Phone Computer MP3 player Total In scientific notation x 10 9 David (Bali) Hannah (L.A.) Jeff (London) Pia (Nairobi) Kev (New York) Clare (Cairo) Wendy (Kuala Lumpur) Ellie (Brisbane) x x x 10 8

3 Time is a terrifying thing if you look at it from the beginning! For humans, a hundred years is a long time! However, scientists think the universe has been around for approximately 13.7 billion years that s a long time!! Most scientists hypothesise that the Universe was created approximately 13.7 billion years ago with a massive explosion called the Big Bang. However, the Earth did not form until about 4.54 billion years ago, and even then it was not the Earth that we know today. Until about 3.8 billion years ago, the Earth was in a period called the Hadean Era, during which the planet was just a core of molten lava being constantly bombarded by asteroids. The name Hadean comes from the Greek name for underworld or hell, Hades, as this is how the world would have looked (pictured). As the earth cooled, continental crust the land that we know today started to form. The earth formed slowly, with elements like oceans and the atmosphere gradually coming together. Finally, approximately 3.5 billion years ago, an organism developed from which all organisms on Earth are descended from. This organism developed until eventually the first branch of the Homo species (from which modern humans evolved) came into existence 2 million years ago. The Homo erectus or Homo ergaster mastered the use of fire approximately years ago, sparking the development of humans. Homo sapiens (modern humans) are thought to have originated about years ago in Africa years later, the first traces of civilisation started. Around the same time, one of the most important developments in human history occurred agriculture. Humans began to grow crops and farm beasts. This marked the beginning of settled, instead of nomadic, life. Approximately 3100 BC, the first empires started to form in Europe, the Middle East and Asia, and around 3000 BC, writing was invented. Around the same time, the earliest recorded religion, Hinduism, also developed. Other religions soon followed. The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 AD, leading to the formation of many modern nations and countries. The Middle Ages followed this, stretching from the 5 th century until the 15 th century. The Middle Ages is sometimes known as the Dark Ages for the many disasters that struck during that time. Agriculture was affected by climate change, so when the Black Plague struck Europe in the 14 th century, the population was already weak and susceptible to the disease; over a third of Europe s population was lost. The Renaissance began in the 14 th century and continued until the 17 th century, renewing interest in science and culture. The Modern Era has followed, with significant advances in technology. Humanity has developed from a single-cell organism to a race that sent a man to the moon in Who knows what is still to come? Read the passage below about the history of the universe. Note: Organism: An individual animal, plant, or singlecelled life form. Remember that we often measure time in terms of Jesus birth, using BC for events before Christ and AD for those after. So saying that something happened years ago is different from saying that something happened in BC. As it is now 2011, BC = years ago.

4 Q1 Create three separate timelines: one for the history of the universe, one for the earth and one for the history of civilisation. Be sure to include all possible dates on your timelines billion years ago: the Universe was created in the Big Bang Now (2011) Hint: It will be easier to make the timelines if you do them vertically. The first line has been started for you as an example. The Universe

5 Time zones divide the world up into sections. GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) is the centre from which all other time zones are based. On the eastern coast of Australia, we are GMT+10, which means that we are ten hours ahead of GMT. Q1 Students in Australia have been paired up with buddies in Asia and the Pacific Islands for a school project and want to call them. However, they need to know what time it is where their buddies live. Using the world time zone map shown below, fill in the table on the next page. (Note that the thick red lines separate time zones.)

6 Student Name Place in Australia Time in Australia Place in Asia/Pacific Jane Sydney 12:00 am Papua New Guinea Time in Asia/Pacifi c Ollie Perth Hong Kong 8:00 pm Laura Sydney 1:00 pm South Korea Imogen 5:30 am Tokyo 5:00 am Aaron Tasmania 11:30 am Vanuatu Tayla Perth Beijing 10:00 pm Nathan Alice Springs 11:00 am Thailand

7 Q2 Jane has decided that she would like to visit her buddy in Papua New Guinea. If she flies from Sydney at 9 pm and the flight takes five and a half hours, what will the local time be when she arrives? Q3 Nathan s buddy is coming to visit him from Thailand. His buddy leaves at 12 midday and the flight takes seven hours. Answer the following questions. a) What time will it be in Thailand when Nathan s buddy arrives in Australia? b) What is the time difference between Thailand and Alice Springs? c) What time is it in Alice Springs when Nathan s buddy leaves Thailand? d) What time is it in Alice Springs when Nathan s buddy arrives? Q4 Use the time zone map from the previous page to help you with these questions. When you have found the answer, write it in the box. Tayla is going to fly over to Shanghai to see her buddy, but first she has to visit her aunt in Sydney. If she leaves Perth at 8 am and flies to Sydney (five hour flight), then stays in Sydney for 44 hours before leaving for Shanghai (10 hour, 20 minute flight) what will the local time be when she arrives in Shanghai? Tip

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9 Firstly, thank you for your support of Mighty Minds and our resources. We endeavour to create highquality resources that are both educational and engaging, and results have shown that this approach works. To assist you in using this resource, we have compiled some brief tips and reminders below. About this resource This Mighty Minds Fundamentals Lesson focusses on one subtopic from the NAPLAN Tests and presents this skill through a theme from the Australian Curriculum (History, Science or Geography). This lesson is also targeted at a certain skill level, to ensure that your students are completing work that is suited to them. How to use this resource Our Fundamentals Lessons are split into two main sections, each of which contain different types of resources. The student workbook contains The main title page; and The blank student worksheets for students to complete. The teacher resources section contains This set of instructions; The Teacher s Guide, which offers information that may be needed to teach the lesson; The Item Description, which gives a brief overview of the lesson and its aims, as well as extension ideas; The student answer sheets, which show model responses on the student worksheets to ensure that answers to the questions are clear; The teacher s answer sheets, which provide a more detailed explanation of the model responses or answers; and Finally, the end of lesson marker. We suggest that you print the student workbook (the first set of pages) for the students. If students are completing this lesson for homework, you may also like to provide them with the student answer pages. Feedback and contacting us We love feedback. Our policy is that if you us with suggested changes to any lesson, we will complete those changes and send you the revised lesson free of charge. Just send your feedback to resources@mightyminds.com.au and we ll get back to you as soon as we can.

10 Timelines Timelines are a convenient way of expressing a large amount of information succinctly. A timeline is simply a line on which dates or times, and key events are written in chronological order with spaces between the dates indicating the length of time. Large gaps represent large amounts of time, and small gaps represent small amounts of time. Sometimes it is helpful to have more than one timeline when information becomes too clustered. By having a second timeline that regards only the clustered section of the first, the data can be expressed more easily, and much more clearly. A timeline can be made from any series of events. For example: Steve got out of bed at 8:55 am, he had breakfast at 9:15 am and was late to work, arriving at 10:00 am. After working all day he left at 6:00 pm and arrived home at 6:30 pm. He was tired so he went to bed at 7:30 pm after having dinner at 7:00 pm. 8:55 am: Steve gets out of bed 9:15 am: Steve has breakfast Time Zones 10:00 am: Steve arrives at work late Steve s Day 6:00 pm: Steve finishes work 6:30 pm: Steve arrives home 7:00 pm: Steve has dinner 7:30 pm: Steve goes to sleep Because of the way the Earth rotates, it is daytime in some parts of the world while in others it is night. This is why everyone does not run on the same time, because for some people that would mean 12:00 PM (noon) is at the crack of dawn and for others it could be at midnight! This is why time zones were introduced around the world. Time zones are basically regulated so that noon occurs when the sun is highest in the sky, although there are cases around the world, where due to circumstances the time zones are a little off. For this reason it is important to understand how to convert between time zones. GMT or Greenwich Mean Time is the time which all other time is measured off. It relates to a place in England called Greenwich. At Greenwich the time is the Greenwich Mean Time, but as you advance east or west, hours must be added or subtracted from the GMT in order to get the right time in a particular place. Australia for example is GMT+10. Meaning that the time in Australia is the GMT + 10 hours. This teaching guide is continued on the next page...

11 ...This teaching guide is continued from the previous page. When converting between times it is important to know the time zone of both countries. Once you know how many hours have been taken or added to GMT, you can work out the difference between time zones and, if you know the time in one of those zones, you can work out the time in the other. For example: Hong Kong time is GMT + 8, and Tokyo is GMT + 9. This means that there is a 1 hour difference between both time zones. If the time in Tokyo was 7:00 pm then the time in Hong Kong would be 6:00 pm. An example of a map with time zones included is shown below ½ +9 A L This teaching guide is continued on the next page...

12 ...This teaching guide is continued from the previous page. 24 Hour Time 24 hour time is another way that time can be written, avoiding the confusion when times are given without am or pm. It is a measure of how much time has passed since the beginning of the day (12am or 0000h in 24 hour time). At 1:00 pm, 12 hours have passed to arrive at 12:00 pm and then another hour to arrive at 1:00pm. Therefore, 13 hours have passed since the beginning of the day, making the 24 hour time 1300h. Only times after midday (those with pm ) have to be converted to 24 hour time, as the am times will be the same. To convert from a pm time to 24 hour time, simply add whatever time it is in pm to 1200h (i.e. add 12 hours). If it is 6:00 pm: 6: :00 = 1800h If it is 4:30 pm: 4: :00 = 1630h Scientific Notation There are some numbers and time scales that are too hard or inconvenient to express normally. Sometimes the numbers are too large, and sometimes they are too small. A nanosecond is one billionth of a second. To express this normally would be seconds. However, using scientific notation we can say 1.0 x 10-9 seconds. On the other end of the scale a, Giga-second is one billion times larger than a second, and if it were to be expressed normally would be seconds. This is inconvenient to write and so can be expressed scientifically as 1.0 x 10 9 seconds. This is not only how we write large or small times (e.g. seconds), but any other large or small numbers. The 10 is important as it expresses the size of the number. 100 is the same as 10 2 or 10 x 10, which is why 100 has two zeros. 200 is the same as 2 x For every space the decimal place is moved (backwards or forwards), the number that 10 is raised to has to be increased by one would be 3 x 10 3, whereas would be 3 x In the case of converting from a smaller number the rule is still the same, only the power is negative is 1 nanosecond. There is also 9 digits after the zero (the decimal place has moved backwards 9 times) and so the scientific notation is 1 x It is important to remember when converting from a large number that the power that ten is raised to will be positive. When converting a small number, the power will be negative.

13 Item Description Please note: any activity that is not completed during class time may be set for homework or undertaken at a later date. Anthropological Study, Terrifying Timelines, and Australia and Asia Activity Description: In the first activity, students are required to read the text about the evolution of the Earth and complete the timelines using dates provided. The second activity requires students to use a map of time zones to fill in a table and answer questions concerning time differences. In the third and final activity, students are required to use scientific notation to shorten several large amounts of time. They are asked to complete the table provided. Purpose of Activity: These activities should improve students knowledge of time. KLAs: Mathematics History Geography Science CCEs: Recognising letters, words and other symbols (α1) Interpreting the meaning of tables or diagrams or maps or graphs (α6) Searching and locating items/ information (α52) Compiling results in a tabular form (π14) Graphing (π15) Calculating with or without calculators (Ф16) Suggested Time Allocation: This unit is designed to be completed in approximately one hour 20 minutes for each activity. This Item Description is continued on the next page...

14 Item Description continued This Item Description is continued from the previous page. Anthropological Study, Terrifying Timelines, and Australia and Asia Teaching Notes: Go through the information on the Teacher s Guide with students before asking them to attempt the activities. This will ensure that students possess all information needed to complete questions. Once students have completed each activity, go through the answers as a class, encouraging students to volunteer their own answers and reasoning. Teachers should go through the first three examples of scientific notation with the class on the board, and then ask students to complete the rest. Students might find the second activity easier if they highlight dates as they read. If students find the second activity too time consuming, set the last time line for homework. For extension work after students have completed the second activity, teachers could provide them with extra dates to put on their timelines. In order to assist students to complete the third activity, show students a colour version of the time zone map if possible. This could be on a computer screen, using a data projector, or simply a coloured print-out. Before asking students to complete the third activity, ensure they understand the concept of the time zones.

15 Annie is an anthropologist who has been collecting data for decades. An anthropologist is someone who studies people and culture. Many anthropologists travel around and survey people. Annie has collected data from her friends as well and has combined it all into a table. Q1 Anthropologist and place Below is the table of Annie s results. She and her fellow anthropologists have been surveying people in different cities about how long they spend using technology per week. Fill in the blanks, using scientific notation to shorten numbers. One has been done for you. Scientific notation is away of writing numbers that are too small or large to be conveniently written out in their full form. For example, the number is too long to be used conveniently. In scientific notation, this number would be 1.03 x The easiest way of doing this is to count the number of digits after the decimal point (there are 13 digits before the decimal point, so the long number is equal to 1.03 multiplied by 10, 13 times.) This is also applicable when a number is extremely small. For example, can be reduced to 5.6 x To find the number of times that 5.6 should be multiplied by 10, count the number of places the decimal point has moved. The number is negative because the decimal point has moved backwards. Annie (Sydney) Time the whole city spends using technology per week (minutes) Phone Computer MP3 player Total In scientific notation x 10 9 David (Bali) Hannah (L.A.) Jeff (London) Pia (Nairobi) Kev (New York) Clare (Cairo) Wendy (Kuala Lumpur) Ellie (Brisbane) x x x x x x x x 10 9

16 Anthropological Study Question One: Students were required to use scientific notation in order to complete the table. They were either given large amounts of time and asked to condense them into scientific notation, or given the time in the form of scientific notation and asked to expand it into its full number. Model answers are shown below. Anthropologist/ci ty Full amount of time In scientific notation Annie (Sydney) x 10 9 David (Bali) x 10 7 Hannah (L.A.) x Jeff (London) x Pia (Nairobi) x 10 8 Kev (New York) x Clare (Cairo) x 10 8 Wendy (Kuala Lumpur) x 10 8 Ellie (Brisbane) x 10 9

17 Q1 Create three separate timelines: one for the history of the universe, one for the earth and one for the history of civilisation. Be sure to include all possible dates on your timelines. Now (2011) 4.54 billion years ago: the earth started to form 13.7 billion years ago: the Universe was created in the Big Bang Hint: It will be easier to make the timelines if you do them vertically. The first line has been started for you as an example. The Universe years ago: early humans mastered fire Now (2011) 3.8 billion years ago: large pieces of continental crust formed as the earth emerged from the Hadean Era and started to cool 4.54 billion years ago: the earth started to form 2 million years ago: Homo species developed The Earth years ago: Homo sapiens developed years ago: civilisation started 3.5 billion years ago: organism developed from which all organisms on earth now are descended from 14 th century: Black Death ravaged Europe Now (2011) years ago: 3100 BC: first empires civilisation started to form in developed Europe, the Middle 1 AD: birth of East and Asia Christ Civilisation 1969: man on the moon 14 th century: Renaissance began 476 AD: Fall of the Western Roman Empire; start of the Middle Ages 3000 BC: writing was invented; Hinduism (earliest recorded religion) developed Approx years ago: humans started to use agriculture

18 Terrifying Timelines Question One: In this activity, students were required to deal with a very large time scale. They were asked to first read the passage and then transfer its information onto three separate timelines, one for the universe, one for the earth, and one for civilisation. No additional information was necessary for students to complete the exercise. The model answers are shown below. Note that the dates on the timelines are not exact.

19 Student Name Place in Australia Time in Australia Place in Asia/Pacific Time in Asia/Pacifi c Jane Sydney 12:00 am Papua New Guinea 12:00 am Ollie Perth 8:00 pm Hong Kong 8:00 pm Laura Sydney 1:00 pm South Korea 12 midday Imogen Alice Springs 5:30 am Tokyo 5:00 am Aaron Tasmania 11:30 am Vanuatu 12:30 pm Tayla Perth 10:00 pm Beijing 10:00 pm Nathan Alice Springs 11:00 am Thailand 8:30 am

20 Q2 Jane has decided that she would like to visit her buddy in Papua New Guinea. If she flies from Sydney at 9 pm and the flight takes five and a half hours, what will the local time be when she arrives? 9 pm + 5 ½ hours = 2:30 am Sydney and Papua New Guinea are in the same time zone so the local time will be the same as the time in Sydney. Q3 a) What time will it be in Thailand when Nathan s buddy arrives in Australia? 12 midday + 7 hours = 7 pm b) What is the time difference between Thailand and Alice Springs? c) What time is it in Alice Springs when Nathan s buddy leaves Thailand? 12 midday + 2 ½ = 2:30pm d) What time is it in Alice Springs when Nathan s buddy arrives? Perth Sydney 8am + 5 hours = 1 pm Sydney Shanghai 11 am + 10 hours, 20 mins = 9:20 pm 2:30 am Alice Springs is GMT +9 ½; Thailand is GMT +7. Thailand is 2 ½ hours behind Alice Springs. 2:30pm + 7 hours (flight time) = 9:30pm. Q4 Nathan s buddy is coming to visit him from Thailand. His buddy leaves at 12 midday and the flight takes seven hours. Answer the following questions. Tayla is going to fly over to Shanghai to see her buddy, but first she has to visit her aunt in Sydney. If she leaves Perth at 8 am and flies to Sydney (five hour flight), then stays in Sydney for 44 hours before leaving for Shanghai (10 hour, 20 minute flight) what will the local time be when she arrives in Shanghai? Tip Use the time zone map from the previous page to help you with these questions. When you have found the answer, write it in the box. 1 pm + 2 hours = 3 pm Shanghai is 2 hours behind Sydney. 3 pm + 44 hours = 11 am 9:20 pm 2 = 7:20 pm. 7:20 pm

21 Australia and Asia Question One: Students were required to fill in the table by using the time zone map provided. Below is a larger version of the same map with all places used in the activity circled in dark blue. This answer guide is continued on the next page...

22 ...This answer guide is continued from the previous page. Students were required to complete the table using the time zone map provided. Model answers are shown below with explanations. Student Name Place in Australia Time in Australia Place in Asia/Pacific Time in Asia/Pacifi c Jane Sydney 12:00 am Papua New Guinea 12:00 am Ollie Perth 8:00 pm Hong Kong 8:00 pm Laura Sydney 1:00 pm South Korea 12 midday Imogen Alice Springs 5:30 am Tokyo 5:00 am Aaron Tasmania 11:30 am Vanuatu 12:30 pm Tayla Perth 10:00 pm Beijing 10:00 pm Nathan Alice Springs 11:00 am Thailand 8:30 am Jane: Sydney and Papua New Guinea are in the same time zone (GMT +10) so when it is 12 am in Sydney, it is 12 am in Papua New Guinea. Ollie: Perth and Hong Kong are in the same time zone (GMT +8) so when it is 8pm in Perth, it is 8 pm in Hong Kong. Laura: Sydney is in a different time zone to South Korea. Sydney is in GMT +10, while South Korea is in GMT +9, so South Korea is one hour behind Sydney. Therefore, when it is 1 pm in Sydney, it is 12 midday in South Korea. Imogen: Alice Springs is in a different time zone to Tokyo. Alice Springs is in GMT +9 ½, while Tokyo is in GMT +9, so Alice Springs is half an hour ahead of Tokyo. Therefore, when it is 5:30 am in Alice Springs, it is 5 am in Tokyo. (In reality this could be anywhere in NT or SA, but as Alice Springs is the only place given, students should use it.) Aaron: Tasmania is in a different time zone to Vanuatu. Tasmania is in GMT +10, while Vanuatu is in GMT +11, so Tasmania is an hour behind Vanuatu. Therefore, when it is 11:30 am in Tasmania, it is 12:30 pm in Vanuatu. Tayla: Perth and Beijing are in the same time zone (GMT +8) so when it is 10 pm in Perth, it is 10 pm in Beijing. Nathan: Alice Springs is in a different time zone to Thailand. Alice Springs is in GMT +9 ½, while Thailand is in GMT +7, so Thailand is 2 ½ hours behind Alice Springs. Therefore, when it is 11 am in Alice Springs, it is 8:30 am in Thailand. This answer guide is continued on the next page...

23 ...This answer guide is continued from the previous page. Question Two: Students were required to use their knowledge of time zones to calculate what the local time would be when Jane arrives in Papua New Guinea. They should have added the flight time onto the local time in Sydney (9 pm + 5 ½ hours = 2:30 am). Then they should have determined the time difference between the two places using the time zone map provided. Sydney and Papua New Guinea are in the same time zone, so no additional calculations need to be made; the time in Papua New Guinea when Jane arrives will be the same as the time in Sydney. Therefore, the answer is 2:30 am. Question Three: Students were required to use their knowledge of time zones to calculate the local time in Alice Springs when Nathan s buddy flew in from Thailand. The steps were broken down into questions to ensure that students understand how to reach the correct answer. a) The time in Thailand when Nathan s buddy arrives in Australia will be 7 pm. This is because the buddy left at 12 midday and the flight time is seven hours. 12 midday + 7 = 7 pm. b) The time difference between Thailand and Alice Springs is 2 ½ hours. Alice Springs is GMT +9½ and Thailand is GMT +7; therefore the difference between the two is 9½ - 7. This information can be found on the map. c) The time in Alice Springs when Nathan s buddy leaves Thailand is 2:30 pm. This is because it is 12 midday when he leaves, so because of the time difference (2 ½ hours) 12 midday + 2 ½ = 2:30 pm. d) It is 9:30 pm when Nathan s buddy arrives. This is because it is 2:30pm in Alice Springs when he leaves, and the flight time is seven hours. 2 ½ + 7 = 9 ½ = 9:30 pm. Question Four: Students were required to use their knowledge of time zones to calculate the local time in Shanghai when Tayla arrives. However, although she was flying from Perth, she made a quick stop in Sydney. Students should have first worked out the local time in Sydney when Tayla arrives from Perth. In order to do this, they should have added the flight time to the time in Perth (8 am + 5 hours = 1 pm). Then they should have determined the time difference between the two places using the time zone map provided. Perth is in GMT +8 while Sydney is in GMT +10; therefore, Sydney is two hours ahead of Perth. Students should have added this time difference onto the time that Tayla arrived in Sydney (1 pm + 2 hours = 3 pm). Next, they should have determined the time that Tayla would leave Sydney by adding on the time she stayed in Sydney (3 pm + 44 hours = 11 am). So Tayla left Sydney at 11 am. Students should add the flight time onto this departure time (11 am + 10 hours, 20 mins = 9:20 pm). This is the local time in Sydney that Tayla arrived in Shanghai. To find the local time in Shanghai, students should determine the time difference between the two places. Shanghai is in GMT +8, while Sydney is in GMT +10; therefore, Shanghai is two hours behind Sydney. Students should subtract this time difference to find the local time in Shanghai that Tayla arrived (9:20 pm 2 = 7:20 pm). Therefore, the answer is 7:20 pm.

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