PREDICTING AND MANAGING CLIMATE CHANGE: IMPACTS ON GREAT BASIN WETLANDS, SHOREBIRDS, AND THEIR PREY
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1 PREDICTING AND MANAGING CLIMATE CHANGE: IMPACTS ON GREAT BASIN WETLANDS, SHOREBIRDS, AND THEIR PREY Sean P. Murphy, Susan M. Haig, John H. Matthews, Mark P. Miller, Daniel D. Roby, and Travis S. Schmidt
2 The Great Basin of North America OREGON IDAHO 400km San Francisco, CA NEVADA Salt Lake City, UT CALIFORNIA UTAH Las Vegas, NV HYPERSALINE SALINE FRESH
3 The Great Basin of North America Five sites surpass WHSRN Hemispheric status: Great Salt Lake, UT Lake Abert, OR Summer Lake, OR Mono Lake, CA Lahontan Valley, NV Great Salt Lake is the most important inland waterbird site in North America
4 Breeding Shorebirds of the Great Basin Nine species of shorebird breed in the Great Basin: SNOWY PLOVER (Charadrius alexandrinus) Most of North America s Snowy Plovers breed in the region AMERICAN AVOCET (Recurvirostra americana) Over 50% of this species breed in the Great Basin LONG-BILLED CURLEW (Numenius americanus) Approximately 20% of species breeds Other breeding shorebird species: Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus) Wilson s Phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor) Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia) Willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) Wilson s Snipe (Gallinago delicata)
5 Migratory Shorebirds of the Great Basin 24 shorebird species use the Great Basin during migration: WILSON S PHALAROPES Uses alkali lakes during migration while completing a molt migration AMERICAN AVOCET Most of the world s American Avocets use the region for an extended post-breeding period The Great Basin is also important to migrant: Western and Least Sandpipers Most of North America s Long-billed Dowitchers and Red-necked Phalaropes
6 Space Use in the Great Basin Adults used only one freshwater site (n = 106) Adults used an average of 6 ha over 6-10 months 27% of birds moved more than 1km Breed near freshwater, foraged in saline wetlands (up to 13km) Used only one site (n=68) Daily movement from upland nests to wetlands Bred near freshwater, foraged in saline wetlands Average adult detected at 2.1 sites (n=185, range 0-6) 22% of 185 radiotagged birds moved (north) more than 200 km Plissner et al Haig et al Plissner et al. 2000
7 Salt Gland Development in Waterbirds Supraorbital gland where larger gland size is associated with saline habitats Salt excretion is an active transport process Hatchling shorebirds exposed to saltwater rearing regimes: - Failed to gain weight normally - Higher mortality in birds less than 3 days old
8 The Relationship of Water Quality and Water Volume HIGH Nutrient load Salinity Dissolved oxygen Temperature ph Water quality LOW LOW Volume HIGH Freshwater systems -High quality w/ high volume -Changes may not be linear Saline systems -Habitat specialists -Low quality w/ high volume
9 Climate Change in the Great Basin Western U.S. has undergone increases in air temperature (0.5 C) and mean annual precipitation (+5-20%) during 20 th century Altered seasonality of precipitation and more variability in extreme events These changes are altering the volume, depth, salinity, and relative permanence of water bodies
10 Our Climate Change Predictions How will climate change affect shorebirds dependent on climatesensitive wetlands in the Great Basin? Climate change will alter Great Basin wetlands in number, distribution, timing, and quality (e.g., salinity). This will have a significant effect on the distribution, abundance, and success of shorebirds.
11 Study Objectives 1. Understand the relationship of historic climate and hydrological data 2. Determine the spatial extent of wetlands across the Great Basin 3. Measure system connectivity using DNA markers of key aquatic prey throughout the network 4. Estimate how shifting climate drivers will alter the extent, level of connectivity for Great Basin wetland populations and communities
12 An Integrative Approach Historic Climate Trends Global and Regional Circulation Models Remote Sensing DIGITAL WETLAND MODELS GREAT BASIN CLIMATE IMPACTS Local-scale Weather Molecular Patterns of Connectivity
13 Historic Trend Analysis Monthly spatial climate data 800m resolution Temperature (mean, min, max) Total precipitation Diagnosing trends across Great Basin Building hydrological archives to investigate relationship and timing of recharge Hydrologic Unit 8 watersheds
14 Building a Wetlands Model Data loggers and weather stations are deployed in our main southcentral Oregon wetland/lake sites : Partners are collecting data at: Great Salt Lake Mono Lake Walker Lake Pyramid Lake Carson Lake Eagle Lake Summer Harney Abert Hart Crump Goose Malhuer 50km
15 Water Measurements Establish 3-yrs of fine scale data from a mosaic of Oregon wetlands based on their relative salinity Weather stations Temperature Relative humidity Barometric pressure Precipitation Wind speed/direction Daily water quality Depth Conductivity Temperature ph Monthly water quality Conductivity Temperature ph Dissolved oxygen Oxidation reduction potential Total dissolved solids Salinity Resistivity
16 Landscape Genetics of Shorebird Food Vagility of shorebirds prevents using molecular markers to track them directly Their prey will be used to track changes in wetlands across the Great Basin Using multiplexed massively parallel sequencing (MMPS), recently reviewed by Fleischer (Auk 2010) Artemia sp. INDIVIDUAL DNA MARKERS POPULATION DYNAMICS We are sampling nine focal prey species at study sites throughout the annual cycle NETWORK DYNAMICS
17 An Integrative Approach Historic Climate Trends Global and Regional Circulation Models Remote Sensing DIGITAL WETLAND MODELS GREAT BASIN CLIMATE IMPACTS Local-scale Weather Molecular Patterns of Connectivity
18 Predicted Winter Changes: 1990s to 2050s Snow Cover Change Temperature Change Change in fraction of days with snow cover Change in winter temperature (degrees C) Salathé et al. 2008
19 Summary We need to take a broader, more integrative approach to movement studies in the face of climate change Climate change is altering an already dynamic system such that we need a better understanding of how population and landscape connectivity are changing This study will allow us to predict how different avian lifehistories will fare in the face of shifting natural resources
20 USGS FOREST AND RANGELAND ECOSYSTEM SCIENCE CENTER Laura Hartley Collin Eagles-Smith Adelaide Baker Branden Johnson Tom Mullins UC SANTA BARBARA SIERRA NEVADA AQUATIC RESEARCH LAB Dave Herbst, Research Biologist OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY Brian Sidlauskas, Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife Dave Lytle, Dept. of Zoology OREGON DIVISION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE Marty St. Louis, Area Manager, Summer Lake Wildlife Area Dave Banks, Fisheries Biologist USFWS - MALHEUR NATIONAL WILDLIFE REGUGE Linda Beck, Fisheries Biologist Jess Wenick, Habitat Ecologist OREGON WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT Brian Mayer, County Watermaster Tony Rutherford, County Watermaster
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