Trapping protocol for difficult to detect small mammals

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1 Trapping protocol for difficult to detect small mammals Kristina Harkins 1*, Merav Ben-David 1, Doug Keinath 2 1 Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Cheyenne, WY 82009

2 Laila Bahaa-el-din/Panthera

3 Ecosystems and species ranges are changing rapidly

4 In Wyoming» Species of Greatest Conservation Need WGFD 2010» Bats: 11 species» Rabbits: 2 species» Rodents: 18 species» Shrews: 5 species

5 Pocket Mice» Family: Heteromyidae 2 genera» Fur-lined exterior cheek pouches for storing and carrying food» Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) thought to have negative impact Ceradini unpublished; Ostoja et al. 2013; Richardson et al Tegan May» Most studies done at small scale with small scale Heisler et al habitat variables Silky Pocket Mouse Perognathus flavus Plains Pocket Mouse Perognathus flavescens Olive-backed Pocket Mouse Perognathus fasciatus Great Basin Pocket Mouse Perognathus parvus

6 1. Difficult to detect because of standard trapping protocol: Sherman Live Traps Peanut Butter (and oats) 2. Wyoming habitat a-typical for pocket mice. Pocket Mice are Rare 3. Poor competitors and therefore rare.

7 Project Goals Can we create a protocol that maximizes pocket mouse captures? What habitat characteristics are selected by these species? Are pocket mice excluded from desirable locations due to competition with deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)?

8 What trapping method can maximize pocket mouse captures?

9 Sampling Effort Typical Trapping Grid: 10 X 10, 10m Spacing Hanser et. al Ostoja and Schupp 2009 Dizney et. al Manor and Saltz 2008 Mullican et. al Kuenzi et. al Average Trap Area Effort 10 hectares, square 100 traps per grid Proposed Trap Area Effort 35.6 hectares, rectangular and long traps per grid

10

11 Trap and Bait Protocol 4x20 Trapping Grid 25 meter spacing Trap Types: Havahart Longworth Sherman Bait Types: Peanut Butter Horse Feed Bird Seed Set Up: 2-3 traps per point Polyester bedding Rotate bait types Longworth traps only on 1 trap line per grid Tegan May Tegan May

12 Methods <2300m elevation <30% tree canopy cover

13 Methods Trapped 4 consecutive nights per site Each individual uniquely marked PIT Tag or Ear Tag + Hair Clip Kelly Shank

14 Study Area

15 sites 18 species 4179 unique individuals 72.4% of captures were deer mice 4 pocket mouse species: 149 individuals sites 19 species 1782 unique individuals 72.7% captures were deer mice 4 pocket mouse species: 119 individuals

16 Capture Success Species Scientific Name Individuals Total Individual Total Deer Mouse Peromyscus maniculatus Ord's Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys ordii Western Harvest Mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis Olive-backed Pocket Mouse Perognathus fasciatus Least Chipmunk Tamias minimus Sagebrush Vole Lemmiscus curtatus Plains Harvest Mouse Reitrodontomys montanus Prairie Vole Microtus ochrogaster Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel Ictidomys tridecemlineatus Northern Grasshopper Mouse Onychomys leucogaster Hispid Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus hispidus Microtus Vole Species Microtus species Bushy-tailed Woodrat Neotoma cinerea Great Basin Pocket Mouse Perognathus parvus Wyoming Ground Squirrel Urocitellus elegans Long-tailed Vole Microtus longicaudus Plains Pocket Mouse Perognathus flavescens Montane Vole Microtus montanus Cottontail Rabbit Species Sylvilagus species Silky Pocket Mouse Perognathus flavus Shrew Species Sorex Species Long-tailed Weasel Mustela frenata Grand Total

17 Significant variation within small mammal communities 0 NUMBER OF SITES Species Richness by Site NUMBER OF SPECIES TRAPPED AT A SITE

18 What trapping method can maximize pocket mouse captures?

19 Do granivorous rodents select seeds? Multi-state Model» Individual variation» Bait and trap switching Captures Havahart Bird Seed All Pocket Mouse Captures Havahart Horse Feed Havahart Peanut Butter Sherman Bird Seed Sherman Horse Feed Sherman Peanut Butter Tegan May

20 Trap+Bait Preferences Pocket Mice Compositional analysis of habitat use. HA_BS HA_HF LW_BS LW_HF LW_PB HA_PB SH_BS SH_PB SH_HF HA_BS HA_HF LW_BS LW_HF LW_PB HA_PB SH_BS SH_PB SH_HF HA = Havahart, LW = Longworth, SH = Sherman BS = Bird Seed, HF = Horse Feed, PB = Peanut Butter HA_BS HA_HF All Longworths HA_PB SH_BS SH_PB SH_HF

21 Additional Species Deer Mice HA_PB +++ HA_BS +++ HA_HF +++ LW_PB + SH_PB + LW_HF -- LW_BS -- SH_BS SH_HF Kangaroo Rat HA_BS +++ HA_PB +++ HA_HF +++ LW_PB + LW_BS + SH_BS -- LW_HF SH_PB SH_HF All Voles LW_PB ++ LW_BS + LW_HF + HA_HF + HA_BS + HA_PB + SH_PB SH_BS SH_HF

22 Trap performance Percent Empty Traps Captures Bushy-tailed Woodrat Havahart Sherman Longworth

23 Overall Shift our trap protocol ideas 67% all captures in Havaharts Future studies Target trapping Tegan May

24 Final thoughts about the future!

25 Acknowledgments Advisors Dr. Merav Ben-David Dr. Doug Keinath Committee Members Dr. Jake Goheen Dr. Shannon Albeke Lab Mates Dr. Carolyn Ekrich Adi Barocas Bobby Riotto Sean Harkins WYNDD family All our dogs Technicians Tegan May (x3!) Maddy Pfaff Bre Dodge Alicia Sullivan Briana All Bobby Riotto Volunteers Michael Tweedie Taylor Berge Cody Trainer Megan Dai And many, many more!

26 Questions?

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