Lokálne pohyby a denné teritóriá trsťových druhov spevavcov v pohniezdnom období

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1 Lokálne pohyby a denné teritóriá trsťových druhov spevavcov v pohniezdnom období Local movements and home ranges of reed passerine birds in postbreeding period Alfréd Trnka Pedagogická fakulta TU, katedra biológie, Priemyselná 4, SK Trnava; atrnka@truni.sk Trnka A. 2005: Lokálne pohyby a denné teritóriá trsťových druhov spevavcov v pohniezdnom období. Sylvia 41: V pohniezdnom období boli na dvoch lokalitách juhozápadného Slovenska metódou odchytu vtákov do sietí študované lokálne pohyby a denné teritóriá siedmich druhov spevavcov. Zistené boli nápadné pohyby vtákov po obvode rybníkov, ktoré sa výrazne prejavili najmä u druhov Locustella luscinioides, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus a Emberiza schoeniclus. Tento fenomén sa v prirodzených močiaroch s neprerušovaným homogénnym porastom a absenciou otvorenej vodnej hladiny nepotvrdil. Ako najvýznamnejší faktor sa preto javí charakter a priestorové obmedzenie pobrežných porastov ostro ohraničených otvorenou vodnou hladinou a hrádzovým systémom rybníkov a potravná stratégia vyššie uvedených druhov. Kontrolné odchyty vtákov poukazujú na existenciu denných teritórií u druhov Acrocephalus schoenobaenus a A. scirpaceus ako aj Panurus biarmicus a Acrocephalus melanopogon, vysvetlenie čoho treba hľadať opäť v ich potravnej ekológii, ale i ďalších faktoroch, ktoré sú predmetom diskusie. Local movements and home ranges of seven reed passerine birds were studied using the mistnetting method in southwestern Slovakia in postbreding periods Conspicuous bird movements around the ponds were found, predominantly in Savi s and Sedge Warblers and Reed Buntings. This phenomenon was not confirmed in a natural marsh with continuous and homogeneous reed stands without open water surface. The most important factor seems to be, therefore, the physical habitat features bounded by open water and pond dikes as well as foraging strategy of studied birds. Capture recapture data point out the existence of home ranges in Reed and Sedge Warblers as well as Bearded Tits and Moustached Warblers, which might be again explained by their foraging strategy and other factors, which are discussed in the text. Keywords: local movements, home ranges, reed passerines, postbreeding period, SW Slovakia ÚVOD Priestorová distribúcia a pohyby vtákov v pohniezdnom období sú významnou črtou ich migračnej stratégie (Chernetsov & Titov 2001). Na nápadné lokálne pohyby trsteniarikov poukázali už skôr i Pambour (1990) a Honza & Literák (1997), ich príčinu však nezistili. Predpokladajú, že môžu byť ovplyvnené fyzikálnymi vlastnosťami trsťových porastov, akými sú ich prirodzená hranica s vodnou hladinou či ich poloha, alebo 94

2 SYLVIA 41 / 2005 potravnými stratégiami uvedených druhov. Podobne je známe, že niektoré druhy obsadzujú na svojich migračných zastávkach i prechodné alebo prinajmenšom denné teritóriá. Tie boli študované napríklad u kolibríkov (Kodric-Brown & Brown 1978), muchárika čiernohlavého Ficedula hypoleuca (Bibby & Green 1980), červienky obyčajnej Erithacus rubecula, orieška hnedého Troglodytes troglodytes (Titov 1999a, b) a penice čiernohlavej Sylvia atricapilla (Chernetsov 2002). U trsteniarika bahenného (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) a pásikového (A. schoenobaenus) túto problematiku sledovali Bibby & Green (1981) a Chernetsov & Titov (2001). Kým však podľa Bibbyho & Greena (1981) teritóriá na migračných zastávkach obsadzuje len A. scirpaceus, Chernetsov & Titov (2001) zaznamenali denné teritóriá u oboch druhov. Tie boli však podľa nich príliš veľké na to, aby boli chápané ako výhradné teritóriá. Danej problematike sa však okrem vyššie uvedených autorov u trsťových druhov spevavcov už nikto podrobnejšie nevenoval. Cieľom príspevku je preto na základe analýzy abiotických a biotických faktorov pôsobiacich na sledovaných lokalitách a kontrolných odchytov vtákov prispieť k hlbšiemu objasneniu príčin týchto lokálnych pohybov a upozorniť na možnú existenciu denných teritórií v pohniezdnom období i u ďalších trsťových druhov spevavcov. METODIKA Lokálne pohyby a denné teritória vtákov som študoval v rokoch na dvoch lokalitách juhozápadného Slovenska: na rybníkoch pri Pustých Úľanoch a v NPR Parížske močiare. Rybníky pri Pustých Úľanoch (PÚ) sa nachádzajú juhozápadne od obce Pusté Úľany (okres Galanta, štvorec Databanky fauny Slovenska 7771, N E) v orografickom celku Podunajská rovina v nadmorskej výške m. Sústava štyroch rybníkov má rozlohu 30,14 ha a bola dobudovaná v 70-tych rokoch v súvislosti s ťažbou rašeliny. Litorálnu zónu rybníkov tvoria v súčasnosti spoločenstvá trstín a vysokých ostríc (trieda Phragmito-Magnocaricetea). Dominantne v pobrežnej vegetácii sa uplatňujú druhy Phragmites australis (40 %), Typha angustifolia a T. latifolia (60 %). Porasty sú široké m a zaberajú 1/3 plochy rybníkov. Lokalizované sú v SZ JV smere. Rybníky sú chudobné na fyto- a zooplanktón, čo je ovplyvnené pravdepodobne ich pôvodným rašelinovým substrátom, i keď samotné ph vody (ph = 7,27) poukazuje skôr na jej neutrálnu až slabo zásaditú reakciu. Na hrádzach a okrajoch rybníkov sú charakteristické Phragmites australis, Urtica dioica a druhy rodu Carex. Ich hospodárske využitie sa v posledných rokoch obmedzuje len na športový rybolov. NPR Parížske močiare (PM) sa nachádzajú v k. ú. obce Gbelce (okres Nové Zámky, štvorec Databanky fauny Slovenska 8176, 8177, N E) v orografickom celku Pohronská pahorkatina v nadmorskej výške 125 m n. m. Celková rozloha NPR je 184,05 ha, pričom vlastné močarisko zaberá 143,7 ha. Vegetačný kryt tvoria husté porasty Phragmites australis len s malým množstvom plôch s otvorenou vodnou hladinou. Druhy Typha angustifolia a T. latifolia sú zastúpené vzácne. K hojným druhom v pobrežnej vegetácii patria ostrice rodu Carex (najmä C. gracilis a C. riparia). Porasty sú opäť lokalizované v SZ JV smere. Použil som metódu odchytu vtákov do nárazových (bariérových) sietí. Na každej lokalite som dve sústavy 5-pólových sietí (PÚ: 4x10 m, výška 2,5 m, plo- 95

3 cha 100 m 2, PM: 6x10 m, 150 m 2 ) umiestnil na južnej a severnej strane porastov Phragmites australis tak, aby ich pretínali až k otvorenej vodnej hladine. Siete boli exponované v nepravidelných jednodňových intervaloch od do vždy 5 h pred západom a 5 h po východe slnka (spolu 34 odchytových termínov za optimálnych poveternostných podmienok. Pri odchytených vtákoch som zaznamenával ich druh, vek, prípadne pohlavie ako i číslo siete a vertikálnu polohu vtáka v sieti vzhľadom na smer, z ktorej strany sa jedinec chytil. Vtáky po okrúžkovaní som vypúšťal cca 200 m od miesta odchytu. V roku 2003 som z dôvodu zistenia denných teritórií na výpočet priemernej vzdialenosti vtákov opakovane kontrolovaných na danej lokalite v PÚ rozložil v pobrežných porastoch rovnomerne osem sietí v 50- metrových vzdialenostiach od seba. Za kontrolný odchyt vtáka som považoval odchyt jedinca najmenej 1 deň po jeho okrúžkovaní. Počas každej snímky som pomocou digitálnych meteorologických a ďalších prístrojov priamo na lokalite PÚ v južnej a severnej časti porastov zaznamenával priemernú teplotu, vlhkosť, tlak, smer a rýchlosť vetra, oblačnosť a hĺbku vody v pobrežných porastoch. Na vyhodnotenie trofických pomerov som použil metódu odchytu hmyzu do Malaiseho pasce (Malaise 1937, Butler 1965), ktoré boli inštalované počas júla a augusta 2002 a Pasce som vyberal pravidelne v 4 5 dňových intervaloch. Získané údaje som vyhodnotil bežnými matematicko-štatistickými metódami. Na zistenie preferencie smeru pohybu vtákov som použil binomický a χ 2 alebo Fisherov exaktný test, vplyv vody a ostatných abiotických premenných som hodnotil pomocou viacnásobnej regresnej analýzy. Rozdiely v trofických pomeroch južnej a severnej časti PÚ som overoval neparametrickým Mann-Whitney U testom. Na rozdiel od aplikovanej metódy neutrálnych modelov na testovanie denných teritórií vtákov v pohniezdnom období (Titov 1999a, Chernetsov & Titov 2001) založenej na porovnávaní frekvencie distribúcií vzdialeností medzi odchytovými lokalitami som použil na rybníkoch pri Pustých Úľanoch jednoduchší model založený na kontrolných odchytoch tých istých vtákov do rovnomerne rozmiestnených sietí a výpočtu priemernej dĺžky vzdialeností od predchádzajúceho miesta odchytu. Na porovnanie rozdielov som použil analýzu variancie. VÝSLEDKY A DISKUSIA V pohniezdnom období som na sledovaných lokalitách odchytil spolu 2039 vtákov siedmich druhov, z toho 933 ex. na lokalite PÚ a 1106 ex. v PM. Na rozdiel od poznatkov Honzu & Literáka (1997), ktorí zistili na rybníkoch pri Heřmaniciach južný smer pohybu vtákov (Acrocephalus scirpaceus a A. palustris) spôsobený najmä polohou pobrežných porastov v severo-južnom smere, na mnou skúmaných plochách nebola zistená štatisticky signifikantná preferencia smeru (PÚ: 470 vs. 463, binomial test, p = 0,844; PM: 550 vs. 556, p = 0,880) u žiadneho zo sledovaných druhov. Výsledky odchytov v PÚ však poukazujú na ich nápadné lokálne pohyby po obvode rybníkov v jednom smere, ktoré sa signifikantne líšili od predpokladanej náhodnej distribúcie (PÚ: χ 2 = 30,31; df = 1; p << 0,001; obr. 1). Uvedený trend bol preukazný najmä u druhov Locustella luscinioides (Fisher exact test, p < 0,01), Acrocephalus schoenobaenus a Emberiza schoeniclus (χ 2 = 14,98 resp. 20,73; df = 1; p << 0,001; obr. 3 a 4). Vyššie uvedení autori však pohybovú aktivitu vtákov študovali len vo vý- 96

4 SYLVIA 41 / 2005 Obr. 1. Distribúcia odchytov vtákov na rybníkoch pri Pustých Úľanoch. Fig. 1. Distribution of birds mist-netted on the ponds near Pusté Úľany. otvorená vodná hladina / open water trsťové porasty / reeds Obr. 2. Distribúcia odchytov vtákov v NPR Parížske močiare. Vyvetlivky ako v obr. 1. Fig. 2. Distribution of birds mist-netted in the NNR Parížske močiare marsh. For explanations see Fig

5 Obr. 3. Počty vtákov (n) odchytených zo severozápadnej (SZ) a juhovýchodnej (JV) strany v NPR Parížske močiare: a) Gbelce juh, b) Gbelce sever. Fig. 3. Number of birds (n) mist-netted from northwestern (NW) and southeastern (SE) directions in the NNR Parížske močiare marsh: a) Gbelce south, b) Gbelce north. chodnej časti rybníka, takže zákonite nemohli dospieť k podobným výsledkom. Zhodne s prácou Pamboura (1990) však poukazujú na významný vplyv fyzikálnych vlastností pobrežných porastov. Tento predpoklad potvrdzujú aj výsledky z PM s neprerušovaným homogénnym porastom a absenciou otvorenej vodnej hladiny, kde som takýto trend nepotvrdil (PM: χ 2 = 1,72; df = 1; p = 0,19; obr. 2). Keďže z literatúry je známe, že pohybová aktivita a orientácia vtákov (Åkesson et al. 2002, Erni et al. 2002) ako aj úspešnosť ich odchytu (Jenni et al. 1996) môže byť výrazne ovplyvňovaná poveternostnými podmienkami, ich vplyv na výskyt a početnosť vtákov som sledoval aj na uvedených rybníkoch. Okrem druhov Acrocephalus scirpaceus (R 2 = 0,53; F 6,29 = 5,33; p << 0,001) a Panurus biarmicus (R 2 = 0,23; F 6,29 = 10,15; p < 0,01), kde však jediným prediktorom bola iba hĺbka vody, som však ich vplyv nezistil. Podobne som nezaznamenal ani výrazné 98

6 SYLVIA 41 / 2005 Obr. 4. Počty vtákov (n) odchytených zo severozápadnej (SZ) a juhovýchodnej (JV) strany na rybníkoch pri Pustých Úľanoch: a) Pusté Úľany juh, b) Pusté Úľany sever. Fig. 4. Number of birds (n) mist-netted from northwestern (NW) and southeastern (SE) directions on the ponds near Pusté Úľany: a) Pusté Úľany south, b) Pusté Úľany north. rozdiely v zložení entomocenóz medzi južnou a severnou časťou pobrežných porastov. Tie boli len v zastúpení radov Coleoptera (Peterková, Trnka nepubl.). Preto za významný faktor ovplyvňujúci lokálne pohyby vtákov v pohniezdnom období pokladám fyzikálne vlastnosti a priestorové obmedzenie pobrežných porastov ostro ohraničených otvorenou vodnou hladinou a hrádzovým systémom rybníkov a potravnú stratégiu (potravné pohyby) vyššie uvedených druhov. Práve potravné stratégie jednotlivých druhov významne ovplyvňujú aj ich teritorialitu v pohniezdnom období (Bibby & Green 1981, Chernetsov & Titov 2001). Kontrolné odchyty vtákov ukázali, že ich priemerná vzdialenosť od pôvodného miesta odchytu sa druhovo výrazne líšila (F 6, 93 = 3,12; p < 0,01; obr. 5), pričom tieto rozdiely boli signifikantné najmä medzi druhmi Acrocephalus scirpaceus a Emberiza schoeniclus (post-hoc comparison, p < 0,05) a na hranici preukaznosti 99

7 A. scirpaceus a A. arundinaceus a A. schoenobaenus a Emberiza schoeniclus. Malé priemerné vzdialenosti som zaznamenal u druhov A. schoenobaenus a A. scirpaceus (40 a 50 m), ale i Panurus biarmicus a Acrocephalus melanopogon (68 a 83 m). Tieto kontrolné odchyty ako i vysoký počet retrapov potvrdzujú teda v súlade s poznatkami Chernetsova & Titova (2001) existenciu dočasných denných teritórií v pohniezdnom období u druhov A. schoenobaenus a A. scirpaceus a poukazujú na vysokú pravdepodobnosť ich existencie u ďalších trsťových druhov spevavcov, akými sú predovšetkým Panurus biarmicus (84,4 % retrapov), čo možno čiastočne vysvetliť aj charakterom ich celoročného výskytu na lokalite, a Acrocephalus melanopogon (100 %). U posledne menovaného druhu som pritom pravidelne zaznamenával aj teritoriálne správanie (spev) a hoci na sledovaných rybníkoch nehniezdi, i opätovné obsadenie toho istého teritória v nasledujúcom roku (adultný vták krúžkovaný bol opäť niekoľkokrát kontrolovaný na tom istom mieste v septembri 2003). Priemerný čas zotrvania jedincov tohto druhu na lokalite je pritom ca 3 týždne (Trnka 2003). Záverom je však potrebné poznamenať, že v týchto prípadoch sa nejedná o typické teritóriá, pretože tieto sú príliš veľké na to, aby spĺňali takéto kritériá. Napriek tomu vyššie uvedené výsledky prehlbujú naše poznatky týkajúce sa priestorovej distribúcie vtákov v trsťových porastoch v pohniezdnom období a naznačujú predmet ďalších štúdií. POĎAKOVANIE Za pomoc v teréne ďakujem PaedDr. P. Prokopovi, PhD., RNDr. B. Trnkovej, F. Hrdlovičovi a J. Matulovi, za pomoc pri štatistickom vyhodnocovaní údajov PaedDr. P. Prokopovi, PhD. V neposlednom rade ďakujem obom anonymným recenzentom za cenné pripomienky k rukopisu práce. Spracovanie tohto príspevku bolo podporené grantovou agentúrou VEGA 1/0111/03. Obr. 5. Priemerné vzdialenosti a štandardná chyba priemeru (SE) medzi odchytom a kontrolným odchytom sledovaných druhov vtákov na rybníkoch pri Pustých Úľanoch v roku Fig. 5. Average capture recapture distances and standard errors (SE) recorded in studied birds on the ponds near Pusté Úľany in

8 SYLVIA 41 / 2005 SUMMARY Movement patterns of birds are an important feature of their foraging and migratory strategies. Many birds are known to acquire also temporarily home ranges during stopovers. This phenomenon was found e.g. in Rufous Hummingbirds (Kodric-Brown & Brown 1978), Pied Flycatchers (Bibby & Green 1980), Robins, Wrens (Titov 1999a, b), Blackcaps and Reed and Sedge Warblers (Bibby & Green 1981, Chernetsov & Titov 2001). The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate capture recapture data on the basis of abiotic and biotic factors to deepen our knowledge of local movements and point out the existence of home ranges in above mentioned and other reed passerines in postbreeding period. A total of 2039 birds were caught at two sites in SW Slovakia in Conspicuous local movements around the ponds were found which differed significantly from assumed random distribution (PÚ: χ 2 = 30.31, df = 1, p << 0.001, Fig. 1), which were not confirmed in a natural marsh with continuous and homogeneous reeds without open water surface (χ 2 = 1.72, df = 1, p = 0.19, Fig. 2). This trend was most noticeable in the Savi s Warbler (Fisher exact test, p < 0.01), Sedge Warbler and Reed Bunting (χ 2 = and respectively, df = 1, p << 0.001, Figs 3 and 4). Based on evaluation of weather conditions and food supply, the most important factor seems to be therefore physical habitat features bounded by open water and pond dikes as well as foraging strategy of studied birds. The average capture recapture distances differed markedly among species (F 6,93 = 3.12, p < 0.01, Fig. 5), and differed significantly or tended to differ between the Reed Warbler and the Reed Bunting (post-hoc comparisons, p < 0.05) as well as between the Reed and Great Reed Warblers and the Sedge Warbler and Reed Bunting, respectively. The shortest distances were found in Sedge and Reed Warblers (40 a 50 m, respectively) but also in the Bearded Tit and the Moustached Warbler (68 a 83 m). In the latter species I regularly recorded also territorial behaviour (song) and occupancy of the same territories in the following year. Similarly to Chernetsov & Titov (2001), my capture recapture data confirm consequently the existence of home ranges in Reed and Sedge Warblers and point out such tendency also in the Bearded Tit and the Moustached Warbler, which might be again explained by their foraging strategy and other factors that will be subject to future studies. LITERATÚRA Åkesson S., Walinder G., Karlsson L. & Ehnbom S. 2002: Nocturnal migratory flight initiation in Reed Warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus: effect of wind on orientation and timing of migration. J. Avian Biol. 33: Bibby C. J. & Green R. E. 1980: Foraging behaviour of migrant Pied Flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca, on temporary territories. J. Animal Ecol. 49: Bibby C. J. & Green R. E. 1981: Autumn migration strategies of Reed and Sedge Warblers. Ornis. Scand. 12: Butler G. D. Jr. 1965: A modified Malaise insect trap. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 41: Erni B., Liechti F., Uderhill L. G. & Bruderer B. 2002: Wind and rain govern the intensity of nocturnal bird migration in central Europe a loglinear regression analysis. Ardea 90: Honza M. & Literák I. 1997: Spatial distribution of four Acrocephalus warblers in reedbeds during the post-breeding migration. Ring. & Migr. 18:

9 Chernetsov N. 2002: Spatial behaviour of first-year Blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) during the pre-migratory period and during autumn migratory stopovers. J. Ornithol. 143: Chernetsov N. & Titov N. 2001: Movement patterns of European Reed Warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus and Sedge Warblers A. schoenobaenus before and during autumn migration. Ardea 89: Jenni L., Leuenberger M. & Rampazzi F. 1996: Capture efficiency of mist nets with comments on their role in the assessment of passerine habitat use. J. Field Ornithol. 67: Kodric-Brown A. & Brown J. H. 1978: Influence of economics, interspecific competition, and sexual dimorphism on territoriality in migrant Rufous Hummingbirds. Ecology 49: Malaise R. 1937: A new insect-trap. Entomol. Tidskr. 58: Pambour B. 1990: Vertical and horizontal distribution of five wetland passerine birds during the post-breeding migration period in a reed-bed of the Camargue, France. Ring. & Migr. 11: Titov N. 1999a: Individual home ranges in Robins Erithacus rubecula at stopovers during autumn migration. Vogelwelt 120: Titov N. 1999b: Home ranges in two passerine nocturnal migrants at a stopover site in autumn. Avian Ecol. Behav. 3: Trnka A. 2003: Vplyv počasia na hromadný výskyt trsteniarika tamariškového (Acrocephalus melanopogon) v pohniezdnom období na Slovensku v roku Sylvia 39: Došlo 15. června 2005, přijato 8. srpna Received June 15, 2005; accepted August 8,

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