2017 Annual Report. Written by Kyle Cameron. BC Spaces For Nature. With edits by Avery Bartels. On Behalf of:

Transcription

1 2017 Annual Report Written by Kyle Cameron With edits by Avery Bartels On Behalf of: BC Spaces For Nature 1

2 Table of Contents 1. Acknowledgements Summary of Season Vegetation Management and Nets Personnel Outreach Visitors Blog Standard Monitoring Effort and Environmental Conditions Banding results Recaptures Estimated totals and diversity Play-by-Play (species composition over course of the season) Wildfire Impact Non-standard banding Owl banding Injuries and fatalities Highlights Appendix 1: TLBO 2017 Season Banding Totals Appendix 2: TLBO 2017 Season DET in Taxonomical Order

3 1. Acknowledgements There are numerous people and groups that have helped to ensure that Tatlayoko Lake Bird Observatory (TLBO) had a successful 11 th season this year. TLBO would like to thank the following group of people for helping through administration and planning, volunteering at the station, and providing support in numerous other ways. Avery Bartels Peter and Roma Shaughnessy Andrew and Gail Harcombe Suzanne Senger Candice Ford Steve Ogle Chris Chutter Banding Volunteers: Constanza Rivas Sachi Dell-Snively Laura Kersh Gwyn Case Andrew Harcombe Anna Tran, Andrew Harcombe, Kyle Cameron, and Gail Harcombe Gail Harcombe TLBO is a project of B.C. Spaces for Nature which was predominantly funded by and could not have operated without the generous core funding provided by Joerg and Hannelore Fischer. Additional funds were provided by Barry Lancaster and the Canadian Wildlife Service. Further support came from Nature Conservancy of Canada in the form of access to the research site and use of existing infrastructure. 3

4 Total birds banded 2. Summary of Season Tatlayoko Lake Bird Observatory s 11 th season started on August 4 th 2017 with census and a little bit of banding in the late morning after which the last of the mistnets were set up. The final day of banding came on September 28 th Two full time staff and six volunteers contributed over 1000 hours to banding and observation efforts with 650 hours of direct observation at the station over the course of the season. The station was run for 6 hours each day with nets opening at sunrise and closing 6 hours after. A total of 132 species were recorded during operational hours. We recorded 3327 hours of standard banding net hours and banded 1039 individual birds with 145 recaptures. Overall our total passerine banding numbers were the lowest of the 11 seasons; 185 individuals less than the previous lowest year (2012). This may be due in part to the intense forest fire season this year in British Columbia (see 8. Wildfire Impact). Banding Northern Saw-whet Owls is also an important part of TLBO s protocol and began on September 13 th Owl banding commenced a half hour after sunset and proceeded for approximately three hours. A total of 31.5 hours were spent owling accounting for 236 net hours which provided a record 59 Northern Saw-whet Owls banded. We used the standard owl net setup used in previous years with the addition of one of the standard songbird nets (net 15) Aug 13-Aug 23-Aug 2-Sep 12-Sep 22-Sep Date Figure 1: Total number of birds banded throughout each season at TLBO 4

5 3. Vegetation Management and Nets A large number of nets within the study site are subject to succession and regeneration as new shrubbery and trees grow and conversely when older vegetation dies back. In order to keep the habitat and capture rate consistent with previous years vegetation management around the nets is necessary. This management including weed-wacking the grass below the nets and along the pathways to the nets. Since there was no pruning done in 2016 many of the fast-growing alders and willows began to crowd out the nets and grew well above the height of the nets. In order to maintain consistent habitat in mid-august we trimmed the vegetation that was growing too high around nets 16, 12, 17, and 18. In addition, the usual minimal pruning was done at every net at the beginning of the season and around the owl nets in September. Setting up owl nets after some mild vegetation pruning 4. Personnel Kyle Cameron (Bander-in-charge) and Anna Tran (Assistant Bander) stayed on full time throughout the season. This was the first season for these two at TLBO and their first time banding in British Columbia as well. Both staff had extensive prior training and experience gathered at Long Point Bird Observatory, Innis Point Bird Observatory and Bruce Peninsula Bird Observatory, all in Ontario. In total, 6 volunteers donated their time and effort to this year s operation. Gail and Andrew Harcombe stayed for a week and were our only volunteers that had been at TLBO previously. Constanza 5

6 Rivas volunteered for 20 days throughout August, after coming all the way from Chile; Gwyn Case volunteered for 15 days in late August and early September; Laurel Kersh volunteered 24 days at the end of the season; and lastly Sachi Dell-Snively volunteered for 15 days at the end of the season. For many of the volunteers this was a valuable first experience banding and handling birds, with many leaving to pursue other opportunities within bird conservation. Bander Banded Percent Recaps Processed Kyle Cameron Anna Tran Constanza Rivas Gwyn Case Laurel Kersh Sachi Dell-Snively Table 1 Number of birds banded or recaptured for each bander in Outreach 5.1 Visitors One goal that most bird observatories have is to interact with the public and provide education for visitors about bird biology and conservation and the role that bird banding plays in that. TLBO has a remote location and thus visitations were few, however there were many return visits from within the community. Youth within the community enjoyed visiting and learning about each of the birds banded and seeing them up close. One youth who had visited 5 times was rather emotional when the end of the season approached. The Tatla Lake school had a field trip out to the banding station on September 15 th, this trip included approximately 30 kids, teachers and parents. This was an exciting experience for everyone involved and enough birds were caught that day to give everyone a good look at the diversity but few enough birds that the banders were able to take their time and explain the banding process. 6 Kyle Cameron giving a banding demonstration to a portion of the Tatla Lake school group

7 Total net effort (hours) Members of the Chilcotin Ark Society organized a potluck for the community on September 24 th that included a presentation giving a summary of the season up to that point, a few highlights from the year and a question and answer period that helped to engage the community with the observatory and bird conservation. 5.2 Blog Another method of public outreach was through our daily blog. The Banders each took turns writing a daily blog post that included a run-down of the day s events as well as a running total of birds banded. Since TLBO Presentation of the season to date at the community potluck is situated in a remote part of the province this blog helps to encourage people within the community and around the world to get involved with TLBO and bird banding in general. Over the course of the season the blog received 2435 views from over 20 different countries! 6. Standard Monitoring 6.1 Effort and Environmental Conditions Only one full day of banding was lost this year due to rain, September 11 th. 21 days of 57 we had every net open for the 6 hour standard duration. The Tatlayoko Valley 4000 can be very windy and most days a few nets had to be closed due to high winds 3500 with only sheltered nets remaining open In September we were hit with a cold snap (Fig. 2) that forced us to keep the 2500 nets furled in the minus temperatures 2000 until the sun broke over the mountains and warmed the air (and melted the ice 1500 off the nets). In total, including the one 1000 day with no banding, we only had 4 days in which we were unable to open for 500 more than half of the standard net hours. 0 These variables resulted in 3327 net hours, hours less than the average Year of (Fig. 3). Figure 3: Total number of net hours for each year 7

8 Birds Banded Temperatue 20 Temperature At Sunrise Aug 10-Aug 17-Aug 24-Aug 31-Aug 7-Sep 14-Sep 21-Sep 28-Sep Date Figure 2: Temperature recorded at net opening 6.2 Banding results A total of 1039 birds were banded this season, well below the average of 1574 and the lowest season on record (Fig. 3). Banding totals were nearly equal in both August and September with the average birds banded per day being 18.5 and 19 respectively. This brought our total average to 18.8 bird per day. One day of interest was September 13 th with a season high of 73 birds banded, aside from that day all other days were below 50 and most below 30 birds banded. Birds Banded by Day Aug 10-Aug 17-Aug 24-Aug 31-Aug 7-Sep 14-Sep 21-Sep 28-Sep Date 2017 Average Figure 3 Birds banded per day compared to the average 8

9 Of the 1039 individuals, a total of 56 species were banded this year (Fig. 4), the highest banding diversity recorded and the same number as 2007, 2008 and This was an increase on the average of 53.9 species banded per season. Among these species was the second standard capture Clay-colored Sparrow, the second Indigo Bunting, the first Chestnut-backed Chickadee and the first two Pileated Woodpeckers for the station! species total recapture Figure 4: Number of species banded, individuals banded and individuals recaptured 6.3 Recaptures A total of 144 recaptures of 21 species were recorded this year. Our most recaptured species were: Common Yellowthroat (36), Song Sparrow (34), Lincoln s Sparrow (26) and Swainson s Thrush (12). A recapture of note was a Red-naped Sapsucker which was banded at the station in the spring of 2017 during the annual spring banding session conducted by Barry Lancaster at this site. The oldest recaptures were an American Redstart and a Black-capped Chickadee, both banded at TLBO in This was the lowest number of recaptures on record as well and would seemingly be reflective of the poor breeding season that the local birds likely experienced. Typically, a higher percentage of our recaptures come during the tail end of the breeding season when locally fledged birds are making smallscale movements around study site. 9

10 6.4 Estimated totals and diversity A total of 132 species were recorded within the census area during the 2017 season. This was slightly less than the 11 season average of A Black-headed Grosbeak was recorded on August 22 nd, a new species for the station. 115 species were recorded during census throughout the season, an increase in the average of The number of species banded (56) is also and increase from the average of 54.8 (Fig 5) Sp. Banded Sp. Censused Total Species Figure 5: Comparison of species banded, censused and total observed Waterfowl numbers were fairly low throughout August with mainly Mallards observed (182 detections) followed by Common Loon (52 detections) and Green-winged Teal (30). A few Common Mergansers, Northern Pintail and Ring-necked Duck were observed later into August. As is expected September saw a rise in waterfowl observations with 480 Canada Goose detections, 275 Mallard, 153 Green-winged Teal, 137 American Wigeon and 104 Ring-necked Duck. Of note was a Western Grebe observed September 3 rd. As with waterfowl, raptor numbers were low during August but detections increased significantly in September, especially Northern Harrier detections (7 in August and 67 through September). This increase applied to all raptors except Bald Eagle and Osprey which breed locally and do not typically migrate through in appreciable numbers. A Golden Eagle was observed August 7 th, an infrequent observation at the station. 10

11 Shorebird numbers were fairly low with most detections coming in August. Some shorebird observations of note were seven Greater Yellowlegs detections in August and one detection in September (previously there had only been 7 records at the station), and one observation of a Western Sandpiper on August 30 th. Among woodpeckers our most abundant by far this season was Northern Flicker. August provided 36 detections of the species and September provided an astounding 348 detections with the highest recorded day of 30 on September 13 th. Despite the high number of Northern Flickers around the census area we did not band a single individual. We were very pleased to be able to band two Pileated Woodpeckers on the final day of banding (September 28 th ). Pileated Woodpecker banded on the last day of the sesaon BC this year (See 8. Wildfire Impact). Aerial Insectivores including flycatchers, swifts and swallows were at a record low this year. In particular was a drastic decrease in Alder (6) and Willow (8) Flycatcher detections. This was a huge decrease from 2015 with 110 Alder detections and 26 Willow detections. We speculate this is due to the intense fire season throughout the interior of Warblers were another group to see a decline from the average this year. Common Yellowthroat and Nashville Warbler were the only two species above average with 607 Common Yellowthroat detections and 2 Nashville Warbler detections. One drastic decrease from the average this season was Orange-crowned Warbler with only 73 detections compared to the average of 223/year. In contrast to the warblers, sparrows had an average to above average year. Spotted Towhee was up from an average of 42 detections to 120. Song Sparrow up from an average detection rate of 630/year to a total of 748 detections this fall. White-crowned Sparrow was also above average with 334 detections compared to the average of 204. The season was also a decent one for White-throated Sparrows as well with a record 25 detections compared to the average of just 6. Blackbirds were for the most part on par with average except for Red-winged Blackbirds of which we had 451 detections compared to the average of 227. Of interest were 7 detections of Yellowheaded Blackbird in mid August. These detections were likely the same 2 or 3 individuals that were associating with a Red-winged Blackbird flock at the time. 11

12 Finch populations can fluctuate greatly from year to year depending on seed production and this year was an off year to be sure. One group in particular, the crossbills, saw a dramatic decrease with only 8 Red Crossbills detected compared to the average of 163 and only 2 White-winged Crossbills compared to the average of 64. On the positive side, Evening Grosbeaks saw an increase with 234 detections compared to the annual average of 60. This included the first two banding records at TLBO of this stunning bird. One of the few Yellow-rumped Warblers banded this year 7. Play-by-Play (species composition over course of the season) The 2017 season was a slow year for numbers of passerines banded and capture rates were fairly consistent throughout August and September. Our highest capture rates were at the end of August and the beginning of September with 7 of our top 10 banding days between Aug. 22 nd and September 3rd (Table 2). Our highest day on September 13 th was the only day we banded more than 50 individuals with 73 banded that day , 9/18 90, 9/19 85, 9/3 64, 8/24 106, 9/21 55, 9/13 51, 8/26 132, 9/24 60, 9/17 71, 8/3 73, 9/13 82, 9/11 73, 9/1 83, 9/4 63, 9/18 81, 9/8 50, 9/3 44, 8/28 110, 9/25 40, 9/23 64, 8/6 47, 8/22 73, 8/24 71, 8/18 70, 8/3 62, 9/8 79, 9/20 46, 9/11 42, 8/5 85, 9/21 37, 9/27 62, 8/11 41, 9/1 63, 9/19 71, 9/20 65, 9/2 55, 8/3 72, 8/30 44, 8/30 40, 8/3 70, 9/23 36, 8/30 62, 9/25 37, 8/24 61, 9/21 61, 9/3 63, 9/21 55, 9/19 57, 8/22 44, 9/12 37, 8/23 57, 9/20 36,9/25 61, 8/7 37, 8/25 59, 9/22 56, 8/23 53, 9/1 53, 9/4 54, 9/3 42, 8/31 35, 8/19 57, 8/29 34, 8/9 59, 8/4 34, 8/31 49, 9/9 54, 8/26 53, 9/20 52, 8/28 51, 8/6 42, 9/14 34, 9/6 54, 8/14 34, 9/16 58, 9/17 34, 9/3 49, 9/15 50, 8/19 50, 9/17 52, 9/9 50, 8/26 41, 9/2 33, 8/13 46, 8/27 33, 8/3 56, 8/17 32, 9/18 44, 8/4 50, 8/25 49, 8/20 45, 9/15 50, 9/23 40, 8/20 32, 8/18 43, 9/26 32, 8/25 53, 8/13 29, 8/30 43, 9/1 47, 8/28 47, 9/6 42, 8/17 47, 8/19 40, 8/22 31, 9/1 Table 2 Top ten busiest banding days for all seasons (Banded, Date) 41, 8/11 and 8/16 31, 8/23 51, 8/16 27, 8/10 12

13 During the first quarter of the season Swainson s Thrushes were our top capture with 29 individuals banded by August 15 th followed by Song Sparrow (20), Common Yellowthroat (19) and Lincoln s Sparrow (19). By the end of August Common Yellowthroat were peaking and were our most common capture with 85 banded, followed by Swainson s Thrush (74) and Lincoln s Sparrow (73). By the end of the 3 rd quarter on September 15 th Lincoln s Sparrow dominated the banding list with 141 banded, followed by Song Sparrow (116) and Common Yellowthroat. These three remained in the top three at the end of the season with 188, 156 and 112 individuals banded respectively (Table 3). The big push of Yellow-rumped Warblers and Ruby-crowned Kinglets that characterise the final 10 days of the season in some years did not materialize this season. Lincoln s Sparrow 188 Song Sparrow 156 Common Yellowthroat 112 Swainson s Thrush 91 Warbling Vireo 52 Savannah Sparrow 45 Orange-crowned Warbler 40 Yellow Warbler 35 Wilson s Warbler 32 White-crowned Sparrow 33 Table 3 Top 10 bird species banded 8. Wildfire Impact Most thoughts regarding the impact of the wildfires this season on bird abundance is speculative, however, with the most intense fire season recorded in British Columbia coinciding with the lowest capture rate season at TLBO it would not be prudent to dismiss the fires as coincidental. An interesting observation from this season was the drastic decline of insectivores, in particular aerial insectivores, from the average while most seed eating birds remained on par with average detections. It is possible that the heavy smoke throughout the summer had a negative impact on insect populations and thus impacted insectivorous birds. This idea could explain the near absence of flycatchers and swallows this season (Fig. 6) Average Detections 2017 Detections Figure 6 Aerial insectivore detections in 2017 compared to average detections 13

14 Aerial insectivores were not alone in their decline; virtually all insect gleaning species such as kinglets, vireos and warblers were down as well. Focussing in on the warblers, of the nine species commonly encountered at TLBO, only Common Yellowthroat had an above average level of detections in 2017 while most other species were between 30% - 75% of their respective averages for both banding totals and total detections (DETs). Over the course of the season, significant smoke in the valley was recorded on 14 days, including the first nine days of the season (Aug. 3-11), Aug. 15, 19 and Sept In addition, light smoke was noted on Aug Non-standard banding This season, non-standard banding consisted of two hawk nets which were erected in early September in the same location as used in previous years. One was located in the field to the south of Net 18 and the other was located perpendicular to the north end of net 10 and was also used as part of the owl banding. From these hawk nets we were able to band 4 Northern Harriers, all caught in the field net. Due to the quality of our non-standard passerine nets we decided to forego non-standard passerine banding in favour of focusing our attention on maintaining the current standard nets. Volunteer Sachi Dell-Snively holding a Northern Harrier 14

15 10. Owl banding The same net setup as in previous years was used for the Owl Banding Program in 2017 with the addition of net 15 (part of our standard songbird setup). In addition to net 15, this was comprised of 4 Owl nets, standard nets 9-10 and a 110mm hawk net. A new speaker was purchased for the season as in the past personal speakers belonging to the banders were used. Despite being the lowest year for numbers of passerines banded we had a record high capture rate for Northern Saw-whet Owls. Over the course of 12 nights a total of 31.5 hours were spent owling with 236 net hours and 59 individuals banded (Table 4). This total was nearly double the previous record of 31 caught in 2012 with 10 nights spent owl banding (Fig. 7). Our first night of owl banding (Sept. 13 th ) was our most productive with 15 individuals banded. Much to the delight of the banders, everyone was treated to a great view of the Aurora Borealis on our last night of owling as well! 70 Northern Saw-whet Owls Banded Date Effort (hours) Owls Banded September September September September September September September September September September September September Table 4 Owls banded per night Total Banded Nights Owling Figure 7: Northern Saw-whet Owl banding numbers and nights spent owling 15

16 Aurora Borealis after its peak on the last night of owl banding 11. Injuries and fatalities During mist-net operations, unfortunately there are occasional injuries and on rare occasions fatalities. Measures are taken to reduce the likelihood of injuries and fatalities. For example, banding does not commence unless the temperature is above freezing, net checks are adjusted based on weather conditions and bird volume, a heating box is set up when banding on cool days and nets are closed when predators are in the vicinity. These steps as well as a mindset that bird welfare comes first greatly reduce incidences. This season we had 5 fatalities, two were likely caused by a raptor that had caught the birds then released them when it flew into the mist-net. The other three were caught on cool mornings and showed signs of stress but could not be revived in the heating box. 12. Highlights While being a slow season for the volume of birds, there were some exciting highlights. Included among these were a Golden Eagle seen flying over the census area on August 7 th (3 rd Record), a Clay-colored Sparrow that was banded on August 10 th (2 nd banding record) and another that was observed September 3 rd, seven Varied Thrush 16

17 detections of Yellow-headed Blackbird throughout early August (Likely 2 or 3 individuals counted on multiple days), a Barred Owl that was heard calling late in the morning on August 19 th (3 rd record), the first Black-headed Grosbeak recorded at the station was came during census on August 22 nd, a wayward Indigo Bunting was banded August 30 th (2 nd banding record), a Chestnut-backed Chickadee was banded September 1 st (first banding record), a Lapland Longspur was observed on census on September 20 th (6 th record) and 2 Pileated Woodpeckers were banded on September 28 th (1-2 nd banding records). Species Date How Previous Records Detected Golden Eagle Aug 7 th Observed 2 records (2007, 2012) Clay-colored Sparrow Aug 10 th Sept 3 rd Banded/ Observed 4 Observations (2014, 2015), 1 Banded (2015) Yellow-headed Blackbird Early August 7 Detections 7 Previous observations Barred Owl Aug 19 th Observed 2 Observations (2008, 2014) Black-headed Grosbeak Aug 22 nd Observed First record Indigo Bunting Aug 30 th Banded 1 banded (2010) Chestnut-backed Chickadee Sept 1 st Banded First banding record Evening Grosbeak Sept. 14 th, 25 th Banded First 2 banding records Lapland Longspur Sept 20 th Observed 5 Observed (2008, 2009, 2010) Table 5 A selection of highlights from 2017 With the Bander-in-charge and the Assistant Bander both coming from Ontario many of the regular western specialties (common or uncommon) were highlights for both of them. Steller s Jay is a common bird in the west but was an exciting observation and banding experience for said Ontarians. Aside from the Steller s Jay other common western highlights were Varied Thrush, Cassin s Vireo, Hammond s and Dusky Flycatchers, Mountain and Chestnut-backed Chickadees and Western Tanagers. Black-headed Grosbeak, a first record for TLBO Steller's Jay 17

18 Appendix 1: TLBO 2017 Season Banding Totals Species Banded Recapped Lincoln's Sparrow Song Sparrow Common Yellowthroat Swainson s Thrush Warbling Vireo 52 1 Savannah Sparrow 44 1 Northern Saw-whet Owl 43 0 Orange-crowned Warbler 40 0 Yellow Warbler 35 2 White-crowned Sparrow 33 5 Wilson s Warbler 32 0 Oregon Junco 29 0 American Redstart 28 2 Ruby-crowned Kinglet 22 0 Northern Waterthrush 21 1 MacGillivray s Warbler 20 3 Black-capped Chickadee 15 9 Hermit Thrush 13 1 Yellow-rumped Warbler 11 0 Chipping Sparrow 10 0 Cedar Waxwing 9 5 Dusky Flycatcher 8 0 Fox Sparrow 6 1 Townsend s Warbler 5 0 Vesper Sparrow 5 0 Varied Thrush 5 0 Pacific-slope Flycatcher 4 0 Northern Harrier 4 0 Willow Flycatcher 3 1 Spotted Towhee 3 1 Downy Woodpecker 3 1 Cassin s Vireo 3 0 Sharp-shinned Hawk 3 0 Red-eyed Vireo 3 0 Brown Creeper 3 0 Hammond s Flycatcher 2 0 Red-breasted Nuthatch

19 American Robin 2 0 Steller s Jay 2 0 Evening Grosbeak 2 0 Pileated Woodpecker 2 0 Golden-crowned Kinglet 1 0 Western Tanager 1 0 Indigo Bunting 1 0 Cooper s Hawk 1 0 Least Flycatcher 1 0 Mountain Chickadee 1 0 Pacific Wren 1 0 Marsh Wren 1 0 Clay-colored Sparrow 1 0 Lazuli Bunting 1 0 Red-winged Blackbird 1 0 Purple Finch 1 0 Merlin 1 0 Western Wood-pewee 1 0 Chestnut-backed Chickadee 1 0 Red-naped Sapsucker 0 1 Hairy Woodpecker

20 Appendix 2: TLBO 2017 Season DET in Taxonomical Order Species Average % of Average Canada Goose % Wood Duck % Mallard % Northern Pintail % American Wigeon % Blue-winged Teal % Northern Shoveler % Green-winged Teal % Ring-necked Duck % Lesser Scaup % Barrow s Goldeneye % Bufflehead % Common Merganser % Ruffed Grouse % Common Loon % Red-necked Grebe % Western Grebe % Pied-billed Grebe % American Bittern % Great Blue Heron % Northern Harrier % Osprey % Sharp-shinned Hawk % Cooper s Hawk % Red-tailed Hawk % Golden Eagle % Bald Eagle % Sandhill Crane % Virginia Rail % Killdeer % Greater Yellowlegs % Spotted Sandpiper % Western Sandpiper % Least Sandpiper % Ring-billed Gull % Herring Gull % Eurasian collared-dove % Great Horned Owl % 20

21 Barred Owl % Northern Saw-whet Owl % Northern Pygmy-Owl % Black Swift % Calliope Hummingbird % Rufous Hummingbird % Belted Kingfisher % Lewis' Woodpecker % Red-breasted Sapsucker % Red-naped Sapsucker % Downy Woodpecker % Hairy Woodpecker % Black-backed Woodpecker % Red-shafted Flicker % Pileated Woodpecker % American Kestrel % Merlin % Olive-sided Flycatcher % Western Wood-pewee % Pacific-slope Flycatcher % Willow Flycatcher % Alder Flycatcher % Least Flycatcher % Hammond s Flycatcher % Dusky Flycatcher % Eastern Kingbird % Cassin s Vireo % Warbling Vireo % Red-eyed Vireo % Steller s Jay % Clark s Nutcracker % Common Raven % American Crow % Horned Lark % Tree Swallow % Violet-green Swallow % Bank Swallow % Cliff Swallow % Barn Swallow % Mountain Chickadee % 21

22 Black-capped Chickadee % Chestnut-backed Chickadee % Red-breasted Nuthatch % Brown Creeper % Pacific Wren % Marsh Wren % Golden-crowned Kinglet % Ruby-crowned Kinglet % Townsend s Solitaire % Mountain Bluebird % Hermit Thrush % Swainson s Thrush % American Robin % Varied Thrush % American Pipit % Cedar Waxwing % Lapland Longspur % Northern Waterthrush % Orange-crowned Warbler % Nashville Warbler % MacGillivray s Warbler % Common Yellowthroat % American Redstart % Yellow Warbler % Yellow-rumped Warbler % Townsend s Warbler % Wilson s Warbler % Spotted Towhee % Clay-colored Sparrow % Chipping Sparrow % Savannah Sparrow % Vesper Sparrow % Fox Sparrow % Song Sparrow % Lincoln's Sparrow % Swamp Sparrow % Oregon Junco % White-crowned Sparrow % Golden-crowned Sparrow % White-throated Sparrow % 22

23 Western Tanager % Lazuli Bunting % Indigo Bunting % Brewer s Blackbird % Rusty Blackbird % Red-winged Blackbird % Yellow-headed Blackbird % Brown-headed Cowbird % Western Meadowlark % Evening Grosbeak % Purple Finch % Red Crossbill % White-winged Crossbill % Pine Siskin % Black-headed Grosbeak 0 1 n/a Unidentified Duck % Unidentified Accipiter % Unidentified Shorebird % Unidentified Gull % Unidentified Hummingbird % Unidentified Empidonax % Traill's Flycatcher % Unidentified Swallow % Unidentified Sparrow % Unidentified Blackbird % 23