Handbook of Biodiversity Methods

Transcription

1 Handbook of Biodiversity Methods Survey, Evaluation and Monitoring Edited by David Hill Matthew Fasham Graham Tucker Michael Shewry Philip Shaw CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 Contents Preface y\cknowledgements Part I Planning GRAHAM TUCKkR, MATTHFW FASHAM, DAVID [ill. MICHAkF SHk'WRY, PHII.II' SHAW AND MAX WADk 1 Introduction to planning (,. 'IIICKI-.R, I). Mil I AND M. FASHAM 1.1 The purpose of surveying and monitoring 2 Planning a programme (.. TIICKTR, M. FASIIAM, D. 1'. SHAW AND M. WADI: 1.1., M. SHFAVRY, 2.1 Setting the objectives for the monitoring programme 2.2 Selection of methods for monitoring each attribute 2.3 Designing a sampling strategy 2.4 Reviewing the monitoring programme 2.5 Data recording and storage 2.6 Data analysis, interpretation and review 3 Biodiversity evaluation methods c;. TUC:KI-:R 3.1 Biodiversity values and evaluation purposes 3.2 A framework for ecological evaluations 3.3 Identification of valuable ecosystem components 3.4 Principles underlying the setting of conservation priorities 3.5 Species and habitat conservation priority lists 3.6 Site evaluations and selection of protected areas 3.7 Site conservation designations 3.8 Site evaluations for management planning 3.9 Site evaluations for Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) page xi xiii Part II Habitats GRAHAM TUCKFR, MATTHTAV FASHAM, TIM RICH, MICK RFBANF, GI-ORGL PLTHRKFN, FIONA MCMFFCHAN AND DICK RIR.NIF: 4 Introduction to habitat evaluation 105 G. TUCKLR, AND M. I-ASHAM 4.1 How to use the Handbook: a recap Habitat survey and monitoring Habitat requirements and issues 107 T. RICH, G. PFTFRKFN, G. TUCKFR, I-'. MCMFIUIAN AM) I). DOBSON 5.1 Woodland and scrub I.owland wood-pastures and parkland Farmland boundary features Grassland and herbaceous communities Limestone pavement Lowland and upland heathland Fens, carr, marsh, swamp and reedbed Lowland raised bog Standing open water Rivers and streams Montane habitats Blanket bog Maritime boulders, rocks, cliffs and slopes Shingle above high tide Sand dunes and strandline vegetation Saltmarsh Methods for surveying habitats General habitat survey and monitoring methods 154 R.V. BIRNIk, G. TUCKFR AND M. FASHAM 6.2 Physical attributes 195 M. FASHAM AND G. TUCKFR 6.3 River morphology and aquatic vegetation composition 197 G. TUCKFR

3 viii CONTENTS 6.4 Ground and shrub vegetation 201 T. RICH, M. RFBANK, M. FASHAM, F. MCMEECHAN AND D. DOBSON 6.5 Trees and woodland stands 222 G. PETERKEN AND M. EASHAM 12 Lichens 279 S. DAVEY, M. FASHAM AND D. DOBSON 12.1 Attributes for assessing condition General methods Lichen conservation evaluation Surveying and monitoring management or environmental impacts M. REBANE, M. FASHAM AND G. TUCKER 7.1 Grazing and browsing 7.2 Burning 7.3 Erosion 7.4 Vegetation surveys in relation to developments 8 Habitat conservation evaluation G. TUCKER AND F. MCMEECHAN 8.1 Key evaluation considerations 8.2 Protection status in the UK and EU 8.3 Conservation status in the UK Part III Species 9 Introduction to species assessment 9.1 Species surveying and monitoring 10 General principles and methods for species M. FASHAM AND S. MUSTOE 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Terminology 10.3 Total counts 10.4 Timed searches 10.5 Quadrats 10.6 Distance sampling 10.7 Line and strip transects 10.8 Point counts 10.9 Trapping webs Removal method Mark-recapture techniques 11 Fungi R. WAI I ING, M. FASHAM AND I). DOBSON DJ Bryophytes 288 G. ROTHERO, D. DOBSON AND M. EASHAM 13.1 Attributes for assessing condition Aquatic macrophytes and algae N. 15 Vascular plants T General methods 13.3 Bryophyte conservation evaluation STEWART AND M. WADE 14.1 Attributes for assessing condition 14.2 General methods 14.3 Requirements for species of particular conservation importance 14.4 Aquatic macrophyte conservation evaluation RICH, V. HACK AND t. MCMEFCIIAN 15.1 Attributes for assessing condition 15.2 General methods 15.3 Vascular plant conservation evaluation Dragonflies and damselflies PLANT, R. SANDS AND M. FASHAM 16.1 Attributes for assessing condition 16.2 General methods 16.3 Odonata conservation evaluation Butterflies PLANT, R. SANDS AND M. FASHAM 17.1 Attributes for assessing condition 17.2 General methods 17.3 Butterfly conservation evaluation Attributes for assessing condition 11.2 General methods 11.3 Fungus conservation evaluation Moths PLANE, R. SANDS AND M. FASHAM 18.1 Attributes for assessing condition 18.2 General methods

4 Contents 18.3 Macromoth conservation evaluation Other terrestrial invertebrates 341 P. DENNIS, C. PLANT, R. SANDS AND M. EASHAM 19.1 Attributes for assessing condition General methods Terrestrial invertebrate conservation evaluation Aquatic invertebrates 359 P. KERRISON, T. NORMAN AND M. EASHAM 20.1 Attributes for assessing condition General methods Requirements for species of particular conservation importance Aquatic invertebrate conservation evaluation 3 21 Fish 368 N. GILF-S, R. SANDS AND M. FASHAM 21.1 Attributes for assessing condition General methods Freshwater fish conservation evaluation Amphibians 387 D. LATHAM, E. JONES AND M. FASHAM 22.1 Attributes for assessing condition General methods Amphibian conservation evaluation Reptiles 404 D. LATHAM, E. JONES AND M. FASHAM 23.1 Attributes for assessing condition General methods Reptile conservation evaluation Birds 412 S. MUSTOE, D. HILL, I). FROST AND G. TUCKER 24.1 Attributes for assessing condition General methods Some specific methods used in specialist E1A studies Some key species regularly considered in EIA studies Bird conservation evaluation Protection status in the UK and EU 25 Bats R. STEBBINGS, H. MANSFIELD AND M. EASHAM 25.1 Attributes for assessing condition 25.2 General methods 25.3 Bat conservation evaluation 26 Other mammals A. BENNETT, P. RATCUFFK, F.. JONES, H. MANSFIELD AND R. SANDS 26.1 Attributes for assessing condition 26.2 Indirect methods 26.3 General methods 26.4 Direct methods 26.5 Requirements for species of particular conservation importance 26.6 Mammal conservation evaluation Appendix 1 Monitoring and reporting obligations under international consen'ation agreements Appendix 2 Relationship between BAP Priority Habitat and Broad Habitat categories and Habitats Directive nomenclature Appendix 3 Annotated list of key references for plant identification Lichens Bryophytes Charophytes Ferns Vascular plants ix 4 Determining appropriate quadrat size for vegetation sumph'm; Appendix 5 The relocation of permanent plots Mapping Marker posts Paint Buried metal markers Photographs Total Stations Global positioning systems (GPS).Appendix ft l :.quipment required for undertaking different types ofsunvv

5 CONTENTS Recommended sources of further information 519 Habitat requirements (Chapter 5) 519 Survey methods (Chapter 6) 519 Methods for species assessment (Chapter 10) 519 Fungi (Chapter 11) 520 Lichens (Chapter 12) 520 Bryophytes (Chapter 13) 521 Aquatic macrophytes and algae (Chapter 14) 521 Vascular plants (Chapter 15) 522 Dragonflies and damselflies (Chapter 16) 522 Butterflies (Chapter 17) 523 Moths (Chapter 18) 523 Other terrestrial invertebrates (Chapter 19) 523 Aquatic invertebrates (Chapter 20) Fish (Chapter 21) Amphibians (Chapter 22) Reptiles (Chapter 23) Birds (Chapter 24) Bats (Chapter 25) Other mammals (Chapter 26) References Glossary Monitoring terms and acronyms Statistical terms Index