Photo Lot 155, J.N.B. Hewitt photographs of Iroquois Indians on the Six Nations Reservation, circa 1897-circa 1937

Transcription

1 Photo Lot 155, J.N.B. Hewitt photographs of Iroquois Indians on the Six Nations Reservation, circa 1897-circa 1937 Gina Rappaport and Eden Orelove April 2016 National Anthropological Archives Museum Support Center 4210 Silver Hill Road Suitland

2 Table of Contents Collection Overview... 1 Administrative Information... 1 Biographical note... 2 Arrangement note... 3 Scope and Contents note... 3 Publication Note... 3 Names and Subjects... 3 Container Listing... 5

3 Collection Overview Repository: Title: Identifier: National Anthropological Archives Photo Lot.155, J.N.B. Hewitt photographs of Iroquois Indians on the Six Nations Reservation, circa 1897-circa 1937 Date: circa 1897-circa 1937 Extent: 307 photographs (2 document boxes) 305 negatives (3 negative boxes; nitrate) Creator: Hewitt, J. N. B. (John Napoleon Brinton), Language: English Summary: Photographs documenting Iroquois people made circa 1897-circa 1937 on and near the Six Nations Reserve by J.N.B. Hewitt, linguist with the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of American Ethnology. Administrative Information Provenance Previous to processing in 2011, Hewitt's negatives and prints were stored variously over the years. Some of the prints were assigned manuscript number 4596 and were filed in Photo Lot 24. The prints matching the original negatives in "Negative Books" I-IV (now called Photo Lot 155) were filed under "Iroquois" in the "Reference Print Files" in the NAA reading room. Location of Originals There is probably one nitrate negative that belongs to this collection stored at the Library of Congress cold vault in box Processing Information All prints and negatives, formerly disassociated from each other, were reunited in The photographs forming MS 4596 were relocated to this collection from Photo Lot 24 and the prints matching Hewitt's original negatives filed in "Negative Books" I-IV were removed from the Reference Print Files. Polyester copy negatives were made for the original nitrate negatives. The collection was processed by Gina Rappaport, Most of the image identifications came from previous inventories. The inventory for "Negative Vol. I" states: "The captions in this list were compiled from captions found on the backs of original prints in the handwriting of J.N.B. Hewitt and of Mae W. Tucker, his secretary; from the list of captions in Miss Tucker's writing at the front of each book of negatives; and occassionally from captions published in the Smithsonian Institution Explorations and Field Work. The margins of the negatives were also checked for written information, but only one of two instances of this were found." Page 1 of 15

4 The collection was partially processed by Gina Rappaport in 2011 and completed and encoded by Eden Orelove in Description Identifications for "Negative Books" II-IV come largely from typed lists in the old BAE photograph catalog. Identifications for photographs previously in MS4596 come primarily from captions written on the negatives. Collection and image descriptions provided in this finding aid were compiled using the best available sources of information. Such sources include the creator's annotations or descriptions, collection accession files, primary and secondary source material (i.e. documents, publications, and websites), and subject matter experts. While every effort is made to provide accurate information, it is understood that errors may reveal themselves following review by other subject experts, and new information is welcome. Preferred Citation Photo Lot 155, J.N.B. Hewitt photographs of Iroquois Indians on the Six Nations Reservation, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution. Restrictions The collection is open for research. Access to the collection requires an appointment. Conditions Governing Use Contact the repository for terms of use. Biographical J.N.B. (John Napoleon Brinton) Hewitt (December 6, 1859-October 14, 1937) was a linguist and ethnographer who specialized in Iroquoian and other Native American languages. Born on the Tuscarora Indian Reservation near Lewiston, New York, his mother was of Tuscarora, French, Oneida, and Scottish descent. His father's heritage was English and Scottish, but he was raised in a Tuscarora family. Hewitt spoke English growing up, but when he left the reservation to attend schools in Wilson and Lockport, he learned to speak the Tuscarora language from other students. Hewitt grew up planning to become a physician, like his father. However, the course of Hewitt's interests changed when, in 1880, he was hired by Erminnie A. Smith of the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of Ethnology (now the Bureau of American Ethnology) as an assistant ethnologist tasked with collecting myths among the Iroquois tribes of New York. He continued this work from , and then was briefly employed by the Jersey City Railways Co. ( ) and Adams Express Co. ( ). Upon Smith's death in 1886, Hewitt returned to the BAE to continue her work, remaining employed there until his death. Over the course of his career, Hewitt became the leading authority on the organization of the Iroquois League and the ceremonials, customs, and usages of the tribes composing it. He acquired an intimate knowledge of the languages of the League, including a speaking knowledge of Mohawk and Onondaga, and also became acquainted with several Algonquian dialects. On February 28, 1914, in recognition of his services in preserving for posterity a knowledge of the history and ethnology of the Indians of New York state, he was awarded the Cornplanter medal for Iroquois Research. Page 2 of 15

5 Additionally, he was a founder of the American Anthropological Association and an active member of the Anthropological Society of Washington and the American Museum of Natural History, serving as both treasurer ( ) and president ( ) of the latter. Hewitt also contributed over one hundred articles for the Handbook of American Indians (Bulletin 30) and published the two volume Iroquoian Cosmology (1903 and 1928). Scope and Contents Hewitt's photos primarily depict Mohawk, Cayuga, Seneca, Onondaga, Tuscarora, Oneida, and Tutelo Indians. There are also a few images of Iroquois houses and other structures, Hewitt's mask collection, and Onondaga Chief John Buck and family, Seneca Chief John Arthur Gibson and family, Cayuga Chief James Jamieson and family, and Cayuga-Seneca Chief Simeon Gibson. Most of the photographs were taken during several trips between 1897 and 1937, on and near the Six Nations Reserve in Ontario, including in New York (Niagara Falls, Nedrow, and Syracuse) and Ontario (Oshweken, Deseronto, and Brantsford). Arrangement For Photo Lot 155 Hewitt's original arrangement and numbering has been maintained. The order of the photographs does not follow the chronology that they were taken; for instance there are often several photographs of an individual that were clearly made in different years. The original negatives also represent a variety of film and camera types. The arrangement and numbering for MS 4596, established at an unknown time, was maintained. Publication Note Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1926 Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1929 Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1930 Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1932 Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1936 Names and Subject Terms This collection is indexed in the online catalog of the Smithsonian Institution under the following terms: Subjects: Dakota Indians Trade, gifts and other exchanges -- Wampum Wampum Wampum -- Iroquois Page 3 of 15

6 Cultures: Cayuga Indians Indians of North America -- Great Plains Indians of North America -- Southern States Iroquois Iroquois -- Cayuga Iroquois -- Mohawk Iroquois -- Oneida Iroquois -- Onondaga Iroquois -- Seneca Iroquois -- Six Nations Iroquois -- Six Nations Reserve -- wampum Iroquois -- Tuscarora Mohawk Indians Onondaga Indians Seneca Indians Sioux Six Nations Tutelo Indians Types of Materials: Photographs Names: Abram, Charles Chief Buck, Emeline Buck, John Chief Buck, Joshua Buck, Susan General Mrs General, Myrtle Gibson, Simeon Hill, George Hill, Simon Jamieson Jamieson, Clara Miss Jamieson, James Mrs Sandy, William Sandy, William Mrs Page 4 of 15

7 Container Listing "Portrait of old John Buck - Onondaga" Profile view of man "Jamieson - Mohawk Cayuga" "Mrs. James Jamieson Jr. and youngest" "John Buck (31 years old) Sioux Onondaga and part Tutelo. 'Bout the best informed rooster there is over here this devil is." "James Jamieson's children (5 + 7)" "Wm Sandy and wife. Mrs. S. = Onondaga-Tutelo" "Mrs. General" Beaded wampum belts and pipe Group of seven men displaying beaded wampum belts and pipe Man sitting in chair holding what is possibly a beaded shash Boy standing behind chair "Mohawk child Myrtle General" "George Hill - drowned 1897 age 23.", 1897 "Miss Clara Jamieson - Mohawk-Cayuga" "Susan Buck - Keeper of Wampum belts. Onondaga-Tutelo" "Emeline Buck - Onondaga Tutelo" Page 5 of 15

8 I.1 I.2 I.3 I.4-6b I.7-8 I.9a-b I.10 I.11 I.12 "Simon Hill - Mohawk-Seneca (about 60)" Girl Woman holding baby girl Old woman, seated Old man, seated Man standing beside house Woman standing in clearing, trees behind Group of four women, child and two men by a fence Man standing by fence Mohawk-Onondaga man Seth Newhouse "at age 63", 1897 Seth Newhouse's wife and children Two girls Cayuga Chief James Jamieson wearing wampum See Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1932, p. 82 Julia Jamieson, wife of Chief James Jamieson Possibly Joe General for 9b William Sandy "Full blood Cayuga, age 50" (left); "Great medicine man and silversmith age 73" (right) William Loft and grandchildren Mohawk man William Loft "of Deseronto [Ontario]" Page 6 of 15

9 I.13 I I.17 I.18 I I I.27 I.28 I.29 Box 1, Folder 3, Item I.30 Box 1, Folder 3, Item I Box 1, Folder 3, Item I Box 1, Folder 3, Item I.39 Box 1, Folder 3, Item I.40a-41 Box 1, Folder 3, Item I Box 1, Folder 3, Item I William Loft's house in Brantsford, Ontario Tutelo-Onondaga man Joshua Buck See Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1926, p. 238 Onondaga-Mohawk girl Edna Gibson Seneca Chief John Arthur Gibson See Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1932, p. 238 Wife of Seneca Chief John Arthur Gibson John Hardy Gibson and children See Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1930, p. 202 Wife of Peter Garlowe, "mother of six" J.N.B. Hewitt sitting at desk The image has a faint double exposure. Oshweken Agricultural Society fairground building Wampum strings Chief James Jamieson's wampum, 1898 Six Nations Seneca Chief Asa Hill (left) and Cayuga Chief David Jack (right) with wampum, Ca 1925 for I.38 Cayuga-Seneca man Simeon Gibson in army uniform, 1915 Cayuga-Seneca Chief Simeon Gibson, Ca 1930 See Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1930, p. 203 Simeon Gibson and children, including Rosa (Rosie?), Vera, Anita, and sons. Rosie became "Mrs. Walter Bomberry" for I Simeon Gibson and mother (wife of Chief John Arthur Gibson) for I.58 Page 7 of 15

10 I I.64 I.65 I.66 I Chief John Buck Chief John and Esther (Hanna?) Buck Chief John Buck's log house on Six Nations Reservation Children of John and Esther Buck Onondaga Chief David John with grandchild and Mohawk man Levi Bomberry, 1931 for I.68 See Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1931 I.71 I.72 I.73 I I.76 I I.80 I I.84 Box 1, Folder 5, Folder I.85 I.86 I Onondaga Chief David John with sons Peter (left) and Leman (right), and grandchild, 1931 Mohawk-Onondaga man Leman John with son, 1931 Chief John and Hanna (Esther?) Buck Esther Buck with J.N.B. and Mrs. Hewitt in front of log house for I.75 Esther Buck Isaac John Hill (possibly Tuscarora) for I.78 Mohawk Chief A.G. Smith Mohawk man John Henhawk with wife and baby Mrs. George Green (Cayuga) of Oshweken and little girl, later "Mrs. Hardy Turkey, nee Johnson" (Cayuga) Mohawk woman Beulah Martin Mohawk man George Martin Tuscarora man Page 8 of 15

11 I.89 I.90 I.91 I.92 I I.96 I.97 I Box 1, Folder 6, Item II.1 Box 1, Folder 6, Item II.2-3 Box 1, Folder 6, Item II.4 Box 1, Folder 6, Item II.5 Box 1, Folder 6, Item II.6-7 Box 1, Folder 6, Item II.8 Box 1, Folder 6, Item II.9 Box 1, Folder 6, Item II II II Cayuga man "Thomas" Man, "not Six Nations reserve" Billy Buck Possibly Joshua Billy Buck Onondaga Chief Jesse Lewis, "half brother of Mrs. Peter Williams Onondaga or Oneida man, possibly in New York Onondaga woman Mrs. Henry, "half sister of Mrs. Peter Williams." Tuscarora woman Mrs. A.G. Smith, "Hewitt's informant of 1937" Alexander and Mrs. Sherry, Oshweken (Tuscarora), 1929 See Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1929, p. 202 Seneca Chief Swoke Onondaga cookhouse on Six Nations Reservation Sour Springs long house, possibly Cayuga Group photograph of Sour Springs Cayuga La Crosse team Group photograph of Onondaga Royal Reds La Crosse team Chiefswood Ferry sign See Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1931 Onondaga woman Phoebe Lyons with young woman Onondaga woman with baby in cradleboard See Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1926, p. 245 Onondaga family Page 9 of 15

12 II II.24 II.25 II.26 II II II.32 II.33 II.34 II II.43 II.44 II II II.51 II.52 II II.55 Onondaga family Cascades in river "near George Every's house," Onondaga reservation, New York Onondaga lo house in Onondaga Valley, Syracuse, New York Woman Log house Onondaga man Onondaga man Chief Emmet Lyons, "Native singer," Syracuse, New York Alec Clute, Nedrow, New York ("Seneca of Tonawanda") Tuscarora women including Matilda Hill and daughter Norma, Sadie Johnson, Mary Patterson, Eunice Merick, Susan Jacobs, Norma Hill, and Sophronia Thompson selling beadwork at outdoor tables, Niagara Falls, New York See Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1931 Group selling beadwork at outdoor tables Man Tuscarora Chiefs Richard (left) and Willie (right) Chew and another man Woman Woman Woman Helen Beaver Woman Page 10 of 15

13 II.56 II.57 II.58 II.59 II II.63 II II.66 II.67 II.68 II II.71 II.72 II.73 II.74 II.75 II.76 II Rebecca Stirling, "Mississagua, but Mohawk by birth" Mrs. John Arthur Gibson Tuscarora man holding baby Chief John Snow of Oshweken Seneca man Asa Hill wearing beaded garments and feathered headdress Possibly chief wearing headdress and woven sash, and two women Onondaga man Jake Stykes with daughter in law Jake Stykes with son Norman Jake Stykes with brother in law Chief John Buck Tuscarora Chief Richard Hill Group photograph of Johns Field Baptist Church choir or congregation Mohawk man Roy Thomas Onondaga-Mohawk man David Thomas Bearfoot Onondaga man John White and family, including Roy Thomas Bearfoot Onondaga man John White, "age 80" J.N.B. Hewitt and Tuscarora woman Mrs. Martin Log house Possibly family members in front of wooden building. "Clause, Sims, King, Monture.", 1932 s for 79-81, 84 Page 11 of 15

14 Box 1, Folder 10, Item II Box 1, Folder 10, Item II Box 1, Folder 10, Item II Box 1, Folder 10, Item II.96 Box 1, Folder 10, Item II Box 1, Folder 10, Item II Box 1, Folder 11, Item III.1-5 Box 1, Folder 11, Item III.6-11 Box 1, Folder 11, Item III Box 1, Folder 11, Item III III.17 III.18a-b III.19 III III III III III Painting "on the backs of false faces" Bearfoot Cayuga man Jacob Hess, Sr. s for 89, 91, and 93 Cayuga Chief Joseph Logan See Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1932, p. 83 Young man in military uniform Onondaga man David Sky Mohawk man Jim Bunham Alexander, Mrs. Sherry, and daughter, of Oshweken (Tuscarora) See Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1929, p. 202 John and Esther Buck with children and J.N.B. Hewitt and wife in front of Buck's log house See Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1929, p. 202 RCMP barracks in Oshweken, Ontario Lady Willingden Hospital in Oshweken, Ontario See Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1929, p. 203 Tuscarora man Alexander Sherry Jesse Greene, ferryman at Chiefswood Ferry at Chiefswood John Van Avery and mother picking tobacco See Explorations and Fieldwork of the Smithsonian Institution, 1936, p. 85 Mrs. Bearfoot and daughter. "Mrs Bearfoot is the daughter of Mrs. Van Avery" Tuscarora woman Maggie Martin, 1937 Beretha (?) Jamieson and baby Howard, 1937 Maggie Martin and son Andrew, 1937 Page 12 of 15

15 III.30 III.31 III.32 III.33 III.34 III III.37 III III III III III.50 III.51 III.52 III III.55 III.56 III.57 III.58 Andrew Martin and baby Howard Jamieson, 1937 Man Man Small children Man Man Girl Tombstone of William Smith. Tombstone reads "died by kick of a horse" Wife and daughters of Simeon Gibson Helen Beaver Silas Hewitt Mrs. A. G. Smith House of Mrs. A. G. Smith David Thomas Bearfoot Onondaga man John White and family, including Roy Thomas Two small boys District school house at St. John's on Six Nations Reservation Man, "Clause" Cayuga Chief Joseph Jacobs Page 13 of 15

16 III.59 III.60 IV.1-2 IV.3 IV.4 IV.5 VI.6 IV.7 IV.8 IV.9-10 IV.11 IV.12 IV.13 IV.14 IV IV.17 IV Woman Ruby Elliott, 1929 Cayuga Chief Abram Charles J.N.B. Hewitt and Cayuga Chief Abram Charles Onandaga woman Mrs. Hill Son of Mrs. Hill Home of Mrs. Hill Man (possibly Tuscarora) Man (possibly Tuscarora) Two women (possibly Tuscarora) Woman (possibly Tuscarora) Man (possibly Tuscarora) Two boys and a girl (possibly Tuscarora) Boy (possibly Tuscarora) Cayuga Chief Joseph Jacobs Woman (possibly Tuscarora) "J.N.B. Hewitt's mask collection of 1916, deposited in the Nat. Museum." s Page 14 of 15

17 Note in log book: "W.N. Fenton has prints and cat. nos. of same specimens." Box 14, Folder 14, Item IV.30 Box 2 Box N1 Box N2 David Thomas' log house Original "negative books" I-IV with list of identifications Original negatives from "negative book" I Original negatives from "negative book" II and IV Box N3 Original negatives from "negative book" III and original negatives from MS 4596 Page 15 of 15