Lecture 4. Medical Textiles Total Consumption. cancer. Properties of Medical Textiles

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1 Consumption Growth Lecture 4 Transport Home textiles Industrial Medical Building Agriculture Technical components of footwear and clothing Packaging Geotextiles Sports Personal and property protection 10 3 tonnes % per annum Medical Textiles Total Consumption Properties of Medical Textiles US Market for Medical Textiles Year Market size 1980 $11.3b 1990 $32.1b 2000 $76b Non-toxic Non-allergenic Non-carcinogenic Able to be sterilised without changing the physical or chemical characteristics Properties of Medical Textiles Non-toxic Non-allergenic Non-carcinogenic Able to be sterilised without changing the physical or chemical characteristics Properties of Medical Textiles Non-toxic Non-allergenic Non-carcinogenic Able to be sterilised without changing the physical or chemical characteristics cancer 1

2 Properties of Medical Textiles Non-toxic Non-allergenic Non-carcinogenic Able to be sterilised without changing the physical or chemical characteristics Fibres used in medical application falls into two groups: Commodity fibres Speciality fibres. Commodity fibres In the past, the textile products used in hospitals were mainly cotton products. Natural and Regenerated Cotton Silk Viscose Synthetics Polyester Polyamide, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), Polypropylene, Carbon Glass fibres Speciality fibres Calcium alginate Chitin Chitosan This is obtained from cow skin. fibres when used as sutures are equally strong as silk, and they are biodegradable

3 Speciality fibres Calcium alginate Chitin Chitosan This is made from brown seaweed. Calcium alginate fibres have been proven to be would healing. Wound dressings made from such fibres are nontoxic, biodegradable, and haemostatic. Speciality fibres Calcium alginate Chitin Chitosan This is a polysaccharide from crab and shrimp shells. It can be absorbed by the body and promote healing. Artificial skins made from Chitin non-woven fabrics stimulate new skin formation. Speciality fibres Calcium alginate Chitin Chitosan This is obtained from treating chitin with alkali. It is being developed for slow-drug-release membranes. Textiles are used in many different ways in medical and related area. However, according to the way they are used, medical textiles can be classified into four categories:. refer to those used outside the human body to assist the recovery of wounds. These include wound dressings, bandages, and plasters. Such material should provide the best possible property for their applications. For instance, the wound dressing should be absorbent, non-sticky, healing, and easy to apply. On the other hand, the plasters should be easy to shape, strong, and light weight. 3

4 These are the artificial organs that are used to replace the diseased ones. There have been artificial kidney, liver and lung. The making of these devices requires precise design and manufacture. The properties of such devices are vital. These are the textile structures that can be used inside the human body for various purposes, such as closure, repair, and replacement. Available products are sutures, vascular grafts, artificial ligaments, artificial joints, scaffolds for tissue growth and so on, each providing suitable properties for the end-use. Sutures should be able to be absorbed by the human body after the cut is recovered to reduce patients pain. The blood vessel replacement should be able to bend freely without blocking the blood passage. Ligaments should be strong enough to last years. These are the products in everyday use in hospitals and in the care industry. These include bedding, clothing, surgical gowns, cloths wipes and so on. Compared to the previous three categories of medical textiles, the requirements for these products are much lower. They are more like the textiles used everyday, only that these products are used under more critical conditions and therefore the comfort and other properties are more important. Technological ranges for medical textiles From the technological point of view, medical textiles can be divided in to three groups: Higher range Middle range Lower range. 4

5 Technological ranges for medical textiles and most of the implantable materials are the higher range products. The non-implantable materials and sutures and artificial ligaments are regarded as the middle range products. The healthcare and hygiene products and bandages belong to the lower range. are textile products used to support, hold, and assist the recovery of wounds and other injuries. are used for different functions and therefore are produced in different forms. fall into four groups: for holding dressings in place over wounds for supporting and conforming for holding dressings in place over wounds for supporting and conforming Such bandages are either in the form of light-weight knitted fabrics or open-weave woven fabrics, made from either cotton or viscose. Their primary function is to hold the healing wound dressings firmly in place. They themselves do not have healing functions to play.

6 for holding dressings in place over wounds for supporting and conforming of this type need to be elastic so that they can be wrapped around difficult areas such as the elbow, ankle, and knee satisfactorily. Knitted fabrics provide larger elasticity than the woven fabrics, therefore the knitted fabrics are more used than the woven fabrics for this purpose. for holding dressings in place over wounds for supporting and conforming On the other hand, elastic yarns are used in producing this type of bandages by either knitting or weaving. One special property that is being sought for the elastic bandages is the non-fatigue property. That is, the elasticity of the bandage will last after a large number of wrappings and unwrappings. for holding dressings in place over wounds for supporting and conforming of this type serve as part of the treatment or therapy to the patients. Compression therapy is commonly used to prevent thrombosis, and to treat Lymphoedema, leg ulceration, and other similar problems. The bandages of this type are made from elastic yarns so that more compression can be exerted. for holding dressings in place over wounds for supporting and conforming Such garment should be easy to put on and take off, and should also be able to exert a uniform pressure around the part of the body. Lymphoedema Lymphedema (US) The lymphatic system 6

7 for holding dressings in place over wounds for supporting and conforming This type of bandage is mainly used as cushions to give comfort. They are used under the plaster casts and compression bandages. These are mostly woven or non-woven. are materials used for wound healing: To provide protection against infection To absorb blood and exudate to promote healing To apply medication to the wound, in some instances. 7

8 normally consist of three components, which are: normally consist of three components, which are: Contact layer Absorbent pad Base material Contact layer Absorbent pad Base material The contact layer is used to prevent adherence of the dressing to the wound and it enables easy removal of the dressings. normally consist of three components, which are: Contact layer Absorbent pad Base material normally consist of three components, which are: Contact layer Absorbent pad Base material The absorbent pad is the main part of the dressing and it absorbs the blood and exudate. It also provides a cushioning effect to protect the wound. The base material keeps the dressing in place and is also responsible for protecting the wound from physical damage. Other commonly used textile wound dressings include: is an open weave, usually made from cotton and viscose, therefore quite absorbent. 8

9 It can be used as it is for absorbency or coated with paraffin wax for treatment to burns and scalds. with paraffin coating is easier to be removed from the wound after use. Because of its good absorbency, gauze fabrics are used as swabs in surgeries. If the yarns are treated by barium sulphate, then the gauze swabs is X-ray detectable. This helps prevent the swabs being left inside the human body after the surgery. is plain weave cotton fabric, with one raise fleecy surface. It is used for protective dressings and for mild burn applications. This is basically a collection of high absorbent fibre covered by non-woven fabric to prevent wound adhesion or fibre loss. END 9