Issues Related to Digital Archiving and Electronic Preservation: An Annotated Bibliography. Jessica Carro Flaven.

Transcription

1 1 Issues Related to Digital Archiving and Electronic Preservation: An Annotated Bibliography Jessica Carro Flaven Drexel University INFO 522: Information Access & Resources

2 2 Introduction and Scope The following bibliography covers topics of issues related to digital archiving and electronic preservation. Digitization, while important to preservation, is a rather new practice and as more institutions embrace it, issues and problems they encounter increase. A general theme among all articles is a lack of set policies and procedures in institutions for electronic preservation. Articles listed in the bibliography were published between 2001 and 2011, are all in academic publications, and are not focused on one geographic area. Digitization and electronic preservation are globally current practices so selection was placed on more current studies that were not geographically centric to one region. Description Digital archiving and electronic preservation is a growing and evolving information science practice which is being implemented around the world in an effort to manage and maintain the past for the future. Preservation involves conversion of an original to a digital format (Astle and Muir, 2002) and protecting the overwhelmingly immense amount of borndigital data. As an overall newer science, the more research and studies completed on the subject of digital preservation, the more common issues and challenges are brought to light. Summary of Findings There is a wealth of knowledge and studies regarding digital archiving and electronic preservation since the tools and digitization advantages have exploded in the information science community. Despite there being a treasure of information on this subject many articles can be separated into categories that focus on certain aspects of digitization: issues, challenges, and how it plays out in differing institutions.

3 3 Werts (2010) touches on all aspects of digitization in his article while depicting the physical preservation of vintage books. Lopatin (2006) lists and details some of the main issues and challenges such as: management, funding, selection of materials, and legal problems that could arise from copyright issues. These articles discuss an overview of processes while other authors choose to focus more on singular topics. The advent of digitization brings along the issue that training and education of information professionals needs to adjust. Winters, Smith, LaFrenier, Geller, Jaeger, Sanville, and Fletcher (2001) talk about how the University of Michigan has created curriculum to address these new needs. With focus on management of the information through its whole digitization life cycle, the authors note that the University of Michigan had to build a new course of study while keeping in mind that their incoming students have high levels of technological competence. Along with shifting educational trends, the vocational role of the archivist needs to evolve. Adam (2010) writes: In contrast to the archivist s traditional relationship with physical objects, the manner and rate at which digital objects are being created, their dynamic nature, and the ongoing manipulation necessary for their preservation has resulted in the archivist playing a more active and ongoing role in the determination and preservation of authenticity. (p.599) As discussions increase about digitization and preservation, the issue of designation between born-digital items versus digital preservation of paper-based articles also grows. Goldman (2011) describes born-digital items as records that are created and exist only in electronic form. He fears born-digital items will suffer from lack of attention amidst the wealth of all digital items and potentially undergo physical deterioration and degradation before

4 4 preservation attempts are possible. Davis (2008) points out that archivists in academic institutions, historical societies, and public libraries increasingly face pressure to accept borndigital records, but have neither the preparation nor the resources to preserve them or provide access to them (p. 172). Davis (2008) points out that managing user access to all digital materials can be difficult to organize. Astle and Muir (2002) debate preservation in public libraries and archives and how to balance the practice with user access. They concern themselves with research in the United Kingdom about digitization and preservation practices in public institutions and the struggle to maintain access to the user while upholding their mission. Digitization seems the perfect solution to preservation but in reality issues with sustainability and thoughts of what will occur long term are a big problem. Ross and Hedstrom (2005) state that research into accelerated aging tests is needed to develop formal methods for predicting the viable life of specific media, formats, software applications, and standards (p. 321). There are a multitude of challenges associated with digital archiving and electronic preservation which seem to expand before there is an opportunity solve them. Evans and Hautlekeete s (2011) study finds them in Belgium researching performing arts institutions to focus on challenges that arise first hand with preservation in these institutions. Everything from financial, technological, storage, personnel, and copyright challenges are depicted. One of the largest challenges to digitization is oddly enough the technology itself. More specifically Muir (2004) illuminates the constant concern of obsolete technology. There is the worry that technology changes so fast it will be hard to keep up with preserving materials that

5 5 can only be accessed through certain technology. The ultimate concern being that access to the very items that professionals are struggling to preserve might be cutoff. As data is transferred in an effort to be potentially preserved, the actual preservation process can conflict with copyright rules and maintaining authenticity of the work. Object authenticity in the digital era is difficult to facilitate while the object is in the act of being preserved digitally, as in most instances, it is being transformed into a different form of its origin. Adam (2010) writes about the struggle to uphold an object s authenticity as it travels the preservation process and is exchanged between institutions. Copyright protection is one of the highest tenants of any preservation professional and it represents a larger challenge of new ethical complications. Berger (2009) writes that: The ethics of preservation become more complicated when we consider two universal truths: (1) information artifacts will always move toward deterioration, and the process will be accelerated with use; and (2) there are not adequate resources or storage space to take the fullest preservation measures for and save every item. (p. 60). Ethics takes on further considerations when the discussion turns to who selects materials to be preserved and how items are chosen. Issues related to digital preservation and electronic preservation are not unique to any specific information science institution but are globally pervasive. Mnjama (2010) studies how digital preservation takes effect in a developing country, in this case Botswana. Many articles discuss these problems but authors Bishop and Rock (2010) show how digitization can aid two distance cultures to come together in a collaborative heritage project. Both articles depict that while digitization is the future of preservation, there are still many cultures that might not be prepared, whether it be financially, technologically or ideologically, for this advancement.

6 6 Astle, et al. (2002) study how digitization is playing out in more traditional public information institutions while other articles focus on its effect on less conventional institutions. Habert and Hue (2010) show how important preservation and digitization is to a more scientific community related to research projects. Digitization allows the sharing of data and results which can only help researchers in their specific goals. Evaluating digitization across all types of institutions allows digitization and preservations issues to be studied as a whole. This cross-institutionalized approach of study allows author Manzuch (2009) to conclude that a general framework of policies and procedures would be most beneficial to all institutions. Issues and challenges involving digital archiving and electronic preservation are constantly mutating and evolving. There are general themes as to what varying information institutions are currently experiencing, but only continued digital preservation practices and research will provide possible solutions. Bibliography Document 1: Adam, S. (2010). Preserving authenticity in the digital age. Library Hi Tech, 28(4), Abstract: This paper sets out to explore the complexities involved in defining and preserving the authenticity of digital files. The paper draws on literature from the field to present a comprehensive overview of traditional definitions of authenticity and highlight the shifting nature of those definitions in the digital age. The paper brings together a range of information and presents a comprehensive yet succinct view of the issues involved in defining and preserving digital authenticity, not otherwise found in the literature serving the archive community. Annotation: Authenticity is obviously a burgeoning problem in the environment of digital archives. The author describes how the archivist has to evolve and continue to be educated in

7 7 his/her role of preserving authenticity mainly because as technology becomes obsolete, digital data needs to be migrated to the newest form. This is one of the most involved articles on authenticity in the electronic age depicting how important authenticity is and efforts to preserve it. I used the Dialog OneSearch group of INFOSCI to be able to search a variable amount of library and information science databases in one search. I used controlled vocabulary to do a descriptor search and refined my results by only looking for articles published more recently between 2010 and I found the article in Hagerty Library and was able to retrieve the article in its entirety from ProQuest. INFOSCI [Dialog] Method of Searching: Controlled Vocabulary ((preservation or conservation or restoration or digitization or digital()preservation or electronic()preservation) and (archive? or archival()collection? Or historical()collection?))/de s18 and (dt=article) s20 and (py=2010:2012) S23 10 RD Scholarly/Refereed Status: Ulrich s lists the Library Hi Tech as an academic and scholarly journal with articles that are peer reviewed and refereed. All article submission, as discussed by the journal s website, are submitted through a peer review process. Document 2: Astle, P. J., & Muir, A. (2002). Digitization and preservation in public libraries and archives. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 34(2), 67-79

8 8 Abstract: This article examines the relationship between access and preservation in digitization projects conducted by public libraries and archives in the UK. The main issues discussed are the impact of selection on access, the preservation of original material and digital objects, and the financial issues surrounding digitization projects. A questionnaire survey was conducted of 20 UK public libraries and archives to determine their experiences related to the above issues. The survey also highlighted the disparity between funding for access to a very small portion of library holdings through digitization, and the funding of traditional preservation for the remainder of collections. Annotation: Since this article studies what is occurring in public libraries in regards to digitization and preservation it comes to some interesting conclusions. The authors discover that while proponents often say that one of the most positive aspects of digitization is increased access to materials, they have found that in fact there is increased demand for the original by the public, which are results they did not even foresee. I discovered this article because it was referenced in document 6. I used the footnotes of document 6 to retrieve the title of the article and did a title search in Hagerty Library. I was able to access the full document through Sage Journals. N/A Method of Searching: Footnote chasing Referenced in: Evans, T., & Hautlekeete, L. (2011). Challenges of digital preservation for cultural heritage institutions. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 43(3),

9 9 Scholarly/Refereed Status: The Journal of Librarianship and Information Science is listed on Ulrich s as a scholarly journal that is peer-reviewed. Document 3: Berger, S. (2009). The Evolving ethics of preservation: Redefining practices and responsibilities in the 21st century. The Serials Librarian, 57(1-2), Abstract: This article explores the ethics of preservation, both as they have been traditionally established and as they might apply to current and future digital preservation efforts. The second part considers digital preservation and the ways it both extends and complicates established ethical tenets. Digital preservation challenges the library community to revisit fundamental preservation practices and responsibilities. Annotation: Berger discusses that there is no explicitly defined preservation ethics theory, but then does a wonderful job in clearly stating main points of ethical situations in preservation activities. The abstract for this article portrays that this article is about digital preservation but the author mainly focuses on preservation of born digital items, rather than using digitization as preservation tool. The most valuable aspect of Berger s dialogue is the comparison between current preservation theory and how it plays out in the new digital world. I used Google Scholar ( to find this article. I was able to use the advance scholar search options to narrow my results by a set date parameter and to search in a chosen subject area. I used the option to find articles with all of the words from my search statement. To retrieve the full text version of the article I used Hagerty Library to locate the article and was linked Taylor & Francis Online. Google Scholar

10 10 Method of Searching: Keyword In the Advanced Scholar Search section: Find articles- with all of the words: (preservation or conservation or restoration or digitization or digital()preservation or electronic()preservation) and (archive? or archival()collection? Or historical()collection?) Date-Return articles published between: Collections-Search articles in all subject areas: Social Sciences, Arts, Humanities Scholarly/Refereed Status: I ensured that the article found was from a Scholarly/Peer Reviewed journal by using the limiter provided by the database. I also used Ulrich s database to review the journal s status, which lists the The Serials Librarian as academic/scholarly and refereed/peer- reviewed. Document 4: Bishop, J., & Rock, K. (2010). A long way from Moscow: A collaborative project between archivists, librarians, and historians from the steppes of Saratov Province and the high plains of Colorado. Collaborative Librarianship, 2(3), Abstract: This article describes the authors interactions with Russian archivists, librarians, and historians during a 2008 delegation visit to Saratov Province, the state of archival holdings and special collections in the Saratov area, and preliminary discussions regarding proposed collaborative digitization and academic research projects. The authors, both members of the Joint Academic Board for the International Center for German-Russian Studies at Colorado State University, discuss outreach strategies and lessons learned regarding a wide-ranging

11 11 collaborative international project with information professionals and academics in a region previously closed to the West. Annotation: While the authors spend the majority of the paper discussing the history of archival studies and practices in Russia, their project illustrates how digitization can bring distance cultures to collaborate. The authors did come to the interesting conclusion that sometimes their digital-centric sensibility needs to be set aside in order to fully understand why another culture, in this case Russia, might still be attached to print-based archival practices. I used Library Literature & Information Full Text because of the search tools that the database offers. I began my initial search with a keyword search and used the limiters option on the database to further refine my search. I also used the option to narrow by subject and then browsed through my results focusing on the abstracts. Library Literature & Information Full Text, accessed through Hagerty Library Method of Searching: Keyword searching using Boolean search mode and browsing preservation OR conservation OR restoration OR digitization OR digital preservation OR electronic preservation AND archive? OR archival collection? OR historical collection? AND LA English Limiters: Full Text; Scholarly (Peer Reviewed) Journals; Publication Date: Narrow by Subject: Conservation & restoration/library materials Digitization/Archival materials Conservation & restoration/archives/library materials Conservation & restoration/data libraries Conservation & restoration

12 12 Scholarly/Refereed Status: Collaborative Librarianship features peer reviewed scholarly articles as is stated on the website for the publication. Ulrich s also lists this journal as scholarly and refereed. Document 5: Davis, S. E. (2008). Electronic records planning in "collecting" repositories. The American Archivist, 71(1), Abstract: The archival profession has paid a great deal of attention to electronic records management. Yet, from a professional perspective, archivists have not gathered adequate information regarding the readiness of repositories to acquire digital records created outside of their control, or to preserve and make such records accessible. The author developed the survey to determine the level to which these repositories are working with born-digital records. The data indicate that repositories are indeed acquiring born-digital materials, but are proceeding on a case-by-case basis rather than developing specific policies for their acquisition, access, and preservation. Annotation: The author clearly states her opinion that the business of electronic records management is not evolving fast enough and that traditional archive theory is not meeting the needs of the digital world. She believes that to even begin to solve the problem of how to deal with preserving digital records, it needs to be an all-inclusive effort of the whole archival field, and that any new procedures that do not involve the whole profession will only be destined to fail. She discusses a survey sent to varying archival institutions to determine their policies; unfortunately it is difficult to fully judge the reliability of her results given that she only had a response rate of 42%.

13 13 I found this article in the footnotes of document 8: Bridging the Gap: Taking Practical Steps Toward Managing Born-Digital Collections in Manuscript Repositories. I did an article search for the title of this document through Hagerty Library and was able to access the full article on JSTOR. N/A Method of Searching: Footnote chasing Referenced in: Goldman, B. (2011). Bridging the gap: Taking practical steps toward managing born-digital collections in manuscript repositories. RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, & Cultural Heritage, 12(1), Scholarly/Refereed Status: After locating the article as described, the journal was located on Ulrich s International Periodical Directory. Ulrich s lists this journal as a scholarly journal which is also refereed and peerreviewed. The website for the journal s publisher, Society of American Archivist, states that its journal is a refereed journal. Document 6: Evans, T., & Hautlekeete, L. (2011). Challenges of digital preservation for cultural heritage institutions. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 43(3), Abstract: This article elaborates four major issues hampering the sustainability of digital preservation within cultural heritage institutions: digitization, metadata indexes, intellectual property rights management and business models. Using a case-study approach, the digitization of audiovisual collections within the performing arts institutions in Flanders (Belgium) will be scrutinized, providing an overview of the state-of-the-art preservation and access. The analysis

14 14 shows that digital preservation policies in most organizations are underdeveloped and that archives suffer from deterioration and technological obsolescence. Annotation: While most articles describe the multitude of problems that the new digital era has brought when it comes to preservation in differing information centers, the authors of this article actually use the performing arts institutions in Flanders to depict in real time how these problems are playing out. The four issues the authors feel that heritage institutions are facing with digital preservation are pretty much the same as written about in similar articles but it is refreshing to see them studied in one similar group of organizations. I used the Dialog OneSearch group of INFOSCI to be able to search a variable amount of library and information science databases in one search. I used controlled vocabulary to do a descriptor search and refined my results by only looking for articles published more recently between 2010 and INFOSCI [Dialog] Method of Searching: Controlled Vocabulary ((preservation or conservation or restoration or digitization or digital()preservation or electronic()preservation) and (archive? or archival()collection? Or historical()collection?))/de s18 and (dt=article) s20 and (py=2010:2012) s23 10 RD Scholarly/Refereed Status: The Journal of Librarianship and Information Science is listed on Ulrich s as a scholarly journal that is peer-reviewed.

15 15 Document 7: Habert, B., & Huc, C. (2010). Building together digital archives for research in social sciences and humanities. Social Science Information, 49(3), Abstract: In order to help understand the possible interplay between transmission and digitization, a pilot project for the long-term preservation of research data in the social sciences and humanities (SSH) is presented by its two coordinators. It shows the discrepancy between the increasing role of digital information and its fragility. It ends with some reflexive remarks on the factors that are bound to act upon the future of such projects: organizational behaviours, role of data and knowledge, communities of users, institutional issues and status of collective memory in SSH. Annotation: This article is important because it allows us to see how digitization issues are affecting more than just the traditional archival institutions. While the authors speak in a scientific voice, their message of the importance of preservation of past research data for future research use applies to a cross section of institutions. They also present specific concern about the idea of long term preservation. I used the Dialog OneSearch group of INFOSCI to be able to search a variable amount of library and information science databases in one search. I used controlled vocabulary to do a descriptor search and refined my results by only looking for articles published more recently between 2010 and To retrieve a full text version of the article I did a title search on Hagerty and was linked to Sage Journals. INFOSCI [Dialog] Method of Searching: Controlled Vocabulary

16 16 ((preservation or conservation or restoration or digitization or digital()preservation or electronic()preservation) and (archive? or archival()collection? Or historical()collection?))/de s18 and (dt=article) s20 and (py=2010:2012) Scholarly/Refereed Status: Social Science Information, among other Sage Publications, have a peer review policy set in place for article submissions. Ulrich s Directory also designates this journal as an academic and scholarly publication. Document 8: Goldman, B. (2011). Bridging the gap: Taking practical steps toward managing born-digital collections in manuscript repositories. RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, & Cultural Heritage, 12(1), Abstract: Despite our profession's still-tentative relationship with technology, institutions must begin to take responsibility for born-digital material already entrusted to their care. Separating digital files from the impermanent media they were donated on is the most critical step, but we must also attempt to capture some essential information about the digital files acquired and begin to develop policies to guide us forward. This article will not aim to provide any across-the-board solutions to the problem of born-digital materials but instead will seek to make some basic recommendations to begin. Annotation: The author, who works for the American Heritage Center at the University of Wyoming, deliberates on the problem he is working through first hand of managing the ever increasing born-digital collection. Obviously biased in his position, he fears that current preservation professionals feel that true preservation does not involve conservation of digital materials. He petitions for initial steps in preserving born-digital materials to involve: inventory

17 17 of the items, setting up storage, transferring the materials to storage and further build and to put in to place policies and procedures for managing electronic collections. I used Library Literature & Information Full Text because of the search tools that the database offers. I began my initial search with a keyword search and used the limiters option on the database to further refine my search. I also used the option to narrow by subject and then browsed through my results focusing on the abstracts. Library Literature & Information Full Text, accessed through Hagerty Library Method of Searching: Keyword searching using Boolean search mode and browsing preservation OR conservation OR restoration OR digitization OR digital preservation OR electronic preservation AND archive? OR archival collection? OR historical collection? AND LA English Limiters: Full Text; Scholarly (Peer Reviewed) Journals; Publication Date: Narrow by Subject: Conservation & restoration/library materials Digitization/Archival materials Conservation & restoration/archives/library materials Conservation & restoration/data libraries Conservation & restoration Scholarly/Refereed Status: I ensured that the article found was from a Scholarly/Peer Reviewed journal by using the limiter provided by the database. I also used Ulrich s database to review the journal s status, which lists the RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, & Cultural Heritage as Academic/Scholarly and Refereed/Peer- reviewed. Document 9:

18 18 Lopatin, L. (2006). Library digitization projects, issues and guidelines. Library Hi Tech, 24(2), Abstract: Purpose To provide a selective bibliography of literature which explores issues and provides guidelines on library digitization projects. Findings Libraries are undertaking digitization projects to provide wider access to and to preserve materials. The authors of the case studies detail how libraries dealt with various components of the projects, such as planning, cataloging, and handling copyright issues. Many aspects of digitization projects will be changing over time, with further research and advances in technology, and the literature on the subject bears watching in coming years. Annotation: This article has built a literature review of articles written between on libraries in the United States, focusing on digitization issues and problems. It is one of the most well organized and in-depth articles on the subject. The author clearly states the main issues, and is one of the first to discuss the issue of selection and interoperability. I found this article as I was retrieving document 2, Digitization and Preservation in Public Libraries and Archives, through Sage Journals. There was a link provided by Sage Journals, to the Web of Science, which provided all the articles that cited document 2 including this document. From the Web of Science citation for this article I was able to use the Get It link to Hagerty Library. I was able to retrieve the full article through ABI/INFORM Complete. N/A Method of Searching: Citation This article cited the following:

19 19 Astle, P. J., & Muir, A. (2002). Digitization and preservation in public libraries and archives. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 34(2), Scholarly/Refereed Status: Ulrich s lists the Library Hi Tech as an academic and scholarly journal with articles that are peer reviewed and refereed. All article submission, as discussed by the journal s website, are submitted through a peer review process. Document 10: Manzuch, Z. (2009). Monitoring digitisation: lessons from previous experiences. Journal of Documentation, 65(5), Abstract: Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate current approaches to assessing digitization activities in memory institutions. Findings Analysis revealed an absence of sound methodology solutions, issues of constructing a sample, the split between strategic and resource management approaches to digitisation, low visibility of user related evaluation criteria, and problems in developing quantitative measures. Practical implications The paper assists in the development of digitisation surveys by highlighting previous gaps and achievements. Annotation: This article is unique in that the author, Zinaida Manzuch, has reported on digitization across all institutions and has written on the subject as a whole. Other authors have focused on digitization by the objective of the institution. This study has allowed Zinaida to come to the conclusion that a universal framework of digitization needs to be created to allow for international data collection.

20 20 I found this article as I was retrieving document 2, Digitization and preservation in public libraries and archives, through Sage Journals. There was a link provided by Sage Journals, to the Web of Science, which provided all the articles that cited document 2 including this document. From the Web of Science citation for this article I was able to use the Get It link to Hagerty Library. I was able to retrieve the full article through ABI/INFORM Complete. N/A Method of Searching: Citation This article cited the following: Astle, P. J., & Muir, A. (2002). Digitization and preservation in public libraries and archives. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 34(2), Scholarly/Refereed Status: Journal of Documentation is described by Ulrich s Directory as an academic journal with peer reviewed articles. The website for this journal states that all submissions are subject to peer review. Document 11: Mnjama, N. (2010). Preservation and management of audiovisual archives in Botswana. African Journal of Library, Archives & Information Science, 20(2), Abstract: This paper reviews the state of the audio-visual collections held by different government institutions in Botswana. The paper shows that many of the problems related to the management of audiovisual materials in the country emanate from weak legislative framework, lack of trained personnel in the management of audiovisual materials, technological challenges, inadequate storage facilities and the perception by users that audiovisual materials are not as

21 21 valuable as records in other formats. The paper proffers strategies for dealing with the challenges of preserving and improving the use of audiovisual materials in Botswana. Annotation: This article is unique and important to the study of issues of digital archiving and preservation because while other articles look at prolific countries, this one studies how a developing country is working with preserving their heritage in the digital era. One correctly assumes that funding would be the focus of the issues in a developing country, but the author shows exactly how all other issues stem from the finance problems. I used the Dialog OneSearch group of INFOSCI to be able to search a variable amount of library and information science databases in one search. I used controlled vocabulary to do a descriptor search and refined my results by only looking for articles published more recently between 2010 and To retrieve a full text version of the article I did a title search on Hagerty and was linked to Academic OneFile. INFOSCI [Dialog] Method of Searching: Controlled Vocabulary ((preservation or conservation or restoration or digitization or digital()preservation or electronic()preservation) and (archive? or archival()collection? Or historical()collection?))/de s18 and (dt=article) s20 and (py=2010:2012) s23 10 RD Scholarly/Refereed Status: Ulrich s describes African Journal of Library, Archives & Information Science as an academic journal with peer reviewed and refereed articles.

22 22 Document 12: Muir, A. (2004). Digital preservation: awareness, responsibility and rights issues. Journal of Information Science, 30(1), Abstract: Digital preservation is likely to involve copying and it is not clear whether UK law will allow the copying required. Negotiation of permission to copy for preservation purposes is likely to be time consuming and complex. Access rather than ownership models means that libraries may not be able to preserve material and other arrangements have to be made. There is a need for clarification of the legal situation and a raising of awareness. Roles and responsibilities in digital preservation and the impact of new trends in electronic publishing also need to be investigated. Annotation: This article is integral in its ability to depict how another country is dealing with the duality of copyright and digital preservation. The literature review is one of the strongest aspects of this article; it provides a good general overview of the issues and delves into preservation strategies specifically data migration. Table 1: Summary of copying implications of digital preservation, on page 76, organizes different strategies of digital preservation which involve copying and how these can cause copyright issues. I discovered this article because it was referenced in document 6. I used the footnotes of document 6 to retrieve the title of the article and did a title search in Hagerty Library. I was able to link to Sage Journals to retrieve the full text of the journal. N/A Method of Searching: Footnote chasing Referenced in:

23 23 Evans, T., & Hautlekeete, L. (2011). Challenges of digital preservation for cultural heritage institutions. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 43(3), Scholarly/Refereed Status: The website of the Journal of Information Science describes the journal as peer reviewed and gives its peer review policy under its manuscript submission guidelines. Ulrich s also list this work as an academic/scholarly journal. Document 13: Ross, S., & Hedstrom, M. (2005). Preservation research and sustainable digital libraries. International Journal on Digital Libraries, 5(4), Abstract: The National Science Foundation and DELOS, the European Commission sponsored Network for Digital Libraries, supported a working group to define a research agenda for digital archiving and preservation (DAP-WG) within the context of digital libraries. It concluded that research in this domain could benefit from being expanded and refocused new research communities must be engaged, the approaches to conducting the research must be made more rigorous, and a significant shift in what was being researched needed to be taken. Annotation: A majority of articles describe the current, ongoing, and varying issues in the digitization process but they have left out the long term consequences; this article fills that gap. The authors of this article discuss sustainability but also move beyond the technology aspect and delve into the life cycle of the data. It is very important to not only look at what needs to be done to create digitization processes but to ensure its sustainability for the future. I discovered this article because it was referenced in document 6. I used the footnotes of document 6 to retrieve the title of the article and did a title search in Hagerty Library. I was able to access the full document through Springer Link.

24 24 N/A Method of Searching: Footnote chasing Referenced in: Evans, T., & Hautlekeete, L. (2011). Challenges of digital preservation for cultural heritage institutions. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 43(3), Scholarly/Refereed Status: Ulrich s lists the International Journal on Digital Libraries as an Document 14: academic and scholarly journal with articles that are peer reviewed and refereed. Werts, C. (2010). Conserving for the future by archiving our past; A story about technology and digitization informed by a vintage paperback book collection. Education Libraries, 33(2), Abstract: The books, photographs, letters and other ephemera of our past are for the first time becoming completely transformed into the digital bits and bytes of our computer-generated present. What happens to these products as they shift from the corporeal to the technological world? What essence might be lost when a book is scanned into a computer or is part of the Google Book Library Project, and what might be gained? Or is it all energy simply transferred to another medium like when wood is burned in a fireplace turns into to heat energy? This extended article explores these questions using a collection of vintage magazines and paperback books, which provide a lighthearted timbre to a somewhat esoteric subject. Annotation: Werts article is a good recommendation for any person starting research into digital preservation. This article is simply organized and easy to read. While the article does not specifically note certain digitization concerns, they are depicted in real time through describing

25 25 the process of preserving a vintage paperback book collection. Page 58 of the article contains a table that portrays gains and losses from digitization. I used Google Scholar ( to find this article. I was able to use the advance scholar search options to narrow my results by a set date parameter and to search in a chosen subject area. I used the option to find articles with all of the words from my search statement. To retrieve the full text version of the article I used Hagerty Library to locate the article and was linked Library Literature & Information Science Full Text. Google Scholar Method of Searching: Keyword In the Advanced Scholar Search section: Find articles- with all of the words: (preservation or conservation or restoration or digitization or digital()preservation or electronic()preservation) and (archive? or archival()collection? Or historical()collection?) Date-Return articles published between: Collections-Search articles in all subject areas: Social Sciences, Arts, Humanities Scholarly/Refereed Status: Education Libraries is the journal for the Special Libraries Association. This journal is listed as refereed by both its own website and Ulrich s Directory. Ulrich s also designates Education Libraries as an academic and scholarly publication. Document 15:

26 26 Winters, B. A., Smith, M. F., LaFrenier, D., Geller, M., Jaeger, D., Sanville, T. J., & Fletcher, M. P. (2001). Responsibility for preserving and archiving electronic resources: Whose job is it anyway? The Serials Librarian, 40(3/4), 419. Abstract: Digital information is all around us. More and more information is either born digital or digitally reformatted. A new generation of digital archivists and digital preservation specialists (also known as digital curators) is needed to manage this information throughout its life cycle. A strong digital curation curriculum has three components: courses, practice-based internships, and a solid technological infrastructure. This article discusses the education of digital archivists and curators at the University of Michigan's School of Information in the context of these three components. Annotation: The challenges of creating a curriculum at the University of Michigan to prepare the information services student to join the emerging digital information field are discussed. This article describes the new curriculum which in itself is unique because the University of Michigan formulated their new course of study based on the fact that students are entering with a higher level of technology knowledge. Thus the University is re-forming their skills to work with both digital and analog information. This is a good source for seeing how digital information specialists are being formally prepared for their vocation. I used Library Literature & Information Full Text because of the search tools that the database offers. I began my initial search with a keyword search and used the limiters option on the database to further refine my search. I also used the option to narrow by subject and then browsed through my results focusing on the abstracts. Library Literature & Information Full Text, accessed through Hagerty Library Method of Searching: Keyword searching using Boolean search mode and browsing

27 27 preservation OR conservation OR restoration OR digitization OR digital preservation OR electronic preservation AND archive? OR archival collection? OR historical collection? AND LA English Limiters: Full Text; Scholarly (Peer Reviewed) Journals; Publication Date: Narrow by Subject: Conservation & restoration/library materials Digitization/Archival materials Conservation & restoration/archives/library materials Conservation & restoration/data libraries Conservation & restoration Scholarly/Refereed Status: I ensured that the article found was from a Scholarly/Peer Reviewed journal by using the limiter provided by the database. I also used Ulrich s database to review the journal s status, which lists the The Serials Librarian as Academic/Scholarly and Refereed/Peer- reviewed. Concluding Personal Statement Before researching for this annotated bibliography, I had a firm mindset that digital archiving and electronic preservation were the best options for saving the past for the future. I had not considered or researched issues stemming from digitization. The advantages were obvious to me; it was the numerous challenges that I learned about. Firstly, digital preservation requires funding which a lot of institutions are lacking. Not only is funding required for the technology involved in digitization; but it is needed for trained personnel. Along with technology there is the concern about how fast it becomes obsolete. I learned that while it is challenging and difficult to currently keep up with the amount of digitization, this type of preservation can be short term.

28 28 I had not given thought to the difference between born-digital objects compared to digitization of paper-based objects. Previously I had thought of digital preservation purely as a tool to protect and ensure that items of our past survive and are accessible for future generations. Learning that born-digital data must also be managed, maintained, and preserved impresses me of the breadth of work needed in this process of preservation. I thought of digitization as the miraculous preservation answer, but I have now come to some of the same conclusions that many of the authors have written about. The best way to control and organize the huge amount and intensity of work involved is to attempt to set up some formal policies and procedures for digital archiving and electronic preservation. Academic Honesty Statement I certify that: This assignment is entirely my own work. I have not quoted the words of any other person from a printed source or website without indicating what has been quoted and providing an appropriate citation. I have not submitted this assignment to satisfy the requirements of any other course. o Signature: Jessica Carro Flaven o Date: March 14, 2012