A Brief History of the Internet

Transcription

1 A Brief History of the Internet Dr. Gabriela Avram Introduction to Digital Media 17

2 Infograhic

3 Vannevar Bush ( ) American engineer and science administrator, known for his olitical role in the develoment of the atomic bomb, and the idea of the memex seen as a ioneering concet for the World Wide Web. He introduced the concet of what he called the memex in the 1930s, a microfilm-based "device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding seed and flexibility."

4 "As We May Think" essay by Vannevar Bush, first ublished in The Atlantic Monthly in July a new direction for scientific efforts after the war shift from increasing hysical abilities to making all revious collected human knowledge more accessible. a reworked and exanded version of his 1939 Mechanization and the Record. "The real heart of the matter of selection, however, goes deeer than a lag in the adotion of mechanisms by libraries, or a lack of develoment of devices for their use. Our inetitude in getting at the record is largely caused by the artificiality of systems of indexing."

5 "As We May Think" "The human mind does not work that way. It oerates by association." "Consider a future device for individual use, which is a sort of mechanized rivate file and library. It needs a name, and, to coin one at random, "memex" will do. A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding seed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate sulement to his memory." Vannevar Bush soke about the similarities between the oeration of the human brain and that of an intelligent machine Video MIT remembering Vannevar Bush

6 J.C.R. Licklider ( ) one of the most imortant figures in comuter science and general comuting history. three undergraduate degrees (hysics, math and sychology; from Washington University in St. Louis) and did his doctorate in sychoacoustics. He became interested in information technology early in his career, becoming an innovative and forward-thinking comuter scientist. Although at one time best known as the father of artificial intelligence, he was also an imortant figure in concetualizing modern comuter interaction concets, and his key role in these develoments is increasingly being recognized. He is credited with a major art in the develoment of a view of comuters as general tools, rather than simly devices for erforming calculations, and with initiating the thinking which led to the modern Internet. He understood the imortance of both comuters to mass communications and of an informed oulation to democracy.

7 Robert Taylor ( ) trained as an exerimental sychologist and mathematician and his earliest career was devoted to brain research and the auditory nervous system. was invited to join NASA in director of ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Office ( ), founder and later manager of Xerox PARC's Comuter Science Laboratory (CSL) ( ), and founder and manager of Digital Equiment Cororation's Systems Research Center ( ). Together with J.C.R. Licklider he co-authored the seminal aer, "The Comuter as a Communication Device," Science and Technology, Aril 1968 "The Internet is not about technology; it's about communication." "The Internet connects eole who have shared interests, ideas and needs, regardless of geograhy.".

8 Do you know who invented: The mouse? The cursor?

9 Douglas Engelbart ( ) American inventor of Norwegian descent; ioneer of human-comuter interaction (HCI), whose team develoed: multile overlaing windows, the original mouse, the screen cursor, video conferencing, hyerlinks cut-and-aste a committed and vocal roonent of the develoment and use of comuters and networks to hel coe with the world's increasingly more urgent and comlex roblems Engelbart Related Resources

10 The Augmentation Research Centre founded by Engelbart at the Stanford Research Institute to develo and exeriment with new tools and techniques for collaboration and information rocessing. main roduct - the on-line System, better known by its odd abbreviation, NLS. the invention of the "mouse" ointing device the grahic user interface - GUI the world's first electronic comuter network(arpanet) was established between a lab at UCLA and Engelbart's lab at SRI on October 29, UCSB and the University of Utah were connected later that year. Engelbart ran the organization until the late 1970s; later on, he lead the Bootstra Institute which he created together with his daughter Christina, hosted at SRI.

11 Engelbart-related resources The Mother of All Demos - December 9, 1968, San Francisco Convention Center The two locations on the ma What the Doormouse Said A resentation and a anel on John Markoff's book What the Dormouse Said Mother of all Demos video, 1

12 Ted Nelson ( ) His motto: A user interface should be so simle that a beginner in an emergency can understand it within ten seconds. American sociologist, hilosoher, and ioneer of information technology. He coined the term "hyertext" in 1963 and ublished it in He also invented the words hyermedia, transclusion, virtuality, intertwingularity teledildonics. The main thrust of his work has been to make comuters easily accessible to ordinary eole.

13 Nelson s contribution the comuter as a device of radical cultural change the main thrust of his work - to make comuters easily accessible to ordinary eole. the Xanadu roject: a network-based, multiuser version of the memex; a kind of content reository and authoring system; Literary machines - original aroach to hyertext

14 Alan Kay ( ) American comuter scientist known for his early work on object-oriented rogramming and user interface design. Teaching at UCLA, Kyoto Univ, MIT, Used to be a Senior Fellow at HP Labs. Personal Dynamic Media By Alan Kay and Adele Goldberg

15 More on Alan Kay creator of the Smalltalk rogramming language and of the concet of object oriented rogramming languages background in biology and mathematics; he formulated his "biological and algebraic analogy": the ideal comuter would function like a living organism; each "cell" would behave in accord with others to accomlish an end goal but would also be able to function autonomously. Cells could also regrou themselves in order to attack another roblem or handle another function the rototye lato comuter for children which he dubbed the "Dynabook" Kay, together with Chuck Thacker created an "interim Dynabook" called the Alto. Alan Kay talk: A owerful idea about teaching ideas

16 Alan Kay s Grand Challenges Personal Comuting: Historic Beginnings min 59:00-1:04 The Comuter Revolution Hasn't Haened Yet -Grand Challenge: Make It Haen In The Best Possible Way (Kay) most of the Grand Challenges in Comuting lie ahead. next hases - comlete the intertwined destinies of: Internet, Personal Comuting, Teaching real Comuter Literacy to all!

17 Grand Challenges Discuss with the colleague next to you: How far are we from this goal? What are some of the ways to achieve this? Internet, Personal Comuting, Teaching real Comuter Literacy FOR ALL!

18 Some of Alan Kay s reflections "The best way to redict the future is to invent it.", Kay elaborated on his theme on other occasions, "The future is not laid out on a track. It is something that we can decide, and to the extent that we do not violate any known laws of the universe, we can robably make it work the way that we want to.", 1984 (2004 talk at OOPSLA) Alan Kay is attributed with saying "Technology is anything that was invented after you were born." It is also believed that Kay had uttered, "I invented the term Object-Oriented, and I can tell you I did not have C++ in mind."

19 Tim Berners-Lee ( ) the inventor of the World Wide Web and director of the World Wide Web Consortium, which oversees its continued develoment. It all started at CERN ( the famous Euroean Particle hysics Laboratory in Geneva). He wrote a rogram, called Enquire, which he called a "memory substitute," for his ersonal use to hel him remember connections between various eole and rojects at the lab He is tweeting

20 What did we seak about this week? Where did the idea of comuters come from What were the first stes toward a machine executing a rogramme; How comuters exanded into communication and content creation. How the Internet was created, and its role in suorting communication.

21 Illustrated timelines of comuters and media IBMs antiques attic I, II, III(1,2,3) Pictorial history of Media Technology The Web that wasn't, Alex Wright's resentation for Google Tech Talks October, The Comuter History Museum

22 Thank you! My My office: CS2031 My contact hours: Tuesdays 15-16, Fridays 14-15