Digital Fingerprint and Forensic Examination as a Technology for Cybercrime Detection and Prevention in Nigeria

Transcription

1 The SIJ Transactions on Industrial, Financial & Business Management (IFBM), Vol. 5, o. 5, August 2017 Digital Fingerprint and Forensic Examination as a Technology for Cybercrime Detection and Prevention in igeria Anayo Chukwu Ikegwu*, Henry Friday weke** & Gabriel Evo Ugwu*** *Department of Computer Science, ational Open University of igeria, Enugu, IGERIA. analystitiinfo{at}gmail{dot}com **Department of Computer Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, P.M.B 053 Ebonyi State, IGERIA. ufoo2010{at}yahoo{dot}com ***Department of Computer Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, P.M.B 053 Ebonyi State, IGERIA. Ugwugabrielevo{at}yahoo{dot}co{dot}uk Abstract Digital finger printing is an important technology for fighting organized crime and identification of features possessed by individual for authentication in the society especially in igeria. There are lot of cutting edge technologies and application areas that have been developed since its invention, ranging from airport security, smart home security, mobile phones authentications and electronic commerce (E-commerce). However, understanding digital fingerprinting is quite difficult even though it is an important security mechanism. Furthermore, there are still kinds of mystery surrounding this technology especially in the third world countries like igeria. This paper provide explicit explanation of the finger printing technology, applications and processes involve in identifying specific features in individuals. Furthermore, it enables broad understanding in order to enhance adoption of the system to combat organized digital crime in the ever changing technology world. Keywords Crime Detection; Cybercrime Prevention; Digital Evidence; Finger Printing; Forensic Examination; Finger Print Analysis. Abbreviations Analysis Comparison Evaluation and Verification (ACE-V); Criminal Investigation Department (CID); Global Positioning System (GPS); ational Emergency Management (EMA); Public Safety Radio Communication (PSRC); Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP). I. ITRODUCTIO TECHOLOG has really transformed every aspect of life. The knowledge of computer system has also changed the perception of human activities and operation from manual to more digital technological knowhow. Fingerprint as a technology for security authentication, a measure that is linked with forensic examination. Forensic examinations are urgently producing important practical results in the field of computer and applied sciences. There are evidences that serious organized crimes are being committed that lawyers, police officer and security agency find difficult to crack due to lack of sufficient information. Information is a masterpiece for every authentication measures. The application of a wide spectrum of science to answer questions of interest to a legal system is term as forensic science. The recovery and interpretation of digital devices such as computers, mobile phones and digital cameras are known as digital forensic. The print made by an impression of the ridges in the skin of a finger, normally used for biometric identification, in criminal investigations is referred to as fingerprint. Fingerprint could mean an impression made in ink as a means of identification on surface of the curves formed by the ridges on a fingertip. In law, any reproductions of a pattern of ridge on the smooth surface of the design formed by the ridges on the inside of the end joint of a thumb provide evidence of fingerprint [Reginald, 1]. The results of minute ridges and valleys found on the thumb of every person is said to be thumbprints. Therefore, it is an impression of the friction ridges of any part of the thumb. Thumbprint may also refer to as an impression of the coetaneous ridges of the fleshy distal portion of a thumb, that is obtain by pressing the thumb on an object when touch with ink. Eckert [2] commented that each print has an exclusive and unique owner since there have never been two individuals recorded with the same thumbprint. ISS: X 2017 Published by The Standard International Journals (The SIJ) 76

2 The SIJ Transactions on Industrial, Financial & Business Management (IFBM), Vol. 5, o. 5, August 2017 There are high indications of the increase in crime rate in igeria especially in the urban areas due to inequalities in social welfare [Adebayo, 3]. The country is experiencing different crime rates that are carefully committed and organized by the igeria citizen and non-citizenship on day to day basis. The use of finger print will help in identification and minimization of such crime. Fingerprinting is applied in identification of properties owners, authenticating the legitimate user of valuable items has becoming a challenging factors in developing evidence base verification. The case of baby-mix-ups and substitutions has become a worrisome, some illiterate depositors who cannot write names during their bank transactions and even travelling documents in authentication such as passport, visa etc need fingerprint for accurate identification. Although, law enforcement officers with extraordinary visual memories such as tracking system, surveillance system and other gadgets try to identify and arrested offenders [Manning, 4]. The use of photography as a mean of criminal identification provides inconsistent results. However, a fingerprint comparison can identify two different people. Fingerprinting is an important means of identification and crime analysis. The objective of this paper is to provide comprehensive analysis of digital fingerprinting process, detection mechanisms and identify technologies that behind it successful implementation. Furthermore, we present the advantages, algorithms, technological gain in to crime fighting organizations and how these can benefit igeria in fighting organized crimes. II. THUMBPRITS FOR CRIME DETECTIO Thumbprint has been recognized in criminal cases as latent print or rolled print [Michael & Imwinkelried, 5]. Rolled prints are normally gotten when a person is apprehended in relation to crimes. As a matter of booking process, the security agent rolled the culprit s thumb in ink and then impressed it on a card. After which, it is stored in libraries of such cards maintained by organization and governmental agency, but now stored in the computer storage devices for efficient and effective retrievals. In contrast, latent print may be produced and not readily visible at the crime scene. This happens when the natural secretions of skin are deposited on a surface through thumb contact at the crime scene. High degree of visual contrast between the ridge patterns and the surface on which the thumbprint was left by the use of chemical reagent and powder to visualize the image especially when the impression is left on the surface of glass, tabletop and then compared with the already stored samples. The essence of universal acceptability of thumbprint for identification over other biometrics has been contained in the works of [Michael & Imwinkelried, 5; Palmiotto, 6; Salter, 7]. The reasons for such personal authentication using thumbprint include: (a) the rapid growth of network and internet business (b) the efficient hardware computing power (c) the cost effective capture thumbprint (d) the level of awareness of reliability security components. Over the years especially between 2007 till date, the election of Presidential, Governorship, ational Assembly (Senates and Representatives) and State Assembly, thumb printing played vital role in rejecting multiple voting, void vote, upholding elections and rejections of election of winners by Tribunal and Courts [Smyth & Best, 8]. Furthermore, thumbprint helps to detect forgery or erasing of evidences in crime scene [Hilderbrandt & Dittmann, 9] Features of Thumbprints In excellent explanations contained in Eckert [2], Salter [7], Wayman et al., [10] and Vinodiny et al., [11] noted that the ridges of thumb form pattern of loop, whorl and arch. The focal prints that are used for classification are achieved from these three pattern types. There are two focal points, the core/centre and the delta in the loop pattern. The area of the pattern where there is a dividing of the ridges is called the delta. During thumbprints recording process, the delta, the area as well as the core must be recorded completely. The loop could be further classified into central pocket, ulnar and radial loop. More deltas can be form from the whorl pattern. The whorl pattern may be further classified into double loop, accidental whorl and plain whorl. o delta or core in the arch pattern. Such arch is further classified into tented and of the above mentioned patterns scientifically is not good or suited for any forensic analysis Fingerprint Identification Fingerprint identification involves the process of comparing of two instances of friction ridges skin minutiae (impressions) from human fingers/toes and even the palm of the hand/sole of the feet, in order to determine if such impressions could have come from the same persons. This process involves searching through the entire database of the stored human features to identify his/her features [Patni & Sharma, 12]. They develop fingerprinting system to detect attendance fraud in sporting events. Also, expert use these features for individual identification by deploying computer expert system operating under threshold scoring rules as benchmark. Figure 1: Friction Ridges on a Finger Figure 2: Image of Fingerprint Created by the Friction Ridge Structure Live scan technique are used to record the friction ridges digitally. White cards is used international to record the friction ridges made with black printer s ink rolled across a contrasting white eye, but with un-aided eye the patent print can be viewed. Often the latent prints are fragmentary and chemical or other alternative light source may be required. ISS: X 2017 Published by The Standard International Journals (The SIJ) 77

3 The SIJ Transactions on Industrial, Financial & Business Management (IFBM), Vol. 5, o. 5, August 2017 Perspiration, oil, grease, ink or blood will be transferred to the surface when friction ridges come into contact with such surface. Deposition pressure, pliability of the skin, slippage, the material from which the surface is made, the roughness of the surface and the substance deposited are the factors affecting the quality of friction ridge impressions. All these factors are caused by latent print to appear differently from any friction ridges known recording Types of Fingerprint There are four basic types of fingerprint, namely; (i) exemplar, (ii) latent, (iii) patent and (iv) plastic fingerprint. (i) The exemplar fingerprint could be referred to as known prints. It is obtained with live scan technology which may use ink on paper cards. (ii) Figure 3: Exemplar Prints on Paper using Ink Latent fingerprint is regarded in forensic science as any accidental impression left by friction ridge skin on a surface whether invisible or visible at the time of deposition. Visualization of invisible latent prints residues may be supported with the use of chemical, physical and electronic processing techniques irrespective of whether they are contaminant (oil, blood, ink, paint) or natural sweat on the skin. used classification techniques. In this system, the arch, whorl and the loop as the three fundamental fingerprint patterns which constitute 5%, 30-35% and 60-65% of fingerprints respectively. The whorls may have sub-group classifications that include double loop whorls, accidental whorls, plain whorls, central pocket loop whorls and peacock s eye whorls. Fingerprint may also include tenth arch, the plain arch and the central pocket loop as commonly classified. Although, there are more complex system used by the expert and it is similar to Henry system of classification. Five fractions R(right), L(left), i(index finger), m(middle finger), t(thumb), r(ring finger) and p(picky-little finger). These can be mathematically expressed thus: Ri/Rt + Rr/Rm + Lt/Rp + Lm/Li + Lp. Each print are assign numbers based on or whether they are whorls. The last fraction receives 0, the 4 th receives 2, the 3 rd receives 4, the 2 nd receives 8 and 1 st fraction receives 16. Value of 0 is assigned to arches and loops. The numbers in the numerator and denominator are added up, applying these schemes. (Ri + Rr + Lt + Lm + Lp) / (Rt + Rm + Rp + Li + Lr) and a 1 is added to both bottom and top, 0 division is excluded. For instance, if the ring index finger and the left finger have whorls the result is 0/0 + 8/0 + 0/2 + 0/0 + 1/1, and 0/0 + 0/0 + 0/0 + 0/0 + 2/0 +0/0, 1/1, by computation ( ) / ( ) = 9/3 = 3. With the use of this system, print could be drastically reduces when compared to. Arch Loop Whorl Figure 4: Visible Latent Print on Domestic Knife (iii) Patent fingerprint are chance friction ridge impressions that is visible in human eye. They are not lifted but photographed. For instance, impressions from flour and wet clay (iv) Plastic fingerprint occur when friction ridge impression is left in a material which retains the exact shape of the ridge detail. This can be seen in the case of melted candle wax and thick grease deposits on car parts Fingerprint Classification Today, almost every transactions and process have gone digital, computerization and automation system is now the edge of every operation and this is applicable in fingerprint filling system, but before that manual filling system need to categorically classifies the fingerprints based on the ridge formation. Presently, about 10 print classification systems which include Juan Vucetich system, Henry classification system and Roscher system [Karu & Jain, 13]. Based on this research paper Henry classification system is the most widely Figure 5: Fingerprint Classification 2.3. Importance of Fingerprint The following are some identify benefited areas of noncriminal and criminal uses of fingerprint. (I) Alternative means of identification for transaction in the banks. In this case, finger thumbprint may serves as infallible method of personal identification as a non-criminal uses. (ii) Detection and apprehension of criminals are one of its uses which can be made possible once the corresponding record is filled in the Criminal Investigation Departments (CID). (iii) The police investigation units operates two files records (a) noncriminal normally civilians and (b) criminal records. oncriminal records are gotten from volunteer citizen who seek for personal protection. Also, contains the databank of all fingerprint of military and para-military including the employees and aliens. This can prevent fraud in future transactions and operations. The criminal records files contain all the databank fingerprint of the victims or suspects. (iv) Government Agency and other organizations: traveling documents like passports, visa etc. It is a known fact that passports and signature can be forged / altered. Only the fingerprint remains unchangeable. Examination bodies such West African Examination Council (WAEC), Joint Matriculation Board, ational Examination Council (ECO), ISS: X 2017 Published by The Standard International Journals (The SIJ) 78

4 The SIJ Transactions on Industrial, Financial & Business Management (IFBM), Vol. 5, o. 5, August 2017 International Examination Certification etc. uses fingerprint to fish out impersonators. Companies such insurance, merchant houses and institutions, sacked employees cannot obtain re-employment in the same company or its branch. Fraud during payment of bursary and other beneficiaries such as a case of ational Emergency Management Agency (EMA), Flood disaster, fire destruction, compensation of land properties etc. can be reduce with a fingerprint comparison, simply because fingerprint has the feature of detecting existing payment. Civil servant uses it for checkmating ghost workers and death of active workers (v) Maternity homes and hospitals make use of fingerprint, footprint, palm print systems to guard against baby substitutions and mix-ups. This occurs in a case of twins or triplets etc. which sometimes throw the doctors and nurses off balance. Fingerprint produce unique features and characteristics in every individual [Jain et al., 14] that are deployed for identifications Brain Fingerprinting Application The basic applications of Brain Fingerprinting are detecting the record of a specific crime, incident stored in the brain and terrorist act [Farwell & Smith, 15] and [Dalbey, 16] and detecting a specific type of knowledge, training expertise like Al-Quaeda, trained terrorists/bomb makers and specific knowledge to FBI agents [Farwell, 17]. Farewell s brain fingerprinting are widely applied in crime scene investigation due to its effectiveness [Farwell & Makeig, 18]. The IOWA District court dismissed the defendant s petition for a new trial due to the established clear P300 test provided by Dr. Farewell s brain fingerprinting. III. TECHIQUES FOR FIGERPRIT AALSIS Police Agencies and other Criminal Investigations Agency worldwide have used fingerprint to identify criminals. Though, the close rival is Deoxyribonucleic acid (DA) whose evidence can be hard to undertake and its analysis is complex as well as expensive, therefore fingerprint analysis remains the essential tools. There are two (2) techniques used in Fingerprint Analysis (a) Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation and Verification (ACE-V) and (b) Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) [Zabell, 19; Black, 20; Dafyadd et al., 21] Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation and Verification (ACE-V) This technique is used by forensic scientists when analyzing the features such as shape, pattern and length of finger s ridges under examination. Fingerprint database are used to find match as a comparison. Probability and inconsistencies are evaluated for potential matches. The second examiner may be engage in the same result in order to validate the analysis. ACE-V need more examiners to arrive at identical results and may not be expected to arrive at the same result identically. Fingerprints analysis can guarantee 100% accuracy has been comparing to against the high standard Deoxyribonucleic acid analysis Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) This kind of technique is use for fingerprints analysis that works towards achieving an accurate result as well as keeps any Deoxyribonucleic acid (DA) evidence intact of which extraction of fingerprints is made. An image of a fingerprint is mapped when measuring the voltage and electrical potential of a conductive surface. As a results of the electrical potential conduct, SKP only works on mental like bullet, for instance, without smudging and preserves any possible DA, fingerprint is extracted perfectly from the surface. SKP is a non-contact form of fingerprint analysis that is starting to restore the reliability and accuracy of fingerprint analysis. otwithstanding, due to the high cost of the device, only few criminal investigation department has access to few devices. Based on this expensive device, SKP and its unavailability, ACE-V fingerprint analysis is adopted in most fingerprint analysis Other Crime Investigation and Detection Technology The new technology are making waves in both police and other high-tech crime investigation department, namely; (i) Website Evidence, (ii) Global Positioning System (GPS) Tracking Darts, (iii) Facial Recognition and Iris Scanning devices, (iv) X-Ray Van, (v) ational Criminal Intelligence Service (CIS). (i) Website Evidence is gotten from the Internet especially the social network sites such as 2go, Facebook, twitter etc. and in electronic commerce have increase applications of Finger Printing. Both police, attorneys and judges is sourcing for information from website evidence. This comes inform of searching for particular sales of confiscated items, stolen goods and properties, and other illegal contraband goods. Website evidence can provide a means on getting information to combat credit card theft, pornographic materials distributions and hate speeches. (ii) GPS Tracking Darts enables police and patrol teams to shoot a small sticky dart containing a micro GPS tracker from the grill of their Batman Style that is their patrol car in the vehicle of suspect. It also helps to monitor the suspects and smugglers vehicle s location from a distance undetected. (iii) Facial Recognition and Iris Scanning devices enable both police and other crime management agencies to take a snapshot of someone s face in the far away as 5 feet in the public. This is done by attaching the device to mobile devices, Automated Teller Machine (ATM) etc. which scan the image of a person and compares the results to both noncommon and criminal databases. (iv) X-Ray Vans allows the police and high-tech crime agency to peek inside vehicles, houses and other buildings as well as other jurisdictions. It is comparable to those of TSA airport scan bodies. Productive efforts have been made to reveal illegal migrants being transported in trucks through x- ray vans. (v) ational Criminal Intelligence Service (CIS) was launched in 1992 where majority of criminals in United Kingdom were targeted. Objectively, to process and disseminating information analyzing major criminal activity ISS: X 2017 Published by The Standard International Journals (The SIJ) 79

5 The SIJ Transactions on Industrial, Financial & Business Management (IFBM), Vol. 5, o. 5, August 2017 as well as helping law enforcement agencies both at home and abroad. Offenders such as traffickers, money launderers, football hooligans and organized criminal groups are some of the source of information gathering. CIS is linked to other countries that have anti-drugs networks. IV. HOW PRITS CA BE APPL I CRIME IVESTIGATIOS Once the high-tech officer or police officers book a suspected person such suspect s fingerprint is captured and kept on file or store in the computer storage device. With the aid of modern computer technology, physiological features and characteristics of the suspect can be run through billions of items stored in database within few minutes. Basically, there are three (3) kinds of crime scene prints, namely; (i) True latent prints and (b) plastic prints and visible prints. The true latent prints are invisible print impressions caused as a result of perspiration on the ridges of one s skin coming in contact with a surface. Liquid and crystal such water, amino acids, salt etc. easily allows impressions to be made as contain in perspiration. But plastic prints as discussed in above, the ridge impressions left on a soft [[material like wax, soap, putty etc. Then visible prints are prints obtain by fingers touching a surface after such ridge have been in contact with a colored material like ink, paint, grease and even blood. The photographed prints is lifted to the crime lab where the comparison will be carried out with all other pints of persons identify to have hand or knowledge in the crime scene. This exercise reduces all criminal s prints Lay Down Step of Crime Scene Investigation using Finger Printing The first step for forensic evidence to solve a crime is scene investigation. Preliminary items at the crime scene are collected and analyzed in order to determine the extent the crime was committed. This is achieved only through the following steps: securing the scene, managing the scene, surveying the scene, documenting the scene, searching the scene, collecting the evidence and storing the evidence, as well as reconstructing and releasing the scene [22]. (i) Securing of the scene is made effective by providing of a security personnel to guard against non-concerned people entering the scene during the event capturing or evidence taking. This gives rise to (ii) proper managing of the scene where movements are restricted, information is filtered, and technology devices used in the scene are preserved. (iii) Surveying the scene involves the stages whereby both the police officer and other crime investigator employ to handle the case are formulating theories and drawing some conclusion based on what happen or being discovered at the crime scene. This is an important stage since these hypotheses are subject to change depending on the forensic examinations pursuit. (iv) Documenting the scene is also important that might involve phases such as; keeping the photos album, videos, sketches and written notes. Attention is paid in each phase because it serves as a tool or reference maker for forensic examiners as the location has been wipeout. It is wise to note that none of the phase ruined each other. (v) Searching the scene, the scene investigator established the order in which the evidence is collected because the evidence collected in the crime scene and what was observed. (vi) Collecting evidence the lead investigator at the crime scene appoint a person to preserve all the collected evidence who ensure that more evidence is lost or affected by external source. All the evidences are carefully marked for proper identification by the crime investigator. (vii) Finally, reconstructing and releasing the scene play a significant role. The forensic scientist test the reliability of the theories of a crime collected and developed at the crime scene. The lead investigator release the evidence both date and time of the release is documented. V. FIGERPRIT AALSIS Fingerprint analysis is very important to the success of the criminal justice system of a nation. The latent prints are the most common type of forensic science evidence and have been used for more than 110 years in criminal investigations. The comparison of latent print to identifiable print (otherwise known as 'exemplar') is a step towards achieving examination of fingerprint evidence. The latent print examiners is expected to reach correct results as well as produce records of the examination and, in some cases, present their results and the reasoning behind them in court during this step-by-step matching process. The subject of increased scrutiny in the recent years, the accuracy of latent print identification is explained by AS [22]. In this discussion, the researchers take look at various issues ranging from the acquisition of impressions of friction ridge skin to the testimony of courtroom and from laboratory design and equipment to emerging methods for associating latent prints with exemplars and contribution of manual (human factors) fingerprint analysis such as communication of results through witness testimony and report Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation and Verification Flowchart Figure 7 below provide comprehensive evaluation and comparison of finger printing techniques and the technologies involve. The process is provided as flowcharts that explain the latent print examination used by most security organizations for forensic crime scene analysis. These steps include pre-analysis activity, Analysis, comparison of methods, evaluation and verification to ensure adequate performance. Pre-analysis activities involve the gathering of evidences from crime scenes, documentation and careful transmission of evidences to avoid damages which is then analyzed by experts. The analysis stages extract distinct features for identification of the entities. The identified features are compared with the ones stored in the finger print databases and then evaluated for accuracy and performances. Furthermore, the results are transmitted to the security agencies for communication to the appropriate authorities involve. These processes are shown below ISS: X 2017 Published by The Standard International Journals (The SIJ) 80

6 The SIJ Transactions on Industrial, Financial & Business Management (IFBM), Vol. 5, o. 5, August 2017 Start The Latent Print Examination Process Chart 10 Identify item useful to the case bearing latent prints 20 Physical item is documented and collected in the field for further analysis 30 The item is transmitted to the laboratory and chain of custody is documented PRE AALSIS ACTIVIT 40 Latent print is developed/captured (applies to field or laboratory) 50 Is latent processing adequate? 60 Is the latent suitable for analysis? 80 Latent print is retained as case evidence for further analysis 70 The latent print is deemed unsuitable and hence OT preserved, collected or retained as case evidence for further analysis 100 Latent print enters the examination process 200 Latent print provided to examiner for analysis 210 distinctive details of the latent print 220 relevant distortion in latent print 230 Analysis sufficient? 240 Suitable for comparison? 250 Determine likely up & down and location (area of the skin) of the latent print 260 Known prints available? 300 Known prints obtained by law enforcement agency & sent to laboratory AALSIS 270 Latent suitable for AFIS? 280 Latent is formatted encoded & AFIS search performed 310 Known prints or candidates provided to the examiner for analysis 290 Determine and memorize a distinct target group of latent print detail to search 350 Known prints suitable for comparison? 320 distinctive details of the known print 360 Common area in latent and known prints? 330 relevant distortion of the known print 340 Known print analysis adequate? 370 quality and quantity?(suitable to compare?) 400 The latent is not compared but is retained as case evidence according to policy 410 Known Prints obtained? 500 disagreement of Level 1 detail? 510 Target group exists within tolerance? 520 Would new target be beneficial? COMPARISO 530 Continue comparison of additional detail (levels 1,2 & 3) To Dissimilarity present? 550 Similarity present? 600 Within tolerance for an ID? 650 agreement? * The terms individualization and identification are synonymous in this document EVALUATIO 620 disagreement? 680 Reanalysis beneficial? 720 Exclusion To Individualization 780 Inconclusive To Refer to agency policy to determine if verification is required 810 Verification required? 820 Conclusion confirmed? 840 Conflict resolution according to organization policy 900 Results sent to requestor Start V E R I F I C A T I O Figure 7: Finger Printing Techniques and Analysis ISS: X 2017 Published by The Standard International Journals (The SIJ) 81

7 The SIJ Transactions on Industrial, Financial & Business Management (IFBM), Vol. 5, o. 5, August 2017 VI. COCLUSIO This paper provide architectural and technological application of digital finger printing to fight organized crime through analysis of evidences found at the crime scenes. This is necessary to provide guidelines for its adoptions by igeria security organizations to fight cybercrime. We presented lucid explanation of the technology, application and processes involve in digital finger printing and how this process can be utilized by third world countries like igeria to guarantee adequate cyber security to boost economic growths. REFERECES [1] U. Reginald (2008), The Evolution of Finger Prints Investigation and Evidence of a Forensic Expert, Owerri: Alphabet igeria Published. [2] B. Eckert (1996), Introduction to Forensic Science, ew ork: Elsevier. [3] A.A. Adebayo (2013), ouths' Unemployment and Crime in igeria: A exus and Implications for ational Development, International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, Vol. 5, o. 9, Pp [4] P.K Manning (2001). Technology s Way: Information Technology Crime Analysis and the Rationalizing of Policing, Journal of Crime Justice, Vol. 1, o. 1, Pp [5] C. Michael & E. Imwinkelried (2006), Defence Practice Tips: A Cautionary ote about Fingerprint Analysis and Reliance on Digital Technology, Judicature, Vol. 90, o.2. [6] M. Palmiotto (1994), Criminal Investigation, Chicago: elson Hall. [7] D. Salter (2006), Thumbprint: An Emerging Technology, Engineering Technology, ew Mexico State University. [8] T.. Smyth & M.L. Best (2013), Tweet to Trust: Social Media and Election in West Africa, Proceeding of the Sixth International Conference in Information Communication Technology and Development, Vol. 1, Pp [9] M. Hilderbrandt & J. Dittmann (2016), StirTraceV3.0 and Printed Fingerprint Detection: Simulation of Acquisition Condition Tilting and its Impact to Latent Fingerprint Detection Feature Spaces for Crime Scene Forgerie, Proceeding of IEEE international Workshop on Biometrics and Forensic, Pp [10] J. Wayman, A. Jain, D. Maltoni & D. Maio (2005), Biometrics Systems, London: Springer Verlag. [11] P. Vinodiny, C. azhini, E. Vinya & P. Anandan (2016), EEG based Brain Fingerprinting using MERMER Technology, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 24, o. 4, Pp [12] G. Patni & S. Shipa (2017), Sports Academy Player Attendance System using Biometric Fingerprints Identification, International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science Engineering and Information Technology, Vol. 2, o. 3, Pp [13] K. Karu & A.K Jain (1996), Fingerprint Classification, Pattern Recognition, Vol. 29, o. 3, Pp [14] A. Jain, L. Hong, S. Pankenti & R. Bolle (1997), An Identity Authentication using Fingerprint, Proceeding of IEEE Conference, Vol. 85, o. 9, Pp [15] L.A. Farwell & S.S Smith (2001), Using Brain MERMER Testing to Detect Concealed Knowledge despite Efforts to Conceal, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 46, o. 1. Pp [16] B. Dalbey (1999), Brain Fingerprinting Testing Traps Serial Killer in Missouri, The Fairfield, IA. ng.ppt [17] L. Farwell (1992), Two ew Twists on the Truth Detector: Brainwave Detection of Occupational Information, Psychophysiology, Vol. 29, o. 4A. S3. [18] L.A. Farwell & T. Makeig (2005), Farwell Brain Fingerprinting in the case of Harrington v. State. Open Court X, Indiana State Bar Assoc., o. 3. Pp [19] S.L Zabell (2005), Fingerprinting Evidence, Journal of Law and Policy, Pp [20] J.P Black (2012), Is there a need for 100% Verification (Review) of Latent Print Examination before Conclusions, Journal of Forensic Identification, Vol. 62, o. 1, Pp [21] H. Dafyadd, G. Williams & S. Bleays (2014), Latent Fingerprint Visualisation using a Scanning Kelving Probe in Conjunctions with Vacuum Metal Deposition, Journal of Forensic Science, Vol. 59, o. 1. Pp [22] ational Academy of Sciences (2009), Finds 'Serious Deficiencies' in ation's Crime Labs, ational Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers. Anayo Chukwu Ikegwu, he is currently a PG student of ational Open University of igeria, pursing M.Sc in Information Technology. He obtained B.Sc in Computer Science from Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, igeria. His research interests are Knowledge Discovery in Large Databases, Big Data Analytics, and Web Technologies. weke F. Henry is currently working as a Lecturer at Computer Science Department, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State igeria. He received his Master of Science (Computer Science) in 2011 from University of Bedfordshire, Luton United Kingdom and Bachelor of Science (Computer Science) in 2006 from Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki igeria. His research interests are Data mining, Intelligent Tutoring System, cloud computing and security, wireless technologies and emerging technology. Ugwu Gabriel Evo is currently a Lecturer with Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, igeria. He had his first degree in Computer Engineering in Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT) Enugu and Master of Science (M Sc.) Computer Science from Ebonyi State University (EBSU). He has just defended his Ph.D thesis in computer Science from Ebonyi State University (EBSU). His research interests are Computer etworking and Security, Object Identification and Recognition from Images. ISS: X 2017 Published by The Standard International Journals (The SIJ) 82