85 Analysis of creative industries policy and strategy in creative economy in the context of improving sustainability based on knowledge-based society

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1 85 Analysis of creative industries policy and strategy in creative economy in the context of improving sustainability based on knowledge-based society HaeOk Choi * Department of Urban Engineering University of Tokyo University Address: international Development and Regional Planning Unit, Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, , JAPAN haeokchoi@urban.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Onishi Takashi The University of Tokyo, Department of Engineering, Urban Engineering Kidokoro Tsustu The University of Tokyo, Department of Engineering, Urban Engineering * Corresponding author Structured Abstract Purpose This study focuses on analyzing the relationship between creative and regional development upbringing policy and strategy in the aspect of sustainability. Even though many East Asia cities adopted creative as upbringing creative policy, it still exists as a block box. This research focused on Korea case to evaluate creative specialization in 16 cities in Korea.Moreover this research probe creative s complex structure using causal diagram. Design/methodology/approach The limitation was existed to East Asia cities have different classification of creative and culture. Moreover each country has different upbringing creative strategy. It evaluates policy as upbringing regional economic condition, social culture benefits and sustainability in terms of creative policy and function in each city. To evaluate policy and strategy in Korea case this research conduct hearing survey and sepcilization index 16 city which municipality level of Korea. Originality/value The comparative case studies are dimension into three respects in the city level: economic, social -culture, and structure aspects. As delineating the creative, it shows the how it contributes to city competitiveness with sustainability, the role of creative and contribution to GDP, growth and employment. 1317

2 Regarding economic, social culture, and sustainable development aspects, this study probed a creative as regional development engine of East Asia cities in the case of Korea and Japan cities. Moreover, the policy in Korea and Japan elucidates the dynamic relationships between the key related variables. In specific, it examines the effectiveness of creative and regional development as rising new leading economy sectors as structure diagram. Practical implications Judging from a series of analysis, each representative cities have different characteristic depends on policy and strategy. This research recommends policy and strategy as the reference of upbringing creative policy in Korea. This study stresses that creative and it s strengthened in the East Asia cities as a engine of regional development. Keywords creative, regional development, sustainability, creative economy, East Asia Paper type Academic Research Paper 1 Introduction 1.1 Background In the contemporary world, a new development paradigm is emerging that links the economy and culture, embracing economic, cultural, technological and social aspects of development at both the macro and micro levels. Central to the new paradigm is the fact that creativity, knowledge and access to information are increasingly recognized as powerful engines driving economic growth and promoting development in a globalizing world. In broad terms, the sources of economic growth are well understood, but relatively few countries have succeeded in effectively harnessing this knowledge for policy purposes so as to sustain high rates of growth over an extended period of time (Commission on growth and development 2008; Yusuf 2009a). Figure 1. Establishing effective network and cluster supported by cultural assets, creativity and technology 1318

3 Creative industries are becoming increasing important components of modern knowledge-based economies. Not only higher than average city economic growth and job creation, they are also utilization of cultural identity that plays an important role in fostering cultural diversity. In the most advanced countries, the creative industries are emerging as a strategic choice for reinvigorating economic growth, employment and social cohesion harnessing its characteristics. In this respect, this research focuses on East Asia which have experiencing dynamic economic change. Moreover through creative strategy and policy, not only economic but also sustainability effect considered as promotion effectively. As meeting policy and strategy as national level, this research try to detail watching in Korea case 1.2 Methodology This research focused on creative and regional development in East Asia focused on Korea case which initiates to promote creative related. Moreover, specialization idex shows the relationship creative and social-cultural, economic, and environment aspects. For explaining Korea creative contents policy this research conduct haring survey in SMEs(Small&medium business administration), Design Seoul, KOCCA(Korea Creative Content Agency) and Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. 1.3 Creative classification Table 1 show that the industries included in each model. The UK DCMS model is defined creative as those requiring creativity and innovation in a globally competitive world. Symbolic texts models is the approach to the cultural industries seeing corecultural, peripherial and orderline cultural industries. Concentric circles model divided core and other core creative arts, wider cultural industries and related industries. Reference these models I choose 11 industries added to R&D. R&D parts are critical to explain East Asia creative in terms of cluster and network. Table 1. Creative classification Revised and reference: UNCTAD (2008), creative economy report 1319

4 2 Creative and regional development 2.1 Creative and regional development with sustainable way Creative industries are both knowledge intensive requiring specific skills and highlevel qualifications of their workforce and labor intensive those with a high concentration of creative inputs. The contribution of the creative industries to employment is usually significant role as leading sector in the world within creative economy. The job creation potential of these industries is important in policy implication. The strategies aimed at redeveloping depressed industrial regions in a number of countries have looked to the establishment of creative industries as an effective way to boost employment. Furthermore, it is sometimes noted that the quality of jobs generated by the creative economy may provide greater levels of employee satisfaction than more routine occupations because of the commitment and sense of cultural involvement engendered among participants in a creative endeavor. Figure 2. Environment evolution to creative economy with sustainable development approach Creative market model presents key reinforcing and balancingloops of the creative and creative class. Their theoretical concepts come from diverse sources including J. D. Sterman s book(2000), Business Dynamics. It indicates that creative product attractiveness would yield a positive impact on the market share of a creative product. Furthermore, this market share would increase sales and expand expected market size which would lower unit fixed cost and price of creative product. In contrast, the balance model stresses the fact that creative product attractiveness would create creative demand which would again increase sales. Moreover it exemplifies the typical WOM(Word of Mouth) pattern. That is, word of mouth would increase relative attractiveness level, sales volume, market share, all of which would contribute to increasing brand awareness. As presented in this model, brand awareness is positively related to relative attractiveness level of cultural product. Also it emphasizes investment loops on human resource- and R&D technology-oriented cultural programs, 1320

5 respectively. Regarding human resource development and technology development are explains how investment on human resource-oriented creativity programs would demonstrate meaningful impact on the volume of creative class and market size. The latter explains the reinforcing pattern, in which technological investment programs in the creative would render to expanding creative class. Lastly, the fact that creative class is basically attracted to places that cultivate an urban environment of tolerance that isopen to new ideas and to newcomers. Figure 3. Black-box, Grey-box, Black-box of creative function and structure 3 Creative in East Asia cities 3.1 Creative policy and strategy in East Asia cities Through East Asia cities, a number of trends during twenty-first century dynamically changed especially the rural sector, regarded as an ever-smaller share of GDP, the drivers of growth are mainly urban activities. Moreover the urban sector shifting economic center of gravity of the leading cities from manufacturing to dominated services activities that increase GDP and value-added. A contribution of market incentives and proactive government policies is behind the increasing salience of creative industries in Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan(Center for cultural policy research, 2003). 1321

6 Korea (Seoul) Table 2. Creative in East Asia Cities Japan (Tokyo) China (Shanghai) Hong Kong Singapore CI upbri nging policy Public office Prom otion institu tion MCST(Ministry of culture, sports and tourism) Design Seoul KOCCA KCIPC KIPA MITI(The ministry of Economy, trade and DCAJ(Digital content association of Japan) CI upbringing policy as 11th china comprehensive planning for 5years Shanghai creative complex center Central Policy Unit of the Government of the HK special administrative region(cpu) Center for Cultural Policy research The Uni. Of Hong Kong creative Singapore policy as 21st strategy Conce pt Initiat ive Gover nment CI classif icatio n Culture Content Culture and creative Creative Creative 1998 Late of Publishing Film and video Television&radi o Software&comp uting Information service Advertising Architecture Design Photography Social& policy administration Arts, antiques&crafts, leisure services advertising Architectural design Crafts, art, antiques&tradit ional culture Design Film, video, and photography Music Performing arts Artists, academic&cultu ral organizations Publishing Computer software Television and radio Culture arts Broadcasting information and publishing Radio television film Software, network and computer service Advertising Art trade Design service Tourism, leisure and entertainment Etc supporting service Advertising Architecture Arts, antiques & crafts Design Digital entertainment Film and video Music Performing arts Publishing Software & computing Television & radio IT and software services Advertising Broadcasting media Publishing industries Interior, graphics and fashion design Architectural services Art/antiques trade, crafts Performing arts Cinema services Photography Industrial design 4 Analysis of creative upbringing policy and strategy in Korea 4.1 Creative policy change in Korea The ministry of culture tourism and arts conducts main cultural related policy which protects cultural properties such as development and use of historical sites, promoting conservation of national heritage and manage national museum. In addition, it is devoted to arts and culture held in metropolitan and regional place. Moreover Small & Medium business Administration employs to upbringing creative with policy and strategy. However, the institution has expanded its programs and budget for creativecultural related and activities such as contemporary performing arts, music, R&D and arts. These are all linked to the national policy changing and paradigm. The period of 1960, to a great extent the conservation and management of cultural heritage conducted management and conservation with cultural investment. It changed to the policy as establish identity through culture heritage conservation. The late early of 1322

7 1980, it connect with cultural development considering as economic development included in 5year national plan. It starts to consider culture as social welfare from Since 2001, it utilized for improving quality of life through culture upbringing focused on culture ripple effect and regional development with culture and creativity asset. Table 3. Creative and culture related policy change in Korea from 1960 to present 4.2 Creative related policy and strategy in Korea with specialization idex In particular, the creative and culture upbringing plan significantly expanded in scope and budget since Kim DaeJung government. The policy and strategy become more vital to the promotion of performing culture as regional development with sustainable way. As a result, it plays a pivotal role in nurturing creative. However, the government policies do no constitute an clustering policy with functional methods. It focused only for support and subsidies for activities and regional event in short term policy at the local government. In terms of creative specialization index, Seoul, Daejeon and Gwangju is over 1 that this cities can called as creative spexialized city. Moreover, creative employment, Seoul and Daejeon is specialized for creative workers. 1323

8 Figure 4. Creative and Creative emplyment spcialization index in Korea 4.3 How to creative interruption as policy and strategy Creative is intimately connected to the cluster policy because it consists of creation, production, distribution as value-chain. The cluster strategy which acts as intermediary between urban and the region is required to support implementation. In major cities university, R&D center and creative agglomerates as infrastructure of regional development. In the other hands, small-medium enterprise located in the regional prefer to with low land price and incentive program. Convergence strategy conducted in the which has competition with similar. 1324

9 Figure 3. Urban and regional cluster strategy with government intermediary model 5 Conclusion The limitation was existed to East Asia cities have different classification and policy and strategy of creative. Moreover each country have different representative item among creative such as Japan is animation indsutry and Korea is more R&D oriented. In terms of national level, Korea has also limitation such as lack of facilities for poverty and elderly and lack of connection with regional human resource and. It required policy interruption as upbringing regional economic condition, social -cultural and sustainable aspect. Judging from a series of analysis, cluster and network system required in East Asia city to raising policy and strategy. In case of Korea, creative and cultural related policy and strategy are oriented to social welfare, regional development, culture conservation and sustainability. It closely related with national development policy from 1960 to present. This study stresses that creative and its policy should be strengthened not only in the East Asia city but also Kroea as the strategy of the engine of economic development in the context of creative economy. References UNCTAD (2008), creative economy report Center for cultural policy research(2003), Baseline study on HongKong creative industries: for the central policy unit, HK spcial administerative region government, HongKong Florida, R.(2005), Cities and the Creative Class, New York: Routledge. 1325

10 Florida, R.(2002), The Rise of the Creative Class, New York: Basic Books. Landry, C.(2000), The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators, London: Earthscan. Putnam, Robert D.(2000), Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon & Schuster. Peck, J.(2005), Struggling with the Creative Class, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29(4): pp Pratt, A. C.(1997), The Cultural Industries Production System: A Case Study of Employment Change in Britain, , Environment and Planning A, 29: pp Ministry of Culture(2002), Adjustment and Supporting Criteria of Regional Culture Industry Cluster Measurement Yusuf S., N. Kaoru(2005), Creative industries in East Asia, Cities, Vol.22, No.2, pp Ministry of Culture(2003), White Paper of Culture Industry. Ministry of Culture(2004a), Report of Global Cultural Content Business. Ministry of Culture(2004b), Report of Culture Industry. Ministry of Culture(2004c, 2006), Culture Industry Statistics. Ministry of Culture(2008), Annual report Sasaki Masayuki(1998), Market Economies and Tradition in the East Asia: Perspectives of Global and Creative City, Han Lim Japanese Research, 3: pp Sterman, J. D.(2000), Business Dynamics: System Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World, Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill. Appendix Metropolitan 5+2 Capital metropolitan 16 Municipaliti es in Korea Creative in Korea 2008 creative Industry Creative Share All % in all Special ization index Seoul % % 1.47 Incheon % % 0.77 Gyunggido % % 0.91 DaeGyung Daegu % % 0.99 Ulsan % % 0.93 Gyungbuk % % 0.75 EastSouth Gyungnam % % 0.8 Busan % %

11 Metropolitan Municipaliti es in Korea 2008 creative Industry Creative Share All % in all Special ization index Gangwon Gangwondo % % 0.82 ChungChung Chungbuk % % 0.84 Chungnam % % 0.72 DaeJeon % % 1.11 Honam Area Jeonbuk % % 0.89 Jeonnam % % 0.72 Gwangju % % 1.14 Jeju Jeju % % 0.84 Korea Total % % 1 Creative employument in Korea Metropolitan 5+2 Capital metropolita n 16 Municipaliti es in Korea 2008 creative Industry Share All % in all Speciali zation index Seoul % % 2.09 Incheon % % 0.5 Gyunggido % % 0.82 DaeGyung Daegu % % 0.67 Ulsan % % 0.47 Gyungbuk % % 0.43 EastSouth Gyungnam % % 0.44 Busan % % 0.59 Gangwon Gangwondo % %

12 Metropolitan 5+2 ChungChun g 16 Municipaliti es in Korea 2008 creative Industry Share All % in all Speciali zation index Chungbuk % % 0.51 Chungnam % % 0.42 DaeJeon % % 1.21 Honam Area Jeonbuk % % 0.54 Jeonnam % % 0.46 Gwangju % % 0.7 Jeju Jeju % % 0.75 Korea Total % %