International Conference on Topical Issues in Nuclear Installation Safety: Continuous Improvement of Nuclear Safety in a Changing World

Transcription

1 IAEA-CN-120 International Conference on Topical Issues in Nuclear Installation Safety: Continuous Improvement of Nuclear Safety in a Changing World Organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency Hosted by the Government of China Beijing, China October 2004 ANNOUNCEMENT AND CALL FOR PAPERS 1. INTRODUCTION In 1991, the IAEA organized an International Conference on the Safety of Nuclear Power: Strategy for the Future. Recommendations from that conference prompted actions in subsequent years that advanced the safety of nuclear installations worldwide, and included the establishment of the Convention on Nuclear Safety, which entered into force in October In 1998, the IAEA sponsored an International Conference on Topical Issues in Nuclear, Radiation and Radioactive Waste Safety. In response to the concerns identified and the recommendations provided by the conference, actions were taken to improve the monitoring of safety by: developing performance indicators; furthering the use of probabilistic safety insights to complement and help optimize the prescriptive nature of regulations; and addressing actions needed to ensure the future availability of competent professionals.

2 - 2 In 2001, the IAEA sponsored an International Conference on Topical Issues in Nuclear Safety. The findings were again essential in providing the IAEA and the nuclear industry with insights as to where future activities should be focused. Recommendations addressed: the need to develop international guidance on the use of probabilistic safety insights; the potential negative impacts on safety from external factors; the need for emergency preparedness guidance for fuel cycle facilities; the safety challenges associated with poor utilization programmes at research reactors; and the need to develop simple, indicators of safe operating performance. Although substantial progress has been made in improving the safe operational performance of nuclear installations over the past years, numerous issues continue to be of concern. First, the growing diversification and globalization of the nuclear community are highlighting issues in areas such as ensuring quality; obtaining, maintaining and managing knowledge; utilizing common, internationally accepted safety standards; balancing the needs between safety and security; promoting cooperation and sharing of experience between regulatory authorities; and integrating the practices and methodologies of international vendors and contractors into diverse cultures. Second, events continue to be reported whose root causes call into question the effectiveness of safety at those facilities. These events all have common issues that contributed to non-conservative decisions being taken or omissions in the decision process; more importantly, these events have highlighted issues within both the regulatory authorities and the operating organizations. In addition, there are unique aspects that regulatory authorities face in dealing with the changing environment. Finally, many issues related to the long term operation of nuclear facilities continue to be of concern. The conference will focus on topical issues affecting nuclear installation safety and thus is expected to be of interest to those involved in the operation or regulation of nuclear power plants and research reactors, fuel cycle facilities and other organizations, such as vendors and contractors. 2. OBJECTIVE The objective of the conference is to foster the exchange of information on topical issues in nuclear safety. The conference will develop an international consensus on the basic approaches for dealing with these issues, and will propose recommendations concerning: the present status of these issues; priorities for future work; need for strengthening international cooperation, including recommendations for future activities for the IAEA, nuclear utilities and regulatory authorities; emerging issues with international implications.

3 TOPICS The following topical issues have been identified as subjects for the conference sessions. Papers related to nuclear installations other than nuclear power plants (NPPs) are welcome and encouraged. The conference will also accept papers related to the safety aspects of non-nuclear industry programmes and facilities (e.g. petrochemical and aeronautical), so as to enrich the discussions and, thereby, provide a wider background on practices related to the management of safety worldwide. Topical Issue No. 1: Changing Environments Coping with Diversity and Globalization This session will address the changing environment in which the nuclear community is now operating. It will consider the challenges being experienced by regulatory authorities, operators and nuclear suppliers as the design, construction and operation of nuclear facilities become more diverse and reflect a more global perspective, and will probe the challenges of information and knowledge management. Typical topics for discussion will address: Globalization of the nuclear industry (consolidation of operating organizations and vendors across national boundaries); Global regulatory challenges (integrating diverse standards and methodologies with individual national cultures and regulatory practices); Dealing with suppliers and vendors from different national backgrounds ensuring quality management and maintaining knowledge management; Licensing of facilities designed to different standards and criteria and applying safety standards from different supplier countries; Transferring technology to back-up/replacement nuclear supplies; Transferring technology from the nuclear supplier to the operating organization; Contracting management companies to operate NPPs; Reconstituting the design basis without the benefit of all original design information; Merging in a single plant the systems from different designs and vendors; Knowledge management as a tool for sharing experience and ensuring quality; Networking as a way to bridge geographical and cultural barriers. Topical Issue No. 2: Operating Experience Managing Changes Effectively This session will address how operating experience can and should be used to help manage the changes that are being experienced within the community. Lessons learned from operational events, design and construction challenges and changes in public expectations are included. Typical topics for discussion will address: Use of low level event and near-miss information trending of precursors, management commitment to be pro-active rather than reacting to significant events; Identification of complacency, overconfidence, loss of safety focus, production versus safety; Issues identified during organizational change, outsourcing, use of contractors and downsizing;

4 - 4 Ensuring management commitment to continuous improvement; Use of external operating experience feedback to ensure that lessons learned elsewhere are applied; Use of good practices and benchmarking; Development of effective corrective action programmes ensuring analysis beyond direct cause, and ensuring management commitment to the comprehensive implementation of corrective action programmes; Integrating safety practices with enhanced physical security demands; Lessons learned in outage and configuration management; Lessons learned in maintaining safety focus during the last period of operation before decommissioning; Getting the message of lessons learned to personnel at all levels of the organization communication with the staff; Networking as a way to bridge geographical and cultural barriers; Changes in public expectations in light of events and social change. Topical Issue No. 3: Regulatory Management Systems Adapting to Changes in the Environment This session will address the unique aspects that regulatory authorities face in dealing with the changing environment. Included would be such challenges as: how to license facilities designed to different standards and criteria; how to sustain effective safety oversight; how to balance between the risk informed and deterministic approaches in a regulatory framework; and how to ensure that appropriate competencies and skills are retained in the regulatory work force. Typical topics for discussion will address: Self-assessment of regulatory body performance/use of regulatory performance indicators; Quality management systems/models/certification; Effectiveness of oversight and inspection techniques; Use of safety performance indicators; Probabilistic safety criteria, completeness, margins, uncertainties, probabilistic safety assessment quality; Regulating safety and security as mutually supportive concepts; Risk informed decision making, improvements needed in operational and regulatory applications; Application of risk informed decision making to research reactors and fuel cycle facilities; Communicating risk to the public; Networking as a way to bridge to geographical and cultural barriers.

5 - 5 Topical Issue No.4: Long Term Operations Maintaining Safety Margins while Extending Plant Lifetimes This session will address the unique considerations that are being experienced as more and more installations pursue extended operations, including up-rates in some cases. Included will be discussions of how ageing management programmes provide assurance of safety margins, the technical challenges that must be overcome to ensure continued operational safety, and the assurances needed to satisfy public concerns. Typical topics for discussion will address: Periodic safety reviews different approaches to ensuring adequate safety margins; Regulatory approaches for license renewal; Power up-rates versus maintaining safety margins; Preconditions for long term operations; Need for design basis documentation/reconstitution; Ageing management programmes; Obsolescence and life cycle management, component replacement; Human performance factors; Organizational issues and challenges; Managing safety while transitioning from an operating to a decommissioning status; Networking as a way to bridge to geographical and cultural barriers. 4. PROGRAMME STRUCTURE The opening session will address the conference s global objectives. A series of four technical sessions will address the individual topical issues mentioned above. After the discussions in the technical sessions, conclusions and recommendations will be drawn up. Each session will consist of: an overview presentation and summaries of the relevant contributed papers; invited keynote paper(s); discussion lead-in statements; open discussion. Poster sessions will be organized for all contributed papers. A closing panel discussion will focus on Safety Management and Safety Culture in Nuclear Installations. This discussion will bring into focus the essence of the various sessions and be the capstone of the week activities and will provide strong input for the conference concluding session. Participants will include senior executives from the various

6 - 6 stakeholders in this issue, including nuclear operating organizations, regulatory bodies and the technical support industry. The conference will feature a concluding session at which the overall results and conclusions of all topical sessions and the panel discussion will be summarized by the chairpersons. The President of the Conference will highlight the recommendations for the future development of international co-operation, including how to transfer the results of the topical discussions to the IAEA s programmes and medium term strategy. 5. AUDIENCE The conference is directed at a broad range of experts in the area of nuclear safety, including professionals from the different disciplines involved in the safety of nuclear power plants, installations in other parts of the fuel cycle and research reactors. It is aimed at both licensees and governmental officials, including persons from regulatory bodies, the industry and academe as well as senior policy makers. 6. PARTICIPATION All persons wishing to participate in the conference are requested to complete a Participation Form (Form A) and send it as soon as possible to the competent national authority (see Section 9) for subsequent transmission to the IAEA. A participant will be accepted only if the Participation Form is transmitted through the competent official authority of a Member State of the IAEA or by an organization invited to participate. Details on the logistics of the conference will be sent to all designated participants approximately two to three months before the meeting. This information will be posted on the conference web page: 7. CONTRIBUTED PAPERS AND POSTERS Concise papers on issues falling within the scope of the conference (see Section 3 above) may be submitted as contributions to the conference. These papers will not be presented orally, but will be summarized by a Rapporteur and included in a Book of Contributed Papers to be distributed free of charge to all participants upon registration. Authors of contributed papers may present the substance of their paper(s) in the form of a Poster, which will be exhibited in the Poster Area. The contributed papers should not exceed four pages in length and must be submitted in English. Each contributed paper must be preceded by an abstract not exceeding 300 words. Authors should state to which of the above technical topic their contribution relates. Authors must use the IAEA s Proceedings Paper Template in Word 2000 (user instructions are available on the conference web page (Section 16)). Guidelines for the preparation of a contributed paper are given in the attached IAEA Guidelines for Authors on the Preparation of Manuscripts for Proceedings and the IAEA Guidelines for the Preparation of a Poster.

7 - 7 The contributed papers should be submitted to the following address: M.Lipar@iaea.org or sent on diskette/cd-rom to the Scientific Secretariat (see Section 15). The diskette label should identify the paper, the proposed session topic and the software application used (the use of Microsoft Word is encouraged). To permit selection and review, the electronic version of the contributed paper must be received by the Scientific Secretariat not later than 10 May In addition to the electronic submission, a copy of the contributed paper(s) must also be submitted through one of the competent official authorities (see Section 9). The paper should be sent with a completed Form for Submission of a Paper (Form B) and the Participation Form (Form A) to reach the IAEA not later than 24 May Only papers that have been received by the above deadline(s) and through the appropriate official channels will be considered for inclusion in the Book of Contributed Papers. Final acceptance will occur after a peer review process. Furthermore, the Secretariat reserves the right to exclude papers that do not comply with its quality standards and do not apply to one of the topics in Section 3, above. Papers that are not sent through the official channels and papers arriving after the deadline will not be considered. Authors will be informed by 25 June 2004 whether their papers have been accepted for inclusion in the Book of Contributed Papers and for presentation as a poster. 8. EXPENDITURES/GRANTS No registration fee is charged to participants. As a general rule, the IAEA does not pay the cost of attendance, i.e. travel and living expenses, of participants. However, limited funds are available to help meet the cost of the attendance of selected specialists, mainly from developing countries with low economic resources. Generally, not more than one grant will be awarded to any one country. If governments wish to apply for a grant on behalf of one of their specialists, they should address specific requests to the IAEA to this effect. Governments should ensure that applications for grants: (a) are submitted by 24 May 2004; (b) are accompanied by a duly completed and signed Grant Application Form (see attached Form C). Applications that do not comply with the conditions stated under (a) and (b) cannot be considered. The grants awarded will be in the form of lump sums and will usually cover only part of the cost of attendance.

8 CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION The Participation Form (Form A), the Paper Submission Form (Form B) and, if applicable, the Grant Application Form (Form C) must be sent through one of the competent official authorities (Ministry of Foreign Affairs or national atomic energy authority) for subsequent transmission to the IAEA. Subsequent communications concerning technical matters should be sent to the Scientific Secretary and communications on administrative/logistical matters to the Conference Secretariat (see Section 15). 10. DISTRIBUTION OF DOCUMENTS AND PROCEEDINGS A preliminary programme of the conference will be sent to all officially designated participants well in advance of the meeting and will also be available on the IAEA conference web site (see Section 16). The Final Programme and the Book of Contributed Papers will be available free of charge upon registration at the conference. The Proceedings of the conference to be published by the IAEA, will contain welcoming addresses, overview presentations, rapporteur reports, invited keynote papers, session summaries, the conclusions presented by the President of the Conference on the last day, and the records of the discussions. The contributed papers will be included as a CD ROM. The Proceedings can be ordered, at a special discounted price, during the Conference. 11. WORKING LANGUAGE The working language of the meeting will be English. All communications must, therefore, be sent to the IAEA in English. 12. ACCOMMODATION Detailed information on accommodation and other administrative details will be sent to all officially designated participants approximately two to three months before the meeting. It will also be available on the IAEA conference web site. 13. VISAS Designated participants who require a visa to enter China should submit the necessary application to the nearest diplomatic or consular representative of China as soon as possible. Please note that the procedure could take up to three weeks.

9 KEY DATES Deadline for receipt of electronic version of contributed papers 10 May 2004 Deadline for receipt of paper submission forms (Form B) and copy of contributed papers through official channels 24 May 2004 Deadline for receipt of grant application forms (Form C) through official channels 24 May CONTACT INFORMATION (a) Scientific issues Scientific Secretariat (IAEA) Mr. M. Lipar Head, Operational Safety Section, NSNI International Atomic Energy Agency P.O. Box 100 Wagramer Strasse 5 A-1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone No.: (+43) Fax No.: (+43) M.Lipar@iaea.org (b) Administrative Issues Conference Organizer (IAEA) Ms. R. Perricos Conference Services Section, MTCD International Atomic Energy Agency P.O. Box 100 Wagramer Strasse 5 A-1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone No.: (+43) Fax No.: (+43) R.Perricos@iaea.org General mail for IAEA: official.mail@iaea.org 16. CONFERENCE WEB PAGE Please visit the IAEA conference web site regularly for new information regarding the conference under:

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11 FORM A IAEA-CN-120 International Conference on Topical Issues in Nuclear Installation Safety: Continuous Improvement of Nuclear Safety in a Changing World Beijing, China October 2004 To be sent to the competent official authority (Ministry of Foreign Affairs or national atomic energy authority) for transmission to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria (telefax no ). PARTICIPATION FORM FAMILY NAME: ALL INITIALS OF GIVEN NAMES: Mr./Ms. INSTITUTION: FULL ADDRESS: FOR URGENT COMMUNICATIONS PLEASE INDICATE: TELEPHONE No.: TELEFAX No.: ADDRESS: NATIONALITY: DESIGNATING GOVERNMENT OR ORGANIZATION: MAILING ADDRESS ( IF DIFFERENT FROM THE ADDRESS INDICATED ABOVE): DO YOU INTEND TO SUBMIT A CONTRIBUTED PAPER? YES NO DO YOU INTEND TO PRESENT A POSTER? YES NO TITLE OF PAPER:

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13 FORM B IAEA-CN-120 International Conference on Topical Issues in Nuclear Installation Safety: Continuous Improvement of Nuclear Safety in a Changing World Beijing, China October 2004 To be sent to the competent official authority (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, national atomic energy authority) for transmission to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria [Telefax No ] FORM FOR SUBMISSION OF A PAPER/POSTER TITLE OF THE PAPER/POSTER: AUTHOR(S) INITIAL(S) AND FAMILY NAME(S) 1. SCIENTIFIC ESTABLISHMENT(S) IN WHICH THE WORK WAS CARRIED OUT TOWN/COUNTRY AUTHOR WHO WILL PRESENT THE PAPER Mailing address: Mr./Ms. Initial(s): Family name: For urgent communications please indicate: Telephone No.: Telefax No.: address: I hereby agree to assign to the International Atomic Energy Agency the copyright or the non-exclusive, royalty-free licence (this option is only for those authors whose parent institution does not allow them to transfer the copyright for work carried out in that institution) to publish the above-mentioned paper, and certify that no other rights have been granted that could conflict with the right hereby given to the Agency. Date: (Signature of main author)

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15 FORM C IAEA-CN-120 International Conference on Topical Issues in Nuclear Installation Safety: Continuous Improvement of Nuclear Safety in a Changing World Beijing, China October 2004 To be sent to the competent official authority (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, national atomic energy authority) for transmission to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria [Telefax no ] to reach it at the latest by 24 May GRANT APPLICATION FORM (To be completed only by participants from developing countries on whose behalf a grant is requested) NAME: MAILING ADDRESS: DATE OF BIRTH (YEAR/MONTH/DAY): MR./MS.: TELEPHONE NO.: TELEFAX NO.: ADDRESS: NATIONALITY: 1. EDUCATION (POST-SECONDARY) NAME AND PLACE OF INSTITUTION FIELD OF STUDY DIPLOMA OR DEGREE YEARS ATTENDED FROM TO 2. RECENT EMPLOYMENT RECORD (STARTING WITH YOUR PRESENT POST) NAME AND PLACE OF EMPLOYER/ORGANIZATION TITLE OF YOUR POSITION TYPE OF WORK YEARS EMPLOYED FROM TO 3. DESCRIPTION OF WORK (PERFORMED OVER THE LAST THREE YEARS) 4. INSTITUTE'S/MEMBER STATE'S PROGRAMME IN FIELD OF MEETING Date Signature of applicant Date Name and title (printed) and signature of responsible Government official

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17 GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION OF A POSTER General Information on a poster should attract attention. It should therefore be limited to the most important facts only. Preparation of a Poster Each poster author will be assigned a poster board: The size of the poster will be communicated at a later stage. All display material should be prepared in advance. It should preferably consist of smaller sections which can be mounted on the board in the poster area. The top of the poster should display, in lettering not smaller than 3 cm in height, the following information: TITLE OF PRESENTATION, NAMES OF AUTHORS, AFFILIATIONS The text of the poster should be easily readable from a distance of 2 to 2.5 m. Machine typed characters are too small. Use heavy lettering at least 1 cm high. The poster should be divided into: Introduction Method Results Conclusions or an equivalent division. It is advisable to leave details and explanations for the face-to-face discussions. Presentation at the Meeting Poster authors are kindly requested to be at their posters for discussion with interested participants during the relevant poster session, as indicated in the meeting programme. Text and presentation should be in English. PLEASE NOTE that further details on the possibilities for arranging the displays in the POSTER area will be given at the beginning of the meeting.

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19 IAEA GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS ON PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTS FOR PROCEEDINGS Submission of papers Papers must not exceed the number of pages specified in the letter of acceptance. Copyright Before the meeting, authors will have been requested to sign the Form for Submission of a Paper (Form B), assigning to the IAEA either copyright or a non-exclusive, royalty free licence to publish. Authors are responsible for ensuring that nothing in their papers infringes any existing copyright. If previously copyrighted material is included, authors must provide evidence that the copyright holder has given permission for its use. Decision to publish The final decision on whether a paper will be published in the proceedings will be taken by the IAEA after the meeting. Should the IAEA decide to publish the papers in another form, the authors will be notified. Manuscript The manuscript should be supplied in electronic form in Microsoft Word and as hard copy. The Instructions for Formatting A4 Manuscripts Using Microsoft Word (see page 2) should be followed. Sample A shows two manuscript pages, indicating the preferred style for headings and footnotes. Mathematical symbols must be clearly and consistently typed to ensure that their meanings and positions are unambiguous. The first page must begin with the title of the paper, the names of the authors, and the names and locations of their institutes. The present postal address of an author, where different from the affiliation, should be given as a footnote. The paper must begin with an abstract. The abstract should be typed as one paragraph not exceeding 300 words and should not contain references or footnotes. In the case of a summary presentation, no abstract is required. The SI system of units should be followed, or conversions given where non-si units have to be retained. Abbreviations likely to be unfamiliar to readers must be explained the first time they occur. References (see Sample B) should be numbered (Arabic numerals in square brackets) in the order in which they are first mentioned, and listed at the end of the paper. If a reference is cited first in a figure, figure caption or table, it should be numbered according to the place in the text where the figure or table is first mentioned. Attention should be paid to punctuation. A bibliography for background reading, i.e. whose entries are not cited in the text, should be set out in reference form and put in alphabetical order by author. The entries should not be serially numbered. References by the same author should be ordered chronologically, with the earliest reference first. Figures and tables should be clear and reproducible (type area: 16 cm 25 cm). All figures and tables should be mentioned in the text and should be numbered in the order in which they are first mentioned. They should be placed as close as possible to the place where they are first mentioned, but text must not be wrapped around them. INSTRUCTIONS FOR FORMATTING/

20 Instructions for Formatting A4 Manuscripts Using Microsoft Word 1. Default language: Should be set to English (UK). However, please note that Agency style is to use zation rather than sation and ize rather than ise in the corresponding verbs. The corresponding spelling will have to be added to the spellchecker or the indications of misspelling ignored. PAGE LAYOUT 2. Paper size: Standard, 21 cm 29.7 cm (A4). 3. Page set-up: Margins: top: 2 cm; Gutter: 0 cm. bottom: 2.7 cm; From edge: Header: 1.25 cm; left/right: 2.5 cm. Footer: 1.25 cm. Resulting type area: 16 cm 25 cm. 4. Justification: Full (or left only, if preferred). 5. Line spacing: Line spacing should be set at 1. The first line of a paragraph should not be indented. Leave a line space between paragraphs. 6. Numbering of pages: Alignment outside (Under Page Setup/Layout/Headers and Footers, select different odd and even ), with numbers in Times New Roman 11 point. 7. Section headings: Do not use more than four levels of heading. The number should always end with a full stop. 8. Leave only one space after a full stop. 9. Widow/Orphan lines: Never start a page with the last line of a paragraph or of a displayed list, and never finish a page with the first line of a paragraph or of a displayed list. Make sure that all headings are followed on the same page by at least two lines of text. 10. Displayed (single and multilevel) itemized lists: For single lists, set each item identifier, e.g. (a), (1) or em dash (i.e. ALT 0151), at the margin and start the text on the paragraph indent of 1 cm. 11. Facing pages should not differ in length by more than two lines. Line spaces should be introduced, as necessary, for this purpose. FONTS 12. Font and point size for text: Use only Times New Roman 11 point or 12 point (do not use CG Times). Do not use any sanserif font (except Arial). 13. Special characters/signs: Use the Insert/Symbol feature in MS Word to insert special characters. In the dialog boxes under the Symbols tab select the font (normal text) and use one of the subsets Basic Latin, Latin 1, Latin Extended-A or Latin Extended-B. Do not set the font to Symbol in the Insert/Symbol dialog box. Special characters/signs can also be inserted using ALT + numeric keypad. This solution is particularly well suited for inserting special characters in the Show Paper Properties dialog box. Please note that Num Lock must be switched on in order for this method to work. For equations, use the Microsoft equation editor accessible through Insert/Object/Microsoft Equation. For manuscripts originally created with fonts other than Times New Roman or Arial, select Embed True Type fonts under Tools/Options/Save before saving a file. 14. Mathematical signs: Use the special characters: (ALT 0215) for the multiplication sign; en dash (ALT 0150) for minus; and raised dot (ALT 0183) for combining units (e.g. MW h). 15. Footnotes: Arabic numerals, Times New Roman 10 point. 2

21 16. Do not underline: Use italics, bold or bold italics instead. FIGURES AND TABLES 17. Do not wrap text around tables and figures. Tables and figures should be placed at the top or bottom of the page if possible. (If tables or figures are not available in the Word file, leave appropriate blank spaces.) 18. Figures: Line drawings should not contain detail that will not reproduce clearly at the final, printed page size (e.g. plotted symbols, fine lines and shading). Photographs should be supplied as good quality glossy prints. Figures should be included into the Word document using the Insert/Picture menu in Word. Figures should not be included using the Insert/Object functionality. Otherwise figures should be submitted as separate files as follows: scanned images in TIF format, image files produced with a vector graphics capable software in EPS format. Photographic images should be scanned using a resolution of 300 dots per inch (dpi). Graphs or diagrams should be scanned using a resolution of 600 dpi. 19. Figure numbering and captions: Arabic numerals, Times New Roman 11 point or 12 points italics. Examples: FIG. 24. Determination of optimum contact time for uranium extraction [5]. FIG. 25. Tonnage of uranium recoverable from EAR-I at costs of up to US $80/kg U for the period from 1977 to Table formatting: Do not use boxes; use horizontal lines only, but not between consecutive rows. Width: do not exceed 16 cm (if less than 16 cm, centre table) or, for a table in landscape format, 25 cm. 21. Table numbering and headings: Roman numerals, Times New Roman 11 point or 12 point. Footnotes should be indicated by raised lower case letters. Finally: Run the manuscript through the spelling checker. 3

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23 Sample A: Example of manuscript pages Scenario selection procedures in the framework of the ETNA project * A case study Weidong Ma a, P.A. Aarnio b, A.E. Smith a a Joint Department of Physics, British Nuclear Fuels plc, Sellafield, Seascale, Cumbria, United Kingdom b Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland Abstract. In the framework of the ETNA project, five organizations involved in waste management have harmonized their methodologies for selecting a final set of scenarios to be considered for sensitivity analysis studies. The independent initiating event methodology is based on the production of a limited list of about twenty independent initiating events. The PROSA methodology starts from a comprehensive list of about 150 features, events and processes. These schemes result in a final list of scenarios which are quite similar for the same site and rock formation. In the framework of ETNA these scenarios are treated in a qualitative or semiquantitative manner. 1. Introduction The ETNA project is a co-operative effort between five organizations. The working group deals with scenario development and is in charge of: Reporting the scenario selection procedures developed by each participating organization, Setting up a list of the scenarios to be considered in the project and producing a synthesis of this work. 2. Description of scenario selection procedures 2.1. Independent initiating event methodology First step: Listing of independent initiating events and associated induced events The structure of the independent initiating event (IIE) methodology is shown in Figs 1 and Comparison methodogy The selected methodology was based on [1]: (a) (b) Separation of the comparison into two sub-analyses: (i) Technology for excavation/construction: disposal backfilling and sealing; (ii) Long term performance and safety. Structuring of the problems in a hierarchical system containing several levels, with each problem separated into more and more detailed elements on each lower level. * Work performed within the framework of the European Commission's Programme on Storage of Waste. Present address: Ionizing Radiation Standards, Institute for National Measurement Standards, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada k1a 0R6. 1

24 Sample A: Example of manuscript pages (cont.) Table I. Secondary wastes arising from column materials used in the reprocessing of 350 t HM [2] Material Element Amount of element (g) Amount of material (kg) Sb 2 O 5 and MnO 2 Sb, Mo a CMPO (on SM 7) Am, Eu, Ce b a Estimated value taken from 1 L experiments as a basis. b Determined value from breakthrough curves. The different kinds of secondary wastes generated are summarized in Table I and Fig. 3. Management techniques for the liquid wastes generated are given in Section Figure 4 shows three basic concepts for plugging shafts in rock salt. Examples [3 7] of 15 seal designs are given in Figs 5 and 6. As discussed in Ref. [8], the light water reactor (LWR) situation will change in the near future for Europe, where incentives exist for increasing the fuel burnup (up to MW d/t HM). Cladding will have to be improved to solve problems caused by pellet clad interaction (PCI). Equation (16) of Ref. [9] can be rewritten, after combining Eqs (14) and (15), as: where C = Q(r s ) 1 (K H K V ) 1/2 C' (1) C is the concentration of the radionuclide (Bq/m 3 ), Q is the rate of release of the radionuclide concerned into the ocean (Bq/s), r s is the radius of the source (m), K H is the horizontal eddy diffusivity in the water column (m 2 /s), is the vertical diffusivity in the water column (m 2 /s), K V and C' is calculated using Eq. (15). Reference [1] describes the following processes: (a) (b) (c) Filtration Ion exchange permanent and mobile Evaporation Confinement in the near field In Fig. 3 the distribution of the nuclides between the components as a function of time is shown. In both cases only a fraction of the initial inventory is released into the far field. 1 In some safety assessments of waste repositories, the peak doses are estimated to occur around 1000 to years after repository closure. The dominant radionuclides are 14 C, 239,240 Pu, 129 I and, in the short term, 90 Sr. 1 At this stage, the non-linear sorption behaviour of Cs in the far field has not been considered. 2

25 Sample B: Examples of references REFERENCES [1] FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION, OECD NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY, PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources, Safety Series No. 115, IAEA, Vienna (1996). [2] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, Safety Standards Series No. ST-1, IAEA, Vienna (1996). [3] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Quality Assurance for Safety in Nuclear Power Plants and other Nuclear Installations, Code and Safety Guides Q1 Q14, Safety Series No. 50-C/SG-Q, IAEA, Vienna (1996). [4] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Establishing and Implementing a Quality Assurance Programme, Safety Guide Q1, Quality Assurance for Safety in Nuclear Power Plants and other Nuclear Installations, Code and Safety Guides Q1 Q14, Safety Series No. 50-C/SG- Q, IAEA, Vienna (1996). [5] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, State of the Art Technology for Decontamination and Dismantling of Nuclear Facilities, Technical Reports Series No. 395, IAEA, Vienna (1999). [6] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Evolutionary Water Cooled Reactors: Strategic Issues, Technologies and Economic Viability, IAEA-TECDOC-1117, Vienna (1999). [7] FIL, N.S., et al., Balancing passive and active systems for evolutionary water cooled reactors, Evolutionary Water Cooled Reactors: Strategic Issues, Technologies and Economic Viability, IAEA-TECDOC-1117, Vienna (1999) [8] Energy from Inertial Fusion, IAEA, Vienna (1995) [9] Topical Issues in Nuclear, Radiation and Radioactive Waste Safety (Proc. Conf. Vienna, 1998), IAEA, Vienna (1999); Contributed Papers (CD-ROM). [10] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development and Management, C&S Papers Series No. 2/C, IAEA, Vienna (1999) (CD-ROM). [11] LAO, L.L., et al., Effects of plasma shape and profiles on edge stability in DIII-D, Fusion Energy 1998 (Proc. 17th Int. Conf. Yokohama, 1998), IAEA, Vienna (2000) (CD-ROM file EX8/1). [12] INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION, Evaluation of Radiation Doses to Body Tissues from Internal Contamination due to Occupational Exposure, Publication 10, Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York (1968). [13] Nuclear Power Performance and Safety (Proc. Conf. Vienna, 1987), 6 vols, IAEA, Vienna (1988). [14] TAIT, W.H., Radiation Detection, Butterworth, London (1980). [15] GRAMBOW, B., et al., Chemical stability of a phosphate glass under hydrothermal conditions, Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management (Proc. Symp. Boston, 1979), Vol. 2 (NORTHRUP, C.J.M., Jr., Ed.), Plenum Press, New York (1980) [16] DURAND, M., KAWASHIMA, R., ibid., pp [17] FORSYTH, R.S. (Ed.), The Hot Cell Laboratory A Short Description of Programs, Facilities and Techniques, Rep. STUDSVIK/NF(P)-86/29, Studsvik Energiteknik, Nyköping (1986). [18] NATIONALE GENOSSENSCHAFT FÜR DIE LAGERUNG RADIOAKTlVER ABFÄLLE, Repository for High Level Waste: Construction and Operation, Rep , Nagra, Baden, Switzerland (1985). [19] Del Castillo, D., Dynamics and Transport in Rotating Fluids and Transition to Chaos in Area Preserving Non-twist Maps, PhD Thesis, Univ. of Texas, Austin (1994). [20] KUANG, Guangli, et al., Lower hybrid current drive experiments and improved performance on the HT-7 superconducting tokamak, Nucl. Fusion 39 (1999) [21] WlLLE, H., BERTHOLDT, H.O., Chemical decontamination of components and systems, Nucl. Eur (1988) 41. [22] DIAMOND, B.A., Binding of Lectins to the Cell Surface of T. cruzi (in preparation). 3

26 Sample A: Example of references (cont.) [23] VON DRASCHE, R., Acquired cell mediated immunodepression effects in acute Chagas disease, J. Clin. Invest. (in press). [24] REFORMATSKIJ, I.A., Laboratories for Work with Radioactive Substances, Atomizdat, Moscow (1979) (in Russian). [25] PHILLIPS, S.M., Kernforschungsanlage Jülich, KOCH, D., Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, personal communication, [26] UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, Aerosol Fog System for Fixing Radioactive Contamination, Technology Deployment Fact Sheet (1999), factsheets/deploys/fogger.htm. 4