UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI College of Architecture and Engineering School of Arts and Design. BDS 413: PROJECT PAPER Interior Design Specialization

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1 UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI College of Architecture and Engineering School of Arts and Design BDS 413: PROJECT PAPER Interior Design Specialization KOFI ANNAN AND BIO-MIMICRY IN THE INTERIOR DESIGN OF AN APPEALING AQUA MUSIC LOUNGE IN NAIROBI, KENYA. (A case study of Aqua Music Lounge in Metropolitan Building: Buruburu, Nairobi, Kenya) By: KARIUKI MARYANN NG ENDO- B05/52923/2012 Supervisor: Mr. Chege Gitura Project paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Arts in Design Degree submitted to the school of the Arts and Design, University of Nairobi. Date of submission: 18 th November 2015.

2 UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI College of Architecture and Engineering School of Arts and Design BDS 413: PROJECT PAPER Interior Design Specialization KOFI ANNAN AND BIO-MIMICRY IN THE INTERIOR DESIGN OF AN APPEALING AQUA MUSIC LOUNGE IN NAIROBI, KENYA. (A case study of Aqua Music Lounge in Metropolitan Building: Buruburu, Nairobi, Kenya) By: KARIUKI MARYANN NG ENDO- B05/52923/2012 Supervisor: Mr. Chege Gitura Project paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Arts in Design Degree submitted to the school of the Arts and Design, University of Nairobi. Date of submission: 18 th November 2015.

3 DECLARATION I, Kariuki Maryann Ng endo, declare that this is my original work and also affirm that to the best of my knowledge, this project paper has not been presented in this or any other university for examination or any other purpose. Signed.. Date. Kariuki Maryann Ng endo A Research Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Design at the University of Nairobi. Supervisor, MR. CHEGE GITURA. Signature Date Director, School of the Arts and Design, MR.M.KINYUA Signature Date

4 DEDICATION To my beloved Mum Mrs. Margaret Wanjiru Kariuki who has inspired my work by being my greatest teacher and source of inspiration. I am very thankful. To my late father Mr. Ibrahim Wanyoike Kariuki who taught me hard work and endurance. To my beloved brother Martin Wanyoike Kariuki, for always being there for me.

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To the Creator of all, God Almighty. This could not be possible without His guidance and strength throughout this whole period to this point. My sincere appreciation goes to my lecturers DR. Lilac Osanjo and Mr. Michael Munene from the School of the Arts and Design, University of Nairobi for their guidance in writing of this research and whose brains I picked in an attempt to ensure what is covered is relevant to my research objectives. The authors and publishers whose materials I have cited and a special thank you to those who were sampled and who graciously provided information by filling in the interview guides. Thoughtful criticism and suggestions from my fellow students, tutors, and professionals a like helped to improve this study. I hope the reader will help make it what it will be in the future. All my friends who were there to support me when I needed any help and assistance. Thank you. The errors, idiosyncrasies, idiocies, and inconsistencies remain my own.

6 ABSTRACT This study focuses on sustainable design as one of interior design approaches that exhibits increased awareness of the environmental, raw materials and production systems with the view to preserve the world for future generations. The Principle of Bio-mimicry was selected for investigation because it surmises the future of all aspects of human development both with self and the environment around us. This is with an aim at preservation of earth, marred by the threat of global warming, and by extension survival of the human species by adapting to this changing environment. Kofi Annan on the other hand is used as an instrumental figure in propagating the ideals of good leadership skills within the youth and his leadership qualities, which include being able to communicate in an open, colourful, imaginative and expressive manner, whilst creating a comfortable environment for all, have been used to create an appealing Music lounge for the youth in Buruburu, Nairobi, Kenya. A qualitative research approach was employed for this study with an incorporation of quantitative analysis. Data collection techniques included non-participant observation, informal and formal interviews and semi structured interview guides. Data analysis was undertaken using descriptive methods including narrative. Tables, pie charts and photographs are presented to support some of the issues that are unearthed. The research findings show that although there are vast opportunities for use of Bio-mimicry and the attributes of Kofi Annan in interior spaces such as in interior finish materials; there exist various barriers that hinder exploitation of those opportunities such as cost of implementation and lack of enough time to source for and use them in interior spaces. In the context of this research therefore, it is established that local interior space designs are not exploiting opportunities for use of Bio-mimicry or personality attributes in solving interior design problems. This project paper is divided into five chapters. Chapter one covers the background to the study, research objectives and questions, the significance of study the scope and limitations. Chapter two critically reviews existing literature in line with the objectives of the study. The methodology applied in the study is discussed in chapter three. Data analysis and presentation is provided in chapter four. Chapter five summarizes the findings, the conclusions and gives recommendations arising from the study.

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1... xii 1.0 INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY... xii 1.1 INTRODUCTION... xii 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.... xiii 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT... xiv 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY... xiv Main Objective... xiv Specific Objectives... xiv 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS... xv Main Question... xv Specific Questions... xv 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY... xv 1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY... xv 1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.... xvi Geographical... xvi Conceptual... xvi Content... xvi 1.9 CONCLUSION/SUMMARY... xvi CHAPTER 2... xvii 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW... xvii 2.1 Introduction... xvii 2.2 REVIEW OF THEORETICAL LITERATURE.... xvii KOFI ANNAN... xvii BIO-MIMICRY... xviii EXAMPLES OF AREAS IN OUR WORLD WHERE BIO-MIMICRY HAS BEEN APPLIED... xx BIO-MIMICRY AS A PROBLEM SOLVING METHODOLOGY IN INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE.... xxiii What Is Bio-mimicry in reference to design?... xxviii What Is Bio-mimicry in reference to interior design?... xxix THE URBAN YOUTH.... xxx

8 2.3 CONCLUSION.... xxxiii CHAPTER 3... xxxiv 3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY... xxxiv 3.1 Introduction... xxxiv 3.2 Research Design/Research Methodology.... xxxiv 3.3 Target Population... xxxiv 3.4 Sample Population... xxxv 3.5 Data Collection Procedures / Instruments... xxxv 3.6 Data Analysis Tools... xxxvi 3.7 Data Presentation Methods... xxxvi 3.8 Conclusion / Summary...xxxvii CHAPTER 4... xxxviii 4.0 SITE ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS.... xxxviii 4.1 Introduction... xxxviii 4.2 Qualitative Analysis... xxxviii Physical location... xxxviii The weather and climate condition at Aqua Music Lounge... xxxviii Vegetation and soil...xxxix Interior architecture...xxxix landscape design... xl Exhibition and display... xli Furniture design... xli Barriers to use of Bio-mimicry in interior spaces... xlii Overcoming barriers to use of Bio-mimicry in interior spaces... xlii 4.3 Quantitative analysis... xliii 4.4 Presentation of Findings / Answers to Research Questions... xliv... xlv 4.5 Conclusion... xlvii CHAPTER 5... xlviii 5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS... xlviii 5.1 Introduction... xlviii 5.2 Summary of Data Analysis / Findings.... xlviii 5.3Recommendations... xlix

9 5.3.1 Interior Architecture... xlix WALLS... xlix CEILING... l LIGHTING... li FLOORING... liii Landscaping Design... liv Exhibition and Display... lv Furniture Design.... lvi 5.4 Conclusions... lvi 5.5 Suggestions for Further Study... lvii REFERENCES.... lviii OBSERVATION GUIDE... lx INTERVIEW GUIDE... lx

10 LIST OF FIGURES Image 2.1: Robotic hands grip action xx Source: xx Image 2.2: Panelite ClearShade Insulating Glass Unit... xxi Source: xxi Image 2.3 Clam Shell on Wind Beach... xxi Source: ben.biomimicry.net... xxi Image 2.4 Namibian Beetle and the Dew Bank bottle... xxii Source: xxii Image 2.5 The self-repairing Solar Cell... xxiii Source: xxiii Image 2.6: The Esplanade Theater and commercial district in Singapore... xxiii Source: xxiii Image 2.7: The Bone chair... xxiv Source: xxiv Image 2.8 Shows the cellular chair... xxiv Source: xxiv Image 2.9: The lotus flower... xxv Source: xxv Image 2.10: Showing the water repellant nature of the lotus flower... xxvi Source: xxvi Image 2.11 Shows the design of blinds inspired by a honeycomb.... xxvi Source: xxvi Image 2.12: Qatar Cactus office building... xxvii Source: xxvii Image 2.13: William McDonough s Tower of Tomorrow... xxviii Source: xxviii Image 4.1: Weather and climate analysis....xxxix Source: xxxix Image 4.2: Current situation of the interior space... xl Source: Author (2015)... xl Image 4.3: Current situation of the landscape... xli Source: Author (2015)... xli Chart 4.1: Response rate... xliv Source: Author, xliv Chart 4.2: Response rate... xlv Source: Author, xlv Image 5.1: (a) and (b) Examples of Music lounge interiors... xlix Source: and xlix Image 5.2: (a) and (b) Wall murals.... l Source: l Image 5.3: Conga Room ceiling Image5.4: Hilton pattaya lobby ceiling... li Source: Source: li Image 5.7: Carpet tiling... liii

11 Source: liii Image 5.8: Brick grown from bacteria... liv Source: liv Image 5.9 (a) and (b): Lush landscapes... lv Source: lv Image 5.10 (a) and (b): Retro rock edge new Chinese classical furniture... lv Source: lv Image 5.11: Image 5.12:... lvi Flower bloom conceptual furniture Coral inspired furniture designs... lvi design. Source: tyrannajordananrex.blogpost.com... lvi Source : the design walker.tumblr.com... lvi

12 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY 1.1 INTRODUCTION No one is born a good citizen; no nation is born a democracy. Rather, both are processes that continue to evolve over a lifetime.a society that cuts off from its youth severs its lifeline. Kofi. A. Annan In Kenya, it has been common to refer to the youth as leaders of tomorrow. The generational change in leadership has however, remained a mirage as the youth are continuously sidelined. One reason is because youth lack the resources to sustain campaigns for political office or a platform that offers them creative and effective tools with guidance from experts to equip them with the necessary life skills that can lead them towards success as the future leaders. Due to prevalent social, economic and psychological pressures, Kenya s urban youth have launched initiatives through social networks to enable them reclaim their individual and collective dignity, to redefine their role and relevance in both local, national, regional and global realms and to use the available resources to innovate and sustain income generating projects (Kenya Youth Action Platform, 2014). Aqua Music lounge represents one such youth-driven initiative whose objective is to change the people s mindset while empowering the youth through offering them a platform that serves as a network, leading to attraction of more interested youths with similar mindsets, who are brought together for capacity building and advised on how to establish themselves in a positive way in order to build a culture of sustainable peace for all. Kenya aspires to be a middle income economy by Vision 2030 has set out a focused guideline that aims to transform Kenya into an advanced and positively changed country by 2030.First, while the zeal for change is good; skill to design and deliver that change is much better, but this cannot be achieved without an effective approach to

13 control urbanization and working towards a just, equitable and progressive society in which young people fully enjoy social, economic and political rights and opportunities. This paper therefore, is set to review key points and case studies of applications of the African exemplary leader, Kofi Annan and Bio-mimicry in interior designing an appealing Aqua Music Lounge in Nairobi, Kenya. Kofi Annan who has captured the concerns and aspirations of young people from around the world and most importantly, the youth in Kenya (One young world, 2014) through his strategic leadership skills. According to Dubrin (2006), strategic leadership deals with providing the direction and inspiration necessary to create or sustain a group of people through revolutionary thinking hence creating a future for the world. Ramo (2000), states that what Annan proposes, his vision, is nothing less than a world filled with dignified people which is exactly what we want our future leaders, the youth, to become. Bio-mimicry on the other hand as a design principle for the growth of a sustainable space/environment in interior design and to create effective solutions to the most important issues in interior environments: day lighting, thermal comfort, energy efficiency, durability and productivity (Anous, 2015). 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY. Aqua Music Lounge through the incorporation of Kofi Annan s leadership attributes: being able to communicate in an open, colourful, imaginative and expressive manner, whilst creating a comfortable communication climate (Durbin, 2006),will promote the notion of youth self-reliance and the motivation to seek alternative but legal means of attaining leadership goals and skills through using the space as a platform for the youth to express themselves through music,art performances, theatre plays, running a daily programme on peace and organizing an extensive trauma counseling programme which mitigates the negative consequences of socio-psychological pressures occasioned by domestic violence, gang attacks and recovery from drug abuse and alcoholism,challenges that are common among the youth of today therefore equipping them with life skills through combining education with entertainment hence, edutainment.

14 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT Bio-mimicry design principles have not been considered in designing an appealing interior space at Aqua Music lounge and neither have the attributes of an African icon like Kofi Annan been employed to create an inspirational atmosphere altogether. Hence, lacking what the researcher considers an appropriate and appealing youth savvy environment. 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Main Objective To establish how Kofi Annan and Bio-mimicry can be used as design principles in the establishment of an appealing interior space for the youth in Nairobi, Kenya Specific Objectives i. To establish the role of design and the youth in achieving the Kenyan Vision 2030 ii. iii. iv. to create a youth savvy and appealing interior design space (Interior Architecture). To propose unique furniture trends and designs inspired by Bio-mimicry that accommodate the lifestyle and speak volumes on the character of the urban youth in Kenya. To propose appropriate methods and designs to be used to preach peace through an aesthetically appealing landscape. To determine the proper exhibition and display methods to be used in a space that is to accommodate the youth in Nairobi, Kenya.

15 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Main Question How can the design principle of Bio-mimicry and the attributes of the African personality Kofi Annan be employed in creating an appealing interior space for the youth in Nairobi, Kenya? Specific Questions i. How can we borrow from the attributes of Kofi Annan to design an interior space ii. iii. iv. which will unite the modern youth into a common mind frame of peace? How can the principles of Bio-mimicry or the attributes of Kofi Annan be employed to enhance the landscape Architecture of Aqua Music Lounge? How can we use the principle of Bio-mimicry or the attributes of Kofi Annan to come up with designs for the exhibition and display units for Aqua Music Lounge? How can Bio-mimicry be used as an inspiration to come up with furniture designs that will enhance the interior space of Aqua Music Lounge? 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The intention of this project is to be able to propose the most appropriate ways through which aesthetics can be achieved in designing the interiors of Aqua Music Lounge in Buruburu, Nairobi, Kenya.Through use of the principle of Bio-mimicry and using the leadership attributes to create a comfortable and youthful space. 1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Lack of enough capital to carry out the research due to costs incurred through transportation was a major limitation in conducting the research together with the major rains that have seen the past couple of weeks from mid-october to date. Other limitations included limited time to source materials, getting respondents was a challenging and time consuming process and the respondents either resisted or had demands for instance being paid for questioning and last but not least, the researchers material selection was limited as the subject of Bio-mimicry is very new in other parts of the world, for instance in Kenya.

16 1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY Geographical The research was based and limited to Nairobi and its environs. The site; Aqua Music lounge being in Metropolitan building in Buruburu-Nairobi, Kenya Conceptual Zeisel (2006) recommends that concepts which help to order information are formed from available data. The research confined itself to the interior design profession. It sought to establish whether there are opportunities for use of Bio-mimicry as a sustainable design practice and the attributes of the leadership figure Kofi Annan for interior spaces for the youth in Kenya. This addressed the four areas of interior design namely: Interior Architecture, landscaping Architecture, Furniture design and Exhibition and Display Content The problem was approached from the interior design standpoint with the urban youth being used as a tool to reach the Kenyan vision 2030 through the use of modern day design to create a social hub for the youth who were the original proprietors of the national vision 2030 (Institute of Economic affairs,2003). The study will rely on both primary and secondary sources of information.all the materials deemed effective and efficient will be used towards the design of the Aqua Music Lounge. 1.9 CONCLUSION/SUMMARY The designer will critically look at the four areas of interior design to sufficiently answer the research questions and fulfill the objectives of the research.

17 CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW The root cause of the utter unsustainability of modern civilization lies in the dualistic separation of nature and culture. It is in nature that all peoples and all species unite into a community of life D.C Wahl. 2.1 Introduction This chapter will review the theoretical literature and look at what other people have done, their findings, and how their studies relate to the research. This ranges from books, journals, articles, periodicals, reports, web articles and other miscellaneous cases. The researcher made a critical analysis to identify gaps in the existing knowledge that were to be filled. 2.2 REVIEW OF THEORETICAL LITERATURE KOFI ANNAN Designing with personality can mean the difference between good design and great design. Personality speaks to the people and emotionally engages your audience, personality is both memorable and impactful (Gross, 2015). Due to a lack of literature review on how Kofi Annan has influenced/inspired the creation of appealing interior spaces, landscape design, furniture design or exhibition and display, (Author, 2015) the researcher opted to look at other individuals who have staged their presence in relation to using a person s personality in creating appealing designs, therefore providing the researcher with inspiration to get ideas on how to implement attributes of Kofi Annan in the interior space. Aaron Walter has mastered the art of designing with personality and Smashing Magazine publishes his chapter on how Walter implores designers to make personality central to the ethos of design, and advises how a design persona works for a product or brand. Loz Ives of Fieldwork created a visual identity for The Community Shares Company, a fund-raising enterprise for community-based ventures that uses a combination of colour

18 and shape, which are of course, the foundations of design, just as community is one of the foundations of society. The colourful palette and geometric shapes represent the welcoming energy and personality of the company while the variety and composition of colours and shapes reflects the diversity of the company and community. Similarly, the design personality for Ahal by Futura doesn t scream at its audience but it is no-less effective. Ahal is a Mexican company that uses eco-conscious ingredients and hand-made processes to make soaps and other products. Their desire for simplicity, care and responsibility is reflected in the packaging and branding. Friendly colours and unpretentious typography cover simple packaging that has nothing superfluous or unnecessary.the modest packaging is back-to-basics-matching the like product and humble personality of the company BIO-MIMICRY Bio- mimicry follows life s principles.life s principles instruct us to: build from the top up, self-assemble, optimize rather than maximize, use free energy, cross pollinate, embrace diversity, adapt and evolve, use life-friendly material; sand processes and engage in symbiotic relationships and enhance the bio sphere. By following the principles life uses, you can create products and processes that are well adapted to life on earth (Bio-mimicry Guild).Most Bio- mimics would probably want to suggest that the technical part is the main preserve of Bio -mimicry and this might well apply to Janine Benyus as well. For all her talk of nature s wisdom, and the need to respect it, she spends most of her Bio- mimicry book remarking upon the need for humans to adopt the amazing technologies of nature. Now, Bio-mimicry is still in its infancy in the interior environment. It is expected that it will continue to be applied most wildly in architecture and interior environment in the future, particularly as a tool of sustainable design in terms of day lighting, energy consumption and ecological footprint of new facilities. The architectural and interior design profession are cohesive enough to allow innovative approaches and new technologies to spread rapidly particularly when the profit is clear.

19 As an example, the ability to effectively provide daylight into an interior space that has limited access to it reduces the need for artificial lighting. As a result, less heat is generated and less cooling is necessary, which could reduce cooling equipment s size (a capital cost). Overall energy use is reduced (a cost of operation), and the dependence on fossil energy is lessened (an environmental cost). This is in addition to the important aesthetic and human benefits that daylight offers. We can say that using Bio-mimicry as problem solving methodology can help create a new sustainable standard for interior spaces, buildings, communities and cities worldwide. For architects and other design professionals, it opens up a whole new world of innovative ideas for transforming the interior environment, while optimizing human well-being. And beyond the projects themselves, the principles of Bio-mimicry will help in providing appealing designs and connect the work with the natural environment.nous During the methods movement (1960s -1970s) Mc Harg, Todd and Mclarney, founders of The New Alchemy Institute, were the first to introduce research on Bio-mimicry. John Todd provides a quote: The Earth s ecologies are embedded with a set of instructions that we urgently need to decode and employ in the design of human systems. They all agree that; the intentionality behind science and design needs to shift from aiming to increase prediction, control and manipulation of nature as a resource, to a transdisciplinary co-operation in the process of learning how to participate appropriately and sustainably in nature. Darcy Winslow, General Manager of Nike incorporated, states that Bio-mimicry still requires exploration, innovation and creativity, but by thinking like or working with a biologist, we must learn to ask a different set of questions and look to nature for inspiration and learning opportunities.

20 EXAMPLES OF AREAS IN OUR WORLD WHERE BIO-MIMICRY HAS BEEN APPLIED a. Cockroach legs inspire Robotic hands grip action. Among many features of a cockroach that inspire researchers, the way they move around is perhaps the most intriguing. Cockroaches are fast, agile, and have a spring- like movement in their legs.that movement is what inspired researchers working on a new robotic hand. Using previous research that mimicked the way a cockroach runs, a team of scientists moved that research onto a hand that can grasp a variety of objects, and may one day even be able to grasp items like keys. It could even lead to new hands for amputees that are as dexterous as their original hand. Image 2.1: Robotic hands grip action Source: b. Panelite ClearShade Insulating Glass Unit inspired by honey bees Just as the hub of a bee hive is the honeycomb, the hub of New York-based Panelite s ClearShade insulating glass unit is its tubular polycarbonate core. Modeled after the hexagonal structure of a honeycomb, ClearShade s core limits sunlight coming through glass thereby reducing heat gains as well as energy costs. Because light rays can only make it through when they hit the glass perpendicularly, the sun is most obscured when it is highest in the sky. At midday, ClearShade has a low shading coefficient and a low solar heat gain coefficient which Panelite touts as four times better than a typical insulating glass unit.

21 Image 2.2: Panelite ClearShade Insulating Glass Unit Source: c. Clams Inspire New Joining System Queensland inventor Dean Cameron has developed a new joining system that replaces screws, bolts, glue, flanges and nails. The Joinlox system is likened to industrial velcro and can be used for products ranging from food crates and pipes to cars, planes and bridges. Cameron has been announced as a finalist in Innovic s International Next Big Thing Award Image 2.3 Clam Shell on Wind Beach Source: ben.biomimicry.net d. Harvesting Desert Fog The Namibian Beetle raises its back into the air as fog rolls into its desert habitat. Bumps on its shell catch water droplets, which then run down chutes toward its mouth. The

22 design of this fog-collecting structure can be reproduced cheaply on a commercial scale and may find application in water-trapping tent and building coverings, wrote the authors of a 2001 paper that revealed how the water collection works. Inventors and designers have taken note. A Dew Bank Bottle, designed by Pak Kitae of the Seoul National University of Technology, imitates the beetle s water-collection system. Morning dew condenses on it and conveys it to a bottle, which has a drinking spout. Image 2.4 Namibian Beetle and the Dew Bank bottle Source: e. Solar Cell Self-Repairs Like a Plant When leaves are damaged by intense ultraviolet light, they re able to repair themselves, constantly producing new cells to replace the damaged ones. If only solar cells could do the same thing, they d last a lifetime. Luckily, scientists have found a way to replicate that natural process using proteins, bacteria and water. These solar cells can t compete with silicon cells just yet it will take decades of research to improve them but it s an impressive start that could improve artificial leaf -type solar cells even further.

23 Image 2.5 The self-repairing Solar Cell Source: BIO-MIMICRY AS A PROBLEM SOLVING METHODOLOGY IN INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE. a. The Esplanade Theater The Esplanade Theater and commercial district in Singapore, designed by DP Architects and Michael Wilford, hosts an elaborate building skin which influenced the look and function of the interiors, inspired by the multi-layered Durian plant with its formidable thorn-covered husk. The Durian plant uses its semi rigid pressurized skin to protect the seeds inside, just as the building exterior is part of an elaborate shading system that adjusts throughout the day to allow sunlight in but protects the interiors from overheating (Vierra 2007). Image 2.6: The Esplanade Theater and commercial district in Singapore Source:

24 b. The Bone Chair by Joris Laarman In 2007, Joris Laarman of Amsterdam, Netherlands, explores the Form: one of the core methodologies (form, process, and system) of Bio-mimetic design. Joris Laarman used SKO, a structure optimization algorithm that simulates bone mineralization, to design his innovative Bone Chair. Bone is a smart composite made of specialized cells and protein fibers. As strong as steel and as light as aluminum, it reacts to resist stresses from constantly changing external structural forces. Image 2.7: The Bone chair Source: c. The Cellular Chair by Mathias Bengtsson Mathias Bengtsson of London designed the Cellular Chair in 201. It was designed and made based on the Natural Processes of Self-Organization. The design of the chair explores the process one of the core methodologies -form, process, and system- of biomimetic design: Based on the growth principles of human bones, composed of lightweight epoxy, the material is designed to simulate the regeneration of bone tissue. Image 2.8 Shows the cellular chair Source:

25 d. Mimic The Lotus's flower in painting The lotus flower's micro-rough surface naturally repels dust and dirt particles, keeping its petals sparkling clean. A German company, ISPO, spent four years researching this phenomenon and has developed a paint with similar properties. The micro-rough surface of the paint pushes away dust and dirt, diminishing the need to wash the outside of a house. The leaves of many plants are coated with a waxy substance which makes them waterproof or hydrophobic. Scientists began to take particular interest in the selfcleaning phenomenon in the 1980s, culminating with the publication of a scientific paper in 1997 and the granting of a patent for the Lotus-Effect in What is this Lotus effect? Image 2.9: The lotus flower Source: Examination of the surface of lotus leaves under a microscope reveals that they are not smooth but rather have an outer layer of cells (epidermis) which display a bumpy surface. This bumpy epidermis is covered by a thin layer of wax crystals which are water-repellent (hydrophobic). These two properties make the leaf super-hydrophobic and self-cleaning. Water falls onto the surface of the leaf and forms nearly spherical beads that easily roll off; any dirt clings to the water droplet rather than to the waxy, bumpy surface of the leaf, so being carried away. It is this complex surface coating that enables the leaf to be self-cleaning. The ability to self-clean is extremely important for lotus plants as they live in muddy water and need to keep their leaves clean to prevent infection by pathogens, such as fungi and bacteria, and to enable efficient photosynthesis.

26 Image 2.10: Showing the water repellant nature of the lotus flower Source: e. The honeycomb shape of beeswax in a bee hive Through the process of creating blinds that were ergonomically able to diffuse and keep light out efficiently, designers and scientists adapted the shape and form of the honeybee's honeycomb to keep light contained and properly diffused. Image 2.11 Shows the design of blinds inspired by a honeycomb. Source:

27 f. Qatar Cactus Office Building Entirely fitting for the hot desert climate of Qatar, the new office for the Minister of Municipal Affairs & Agriculture resembles a giant cactus sprouting from the sand. But the inspiration goes far beyond mere looks. Design team Aesthetics Architects has covered the building in sun shades that can open to let in air and light and close to keep out the heat, mimicking the natural water-retaining biological system of cacti. Image 2.12: Qatar Cactus office building Source: g. William McDonough s Tower of Tomorrow Imagine a building that makes oxygen, distills water, produces energy, changes with the seasons and is beautiful. In effect, that building is like a tree, standing in a city that is like a forest. That is how famed sustainable architect William McDonough describes his Tower of Tomorrow, a building of the future that takes its inspiration from trees. The self-contained tower has a curved shape that reduces the amount of materials required for construction and increases structural stability. It features a green roof, a series of threestory atrium gardens, water recycling systems and the ability to create its own power with solar energy.

28 Image 2.13: William McDonough s Tower of Tomorrow Source: What Is Bio-mimicry in reference to design? Bio-mimicry allows innovators and problem solvers of all kinds to create more intelligent and sustainable design through the emulation of nature. Designers and architects are poised to benefit greatly from the integration of Bio-mimicry in their design process. Applying Bio-mimicry in design can be done in two ways, proceeding from design to nature or going from nature to design. The design to nature approach works by identifying a design problem and turning to nature for a similar problem and solution. This approach is immediately valuable to designers looking for inspiration. The Bio-mimicry database is helping make this very simple to do as well, by cataloguing examples of nature s unique designs.however, designers can also work in reverse, applying Bio-mimicry by studying nature and imagining human applications for nature s designs. Bio-mimicry contributes to environmental protection or betterment or has near zero ecological footprint.

29 2.2.5 What Is Bio-mimicry in reference to interior design? Bio-mimicry gives interior designers new tools and a biological lens in which to view and understand nature s inner workings. This goes beyond just imitating nature s forms, colours or patterns. Through practice, designers gain a deeper understanding of what the form is made of, how it is made and how it fits into larger systems in which it is embedded. The Bio-mimicry method grafted into the designer s process could revolutionize how designers innovate sustainable solutions and system that our tired world needs now. (Karen Johnson Rossin, Miami Interior designer). For example, i. A shark has scales with a unique micro surface profile that inhibits bacterial ii. growth. Manufacturer Sharklet Technologies mimicked this profile pattern to create anti-microbial skins for high touch surfaces. This application could revolutionize health-care, commercial and residential surfaces.(sharklet Technologies) A gecko s toes has Nano scale hairs or setae which it optimizes to firmly grip microscopic surfaces. One gecko can hold up to ninety pounds!!this gecko information is being translated into design, a gecko-inspired, adhesive free, reusable tape prototype that functions like the setae.(the lens of Bio-mimicry 1) When an interior designer says that a design is influenced by nature, he or she is most likely talking about its appearance: it has an organic shape. Nature is a good teacher in this regard, but imitating or being inspired by natural looking forms, textures and colours alone is not Bio-mimetics. To quote Dr. Julian Vincent bio-mimetics has to have some biology in it by which he means that a design should in some way be informed by nature s science, not just its look. Mahmoud The discussion of fashion and style is worthwhile because it is important to understand that Bio-mimetics has nothing to do with the appearance. So it is necessary for designers and architects to understand that Bio-mimicry does not necessarily influence an appearance and style of a design. It could, but it does not have to and Architects and Designers should engage nature more deeply than merely mimicking its natural form. Mahmoud (2012)

30 THE URBAN YOUTH. The spectrum of youth has been variously defined as ranging from to as high as 35 in Sub Saharan Africa including Kenya. (Curtain, 2000) observes that young people aged account for just a quarter of the world s population. Africa has the largest segment of young people standing at 36.4% of the population aged by the year 2000(Curtain, 2000). Kenya has 70% of the population below 25 at 70% of the total population just as Tanzania, Zimbabwe and Zambia. It is estimated that by 2017, there would be 24million youth aged In Kenya, a youth is taken to belong in the age range 15-35with the voting age being 18. (Mkandawire, 1996). For purposes of this paper therefore, youth is considered as representing the age bracket This is also the most productive segment of the population. The population of youth residing in Nairobi, Kenya s capital city is on the rise. However, this group faces high rates of unemployment, urban crime, deprivation and general stagnation in life. (Waswalla, 2013). This has led to stigmatization, missed opportunities in life and a sense of despondency. The common misperception, which has refused to go away over the years, is that the youth are inexperienced as opposed to elders who are considered wise and experienced. But leadership is not just about experience. Obonyo (2014) In Kenya, career guidance and life-skills has for a long time not been part of the education system. Many youth therefore go through school without a clear concept of where they aim to go. Those who pass their exam and can afford to pay the fees, remain in school because it is smooth sailing while those who seem not to do well academically opt out because they find no value in the school system. Guidance and counselling including career guidance as has been identified of late must be entrenched into the school system right from early elementary education stages (Kweyu, 2009a; 2009b; Nyutu, 2007; Kithyo and Petrina, 2002). Mentorship should be inculcated in all schools both rural and urban. While many youth in the urban areas are more informed and grow up with career choices in their minds, their rural counterparts grow up not knowing much about the world. It must be emphasized that the purpose of education must not be that one

31 secures a good job but so that one can enjoy an improved standard and quality of life. A good job is not the end; it is a means to an end. Human beings, like well manufactured sophisticated equipment and machines, must position themselves towards achieving efficiency and effectiveness as opposed to production and activity. Instead of working to be an employee, the youth in Kenya should be trained such that individuals get trained or work with a focus on being job creators and employers business owners, large-scale farmers, and farmers of special products that have high returns, manufacturers, innovators, creators and technology wizards. The catalyst that is lacking must be found to sharpen and enhance the skills of the Kenyan youth. While it is good to encourage people to learn in school, it may be more appropriate to teach people that education is wider than just a job (Warah, 2010). In the words of another popular song, Hata wewe mwanangu, amka kumekucha, kwani hizi ndizo saa za kwenda shule. [ ] Elimu ndio msingi wa maendeleo [Even you my child, wake up dawn has broken, it is time to go to school Education is the foundation for development]. The education system therefore should change to one that focuses on personal growth, critical judgment and social development. The youth should be educated not to be employees, but to have knowledge, wisdom, understanding and intelligence. They then should use these qualities the way they deem best, being well informed (Palmer, 2007; The Standard, 2010). A few would be employed in the government as the civil service would need to function, but that would not be the focus of going to school. This would highly mitigate the levels of unemployment, estimated at 40% as at 2008 (Central Intelligence Agency, 2010). The School system should also change from being examination-oriented to being school-life based (Mongolia, 2007; Bwana, 2009). The entire school life would be documented: academics, sports, the arts, and personality, hygiene and people skills. Right from class one, all aspects of a child s life should be trained, examined and documented and an average or mean score regarded as their performance. Aptitude tests should be introduced where the child s perception is measured. This would enable better self-understanding. A child would know in which areas s/he is strong in and those in which she is weak in. Consequently, they can either focus more energy in refining what they are good at so as to be the best in the area, or they can also pay extra attention to the areas of weakness and improve on them. This way,

32 the idea where private schools and academies drill children into passing exams and not being wholly educated would cease. Education should be about producing a complete, wellrounded whole person, not just passing exams. It should also inculcate personal skills and skills that will be useful in the job and business world (Kigotho, 2009; Wanjiku, 2009; Ongalo, 2009). The National Youth Service (NYS) should become the National Right of Passage. Every single Kenyan youth, upon attaining 18 years should go to the National Youth service for at least 6 months at government expense. All Kenyans, whether they completed earlier school or not, physically challenged or not (as long as one is not mentally challenged or bed-ridden) should all go to the NYS. It is here that the youth would be trained into a national culture, dealing one fatal blow to tribalism and corruption and most unethical behaviour. The quasi-military training with the personal discipline and responsibility instilled in the individual is most essential to put a demand on excellence in the Kenyan character (Aron, 2010). For the attainment of vision 2030, a moral and ethical behaviour is demanded of the individual and the nation (Ikiara, 2010; Kenya Government, 2007). The NYS curriculum should be detailed to have more life skills, financial skills, people skills, personal safety and national security, cultural diversity, hygiene and environmental concern. Graduates should possess entrepreneurial/professional/vocational skills and a changed attitude towards self, fellow man and country. One should be trained in a national ethic, a national culture, and a national psychology as opposed to an ethnic/tribal culture, ethnic psychology, ethnic stereotype and/or the complete lack of ethics. Education at the NYS should play a crucial role in helping destroy age old cultural practices that hold society back. Ethical practice and hard (smart) work must be instilled. The ANC Freedom Charter of 1955 saw education as aimed at teaching the youth to love their people and their culture, to honour human brotherhood, liberty and peace (African National Congress, 1955). This should be the ultimate goal of the Kenyan education system. The youth, a population that loves popular and loud music, two researchers explored this relationship by studying the effects of music and rhythm on the nervous system of mice. For eight weeks, one group of mice constantly listened to Strauss Waltzes (highly organized and orderly music), while the second heard disharmonious sounds in the form of continuous drumbeats. A third group was raised in silence. After eight weeks, the mice

33 were placed in a maze to find food. The mice in the second group wandered off with no sense of direction (a clear indication they were having trouble learning) and took much longer to find the food than they had at the beginning of the study. The first group of mice was organized and less chaotic probably because the music enhanced their senses and emotions therefore creating memory. The third group was slower than at the beginning of the experiment. This therefore helped the researcher conclude that music enhances our senses and ability to do things, only if it is calm and collected or controlled music. This will not only help the youth learn better, but will also enhance their senses, calm their nerves and create memories for future reference. Author (2015). According to Nyairo and Ogude (2005), popular forms are creative instances arising from the individual s attempts to formulate coping mechanism to come to terms with personal experiences. They are also able to inhabit different locales, to link individuals and generate audiences. This demonstrates the necessity of a music lounge to attract a following from a broad spectrum of youth. A music lounge therefore has great potential in youth mobilization, formation of networks, behavior change communication and entertainment. Author (2015). 2.3 CONCLUSION. From literature review, it emerged that there are vast opportunities for use of the attributes of Kofi Annan and the design principle of Bio-mimicry in interior spaces. It is important for interior designers to apply and use these principles in order to create the most appropriate interior space for the youth in Buruburu, Nairobi, Kenya, at the Aqua Music Lounge and at the same time help solve interior design problems. The researcher aimed at investigating the barriers that could hinder the research from taking place by having a closer look at attitudes and factors that might present barriers to the research process.

34 CHAPTER RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY. 3.1 Introduction This chapter outlines the methods, tools and sources of research data, targeted time series data from which primary and secondary data was collected in order to attain the objectives of the study. The researcher intends to use the quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection to obtain information from the recipients or target audience that will allow to address the four mandatory units-interior Architecture, Landscaping, Furniture design and exhibition and display. 3.2 Research Design/Research Methodology. According to Kothari (2006) a research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. This study took a descriptive research design approach. Descriptive research studies are those studies which are concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular individual or of a group. Diagnostic research studies determine the frequency with which something occurs or its association with something else. The studies concerning whether certain variables are associated are examples of diagnostic research studies. As against this, studies concerned with specific predictions, with narration of facts and characteristics concerning individual, group or situation are all examples of descriptive research studies. Most of the social research comes under this category. The research obtained data in the form of words, based on Observations and interviews, rather than numbers which is the basis for quantitative research (Fawcett & Garity 2009). 3.3 Target Population Target population in statistics is the specific population about which information is desired. For the purpose of this study the target population was the urban youth of Nairobi, Kenya. According to Parahoo (2006) non-probability samples can be useful with

35 qualitative research as the purpose of qualitative research is to contribute to an understanding of phenomena and the sample can be chosen to best provide the required data for the study. 3.4 Sample Population The population sample will be selected randomly without prejudice through convenient sampling. Designing the sample for this research called for three decisions: Who will be surveyed? (The Sample) The researcher determined what type of information is needed and who was most likely to have It. How many people will be surveyed? (Sample Size) Large samples give more reliable results than small samples. However it is not necessary to Sample the entire target population. The researcher took accumulative sample size of 40 people. How should the sample be chosen? (Sampling) Sample members were chosen at random from the specific groups of the population (Probability sample). The researcher selected people who were easier to obtain information from (nonprobability sample).the researcher employed both the probability and non-probability samples. 3.5 Data Collection Procedures / Instruments For this study, the following research instruments were used to collect the primary and secondary data; Observing and recording well defined events- Marshall and Rossman (1989) define observation as the systematic description of events, behaviours and

36 artifacts in the social setting chosen for study. Observations enable the researcher to describe existing situations using the five senses, providing a written photograph of the situation under study (Elardson, Harris, Skipper & Allen, 1993). Demon and Sobo(1998) describe participant observation as the primary method used by anthropologists during fieldwork. Obtaining relevant data from management information systems. Administering surveys with close ended questions. For instance; face to face and telephone interviews. Publication research-referencing published documents. 3.6 Data Analysis Tools The term analysis refers to the computation of certain measures along with searching for patterns of relationship that exist among data-groups (Kothari, 2004).Data acquired through interviews was analyzed through a designed daily interview analysis where the researcher assembled and interpreted the information that was collected. In other words, at the end of every day of interviewing, it was essential to review the notes and to write a report that summarizes and interprets the information obtained. The data, after collection, was processed and analyzed in accordance with the outline laid down at the end of the page (in table form) for the purpose of the time of developing the research plan. 3.7 Data Presentation Methods This will be a demonstration of the findings obtained from the actual research, conclusion and transferability of the findings and the appendices. The overall presentation will be narrative and written. Diagrammatic (pie charts) presentations are used in presenting illustrations. The researcher considerably relied on photographic data accompanied with appropriate explanations on the actual nature of the study.

37 Method Reason for using it Who to use the Interview guide Observation Photography To collect primary data on the challenges of the current design To note the interior and exterior designs adopted by the space. To give a visual representation of the current situation of the site(current site conditions) method on. The residents of the area especially the youth. The site, case study. The site, case study. How the data collected will be analyzed Graphs,notes,drawings and sketches. Through narratives. Through reviewing the photo content. Table 3.1: Summary of research methodologies, Author s Construct, Conclusion / Summary The researcher will use the data acquired to facilitate the accurate aesthetic design of the case study (Aqua Music Lounge) in Buruburu, Nairobi, Kenya.

38 CHAPTER SITE ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS. 4.1 Introduction From research, the space occupied by Aqua Music Lounge in the Metropolitan building s overall design and layout has not been done modernly and the Interior Design Standards of a Youth savvy music lounge have not yet been implemented.therefore, neither has the use of Kofi Annan s attributes or the design principle of Bio-mimicry been implemented in either furniture design, exhibition and display, interior architecture or landscaping design. 4.2 Qualitative Analysis Physical location Metropolitan building is to the east of the Central Business District in Buruburu at the intersection of Sonko road and Rabai road as you head to Outering road. There are a few shopping complexes (malls) within the shopping centre that s close to the site, there s also an educational institution and a few schools in the surrounding neighbourhood. The Schools include Buruburu Girls High School and Buruburu Institute of Fine Arts (BIFA).The market is called Jericho market. There s also a Tuskys supermarket complex and a Naivas mall at the shopping centre that house clinics and beauty stores. Hence, providing the residents with convenient resources for their day to day use The weather and climate condition at Aqua Music Lounge Aqua Music Lounge is at Nairobi, Buruburu area. It is highly difficult, if not impossible, to forecast what the weather will be like at a certain time in a very precise place. Average temperatures or rainfall can help you to get a good idea of the issue. The temperatures mentioned hereafter are expressed in degrees Celsius and represent the monthly averages observed over a great number of years. The rainfall graph can also be useful to determine the better period to set out on a trip.

39 Image 4.1: Weather and climate analysis. Average temperatures temperatures Maximum and minimum Rainfall in (mm) Humidity Source: Vegetation and soil Soil type at Aqua Music Lounge is black cotton and vegetation is just barren Interior architecture Seeing as the site is new, nothing has been done for the interiors, there s no touch of interior design so it looks bare and its beauty at this point cannot be appreciated. The walls are still plain with little or no paintwork, the flooring is tiled with 450 by 300mm porcelain tiles, the ceiling has no design and the electrical wiring is present but non-

40 functional at the moment since the fittings have not yet been erected. The space has large windows on each side which allows enough natural light to be present in the premise. Image 4.2: Current situation of the interior space Source: Author (2015) landscape design Landscape has six main compositional elements: landform, vertical structures, horizontal structures, vegetation, water and climate. Landscape design is the art of arranging these elements to make good outdoor space. The five tangible physical elements of landscape design are i) Paving ii) Landform iii) Water iv) Vegetation v) Structures and buildings. Vegetation could also be described as plant forms to cover animal, insect and bacterial life. Climate could be re-defined as atmosphere.

41 The landscape is botanically challenged with rugged and neglected hedges the soil type is bare cotton soil with limited ground cover but quite a number of Acacia trees.the site slopes gently from the East to the West. Image 4.3: Current situation of the landscape Source: Author (2015) Exhibition and display Since the building is still new and a work in progress, there is no presence of any exhibition and display units for use at the space. It is still open for any functional and aesthetic suggestions Furniture design There is no furniture design at the space as well therefore it also brings a need for functional and aesthetic suggestions as.

42 4.2.8 Barriers to use of Bio-mimicry in interior spaces One of the elements of sustainable design and the most recently discovered is the use of Bio-mimicry in interior spaces. For this reason the researcher assumed that barriers encountered when using the principle of Bio-mimicry in interior spaces may be grouped together with those encountered by interior designers as they utilize sustainable interior design practices. Pidcock (2005) argues that the design industry is well placed to take a fresh look at problems and create design solutions that are both creative and desirable. Embracing sustainable interior design practices could however present a number of challenges to designers. According to Hes (2005), integrating green innovation into the built environment is a wicked problem, which makes identifying barriers hindering this practice essential (Aye, 2003; Mate, 2006).Stieg (2006) presents similar observations in referring to the practice of sustainable designs both difficult and complex. Designers should therefore understand the social and moral obligation associated with sustainable design whilst acknowledging that the practice of sustainable design presents various difficulties. Research conducted in the United States of America (US) and Australia suggest that although there is interest in sustainable interior design, its frequency of application is poor (Aye, 2003; Kang & Guerin, 2009; Mate, 2006). These authors identified multiple barriers to incorporate sustainable interior design into practice. These include perceived cost (Aye, 2003; Mate, 2006); time to source materials, education and training, understanding and in house experts (Aye, 2003). Studies also identified client resistance and demands (Aye, 2003; Hes, 2005), client knowledge and callbacks from clients (Davis, 2001), knowledge of materials, limited material selection and authenticity of suppliers (Mate, 2006), along with understanding of the impact of materials (Kang & Guerin, 2009), accurate and accessible information and appropriate tools (Aye, 2003; Hes, 2005; Davis, 2001) Overcoming barriers to use of Bio-mimicry in interior spaces While Bio-mimetics is a rapidly evolving discipline, the field provides specific opportunities for expanding the depth of construction education, more so, Interior design. One of the complaints about professional degree programs is that because they focus on professional education, they lack the depth and breadth of a traditional liberal arts

43 education. Whereas a liberal studies student will take classes in humanities, philosophy sciences, social sciences and mathematics, an interior design student s education focuses on the intricacies of the profession, but in a global culture of rapidly changing technologies, new knowledge is often created when professionals work across disciplines. Given these opportunities, many universities are now encouraging or even mandating interdisciplinary studies within professional curricula Voltaire once suggested, Originality is nothing but judicious imitation. From ants to trees nature provides numerous models that can help interior designers develop new solutions to complicated systems and processes.as such, interior designers may be able to enrich their curricula and help nurture the creativity of their students by looking beyond traditional means and methods and embracing the interdisciplinary thinking that will form the ideas of the future. 4.3 Quantitative analysis The researcher in this section sought to establish the response rate to interview guides issued to the respondents. As shown in Chart 4.1 below, the researcher scheduled a total of fourty (40) semi structured interviews with the target population. Of these interviews, a total of twenty five 25 were successfully carried which was a response rate of sixty two point five percent (62.5%) whereas the remaining 15 were a response rate of 37.5%. This survey can therefore be said to have been successful. Questionnaires answered Questionnaires unanswered % Total number of Questionnaires 40 Table 4.1: Response rate to interview guides, Author s construct, 2015

44 Percentage response rate 38% Questionnaires answered 62% Questionnaires unanswered Chart 4.1: Response rate Source: Author, Presentation of Findings / Answers to Research Questions From the research carried out in the area, using questionnaires and interview guides, the researcher was able to answer accordingly and accurately the research questions in mind as follows: i) How can we borrow from the attributes of Kofi Annan to design an interior space which will unite the modern youth into a common mind frame of peace? Interviews were carried out and most of the respondents in regard to this question reflected back to the year 2007 where Kenya faced a political upheaval which was as a result of the General Elections at that particular time which then resulted to disagreements between the parties that won and the ones that lost hence giving birth to a really dark time that was the post-election violence. During this period, they remembered vividly is when the African Personality from Ghana, Kofi Annan came into play to help resolve the conflicts. A sample population of 40 was interviewed regarding this issue (question) and 32 out of the 40 agreed strongly that Kofi Annan helped maintain peace especially among the youth that were being used as tools to stir the violence whereas only 8 people disagreed saying that the country could have resolved the conflict on its own. In terms of percentages, the ones who agreed called for 80% of the total population whereas the ones

45 who disagreed called for 20% of the total population. The ones who agreed therefore called the shots as they were more than those who did not. This then led to the agreement of use of Kofi Annan s personality and leadership traits in inspiring the interior design of the youth space which include being able to communicate in an open, colourful, imaginative and expressive manner, whilst creating a comfortable environment for all. Agreed Disagreed 32 8 % Total no. of respondents 40 Table 4.2: Response rate for whether attributes of Kofi Annan can inspire an interior space for the youth. Author s construct, 2015 Whether attributes of Kofi Annan can inspire an interior space for the youth 20% Agreed Disagreed 80% Chart 4.2: Response rate Source: Author, 2015

46 ii)how can the principles of Bio-mimicry or the attributes of Kofi Annan be employed to enhance the landscape Architecture of Aqua Music Lounge? Through the use of Publication research which is referencing of published documents, the researcher obtained the information that natures approach regarding landscape design focuses on low energy input with maximum output, with form, function and systems that change and evolve over time. In short, natural ecosystems are the perfect model of sustainability. From the knowledge we collect by observing natural systems, we can produce ecologically sound landscape designs that can enhance the quality and quantity of soil, air, water and wildlife habitats as well as reduce the effects of erosion and flooding (Gonot, 2007). In the researchers observation, natural systems give back because they are functional. For instance, a bio swale running alongside an urban street can be used to collect and purify rainwater, to reduce storm drainage volumes and to direct water to street trees or vertical trellises grown to mitigate a harsh microclimate and shade buildings. iii) How can we use the principle of Bio-mimicry or the attributes of Kofi Annan to come up with designs for the exhibition and display units for Aqua Music Lounge? From the literature review, it was evident that Bio-mimicry and Kofi Annan s leadership attributes could be used in creating exhibition and display units which have the requirements and what it takes to create a fully sustainable environment. Materials which are acceptable as sustainable could be used and inspirations from nature sort after. iv) How can Bio-mimicry be used as an inspiration to come up with furniture designs that will enhance the interior space of Aqua Music Lounge? Furniture has always been a symbolic aspect of the life style and cultural richness of mankind. Form structure or materials in the nature as used for furniture design both for aesthetic and practical purposes. Within the concept of Bio-mimicry, furniture designs can be made which are inspired by both forms and structures in nature and applied exactly (Tokman, 2012).

47 4.5 Conclusion From the analysis of the findings, it is evident that there are a lot of opportunities to use the leadership attributes of Kofi Annan and the principle of Bio-mimicry in the four areas: Interior Architecture, Exhibition and display, Furniture and Landscaping design.

48 CHAPTER SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction This chapter will focus on synthesis and interpretation of data that was analyzed and presented in the previous chapter. The analysis is discussed based on the research questions. The Literature review enlightened the researcher on use of Bio-mimicry and the personality of the African icon Kofi Annan in designing an appealing interior and exterior environment for the youth in Buruburu, Nairobi, Kenya who are going to be served by the proposed Aqua Music lounge. The findings were mostly based on the objectives of the study and the researcher sought to propose designs for the four areas of specialization namely: Interior Architecture, Landscaping design and Furniture design, Exhibition and Display. Research conclusions and recommendations are as discussed below in this chapter. 5.2 Summary of Data Analysis / Findings. The results revealed that indeed there exists numerous opportunities for use of Biomimicry and the personality Kofi Annan, in local interior spaces but at the same time there are various barriers to those opportunities. It was therefore conclusive and final on the issue of study objectives that although there are barriers in using the above mentioned suggestions in local interior spaces, there are several ways in which they can be integrated into design of interior spaces to promote a functional and aesthetic sustainable design. Decorative interior designs fabricated through use of Bio-mimicry in the current day and age are eerily familiar to those of the past and we can conclude that there is a symbiotic relationship of the past and the present.the researcher identified that quite a number of people were willing to use unsustainable materials in designing Aqua Music lounge due to their much enhanced availability caused by industrial developments in the 21 st century. Advocated by the concept of consumerism and obsolescence investors have tended to move away from the utilization of locally available sustainable materials.

49 5.3 Recommendations Interior Architecture A room comes alive with a mixture of patterns, textures, shapes, sizes and colours-all working together to create visual order. Keeping the rooms function and focal point in mind, one should distribute what s inside in a way that balances the room just like in nature where diverse organisms form webs of interconnections and co-operative relationships. Ecological stability is a function of this complexity. Nature rewards cooperation with survival; species that endure are in harmony with the environment and with each other. Since it is a youth establishment art works are important to enhance the rooms beauty. Art should be hanged and accessories arranged to set up connections and correct imbalances. For instance, balancing an off centre picture with a lamp or an object on a table can work well. When framing and hanging art, a variety of sizes, shapes, styles and frames should be tried in different finishes. When placing accessories, a theme or colour should be selected then experimented with groupings, materials, textures, size and scale until one has arrived at the perfect arrangement. Image 5.1: (a) and (b) Examples of Music lounge interiors Source: and WALLS Since Aqua Music Lounge is supposed to accommodate the youth,the walls need a bit of activity from paintings to murals that give a happy and calming feeling when one settles down at the lounge.

50 Image 5.2: (a) and (b) Wall murals. Source: CEILING In the realm of ceilings, it s no longer a sacrifice between form and function. Today s aesthetically pleasing ceilings can meet all of a space s functional needs. Ceilings can be made out of essentially any material, depending on the design, maintenance and acoustical needs. According to Architect Hagy Belzberg of Belzberg Architects, greener options include: Mineral Fiber-Fiber panels are an eco-friendly option because they are made of naturally occurring resources, so one doesn t deplete the environment. Natural Gypsum board-gypsum boards are an eco-friendly option because they are fire resistive, sound attenuating, durable, economical and versatile therefore satisfying a wide range of architectural design requirements. Its ease of application and repair, high performance, widespread availability and decorative adaptability combine to make gypsum board an unmatched surfacing product. Metal- Metal takes a long, intensive process to mine, mill and fabricate. A lot of energy is expended into making metal products. However, a recycled metal paneling system is a great use of the material. A lot of energy goes into recycling metal too but not as much as generating a new product from raw materials. Wood- While wood is renewable, it is not always a sustainable option. Locally and sustainably harvested products offer an eco-friendly alternative to more rare and imported woods. Bamboo is also a rapidly renewable resource.

51 Green paints can also be used to create a subtle yet undeniably green ceiling. There s a huge array of parametric patterned ceiling petals that were created for acoustical absorption and reflection of light (Belzberg, 2008). A good example of sustainable and yet aesthetically appealing and functional forms is the intricate ceiling of the Conga Room from Los Angeles and the Bio-mimicry inspired lobby ceiling at the Hilton Pattaya in Thailand inspired by the sea currents and beaches found right outside the hotel. Image 5.3: Conga Room ceiling Source: Image5.4: Hilton pattaya lobby ceiling Source: LIGHTING Natural lighting. Nature gathers the sun s energy efficiently, using only what it needs to support life. Through photosynthesis, plants convert light energy and carbon dioxide into oxygen, which can be used by other forms of life. Radiant energy can be used at Aqua Music Lounge through passive solar design. The East facing windows can warm the room during the day by letting in sun s rays.when it gets too hot, window shades can be positioned to shut out the hot sun. Here, less energy is used for both lighting and cooling

52 purposes; essentially, this becomes mimicking the way leaves and flowers follow the sun s movement. Artificial lighting LED (light-emitting diode) light bulbs are extremely energy efficient and long-lasting; an LED light bulb can cut energy consumption by over 80% when compared to conventional light bulbs and can last up to 25 times longer. A US department of study found that LED s installed in 2012 saved around $675 million in energy costs. If every home replaced one conventional light bulb with an LED, the energy savings could light an estimated 2.5 million homes. That s the equivalent to the greenhouse gas emissions of 800,000 cars! LEDs contain no mercury and a recent Energy Department study determined that LEDs have a much smaller environmental impact than incandescent bulbs.they also have an edge over compact fluorescent lights (CFLs) that s expected to grow over the next few years as LED technology continues its steady improvement (Matulka, 2013). A recent energy and sustainability review for a community and club centre identified an immediate 10% energy saving through smarter use of existing systems and a further 25% reduction by installing photovoltaic panels for electricity generation and installation of LED lighting throughout (Shah, 2015). The Opus chandelier by Alger Triton is a good example of an LED light that can be used at Aqua Music lounge with two glowing rings of clear prisms on a frame of polished nickel to enhance its beauty. Image 5.5: Lounge lighting Image 5.6: Opus Chandelier by Alger Triton Source:

53 FLOORING Materials and furnishings can be influenced by nature, as well. One flooring company, InterfaceFLOR, is known for using carpet tiles rather than wall-to-wall carpeting. They not only use sustainable methods and materials to create their carpet tile, but also draw inspiration from the forest in their designs. Noting the organized chaos often seen in nature, InterfaceFLOR offers carpet tiles that are not in a specific pattern, and can be placed at random to create different looks across the floor. Below is an image from their Atlanta showroom, displaying the Bio-mimicry inspired flooring. Image 5.7: Carpet tiling Source: A unique biotechnology start-up company have also developed a method of growing bricks from nothing more than bacteria and naturally abundant materials. Having recently won first place in the Cradle to Cradle Product Innovation Challenge, biomason has developed a method of growing materials by employing microorganisms. Arguing that the four traditional building materials - concrete, glass, steel and wood - both contain a significant level of embodied energy and heavily rely on limited natural resources, their answer is in high strength natural biological cements (such as coral) that can be used "without negative impacts to the surrounding environment."

54 Image 5.8: Brick grown from bacteria Source: Having this information in mind, a recommendation for flooring at Aqua Music Lounge should include materials that are easily replaced with less discards, more easily installed, all ultimately resulting in the reduction of waste Landscaping Design Bio-mimicry can affect landscape design as a whole whether on large scale or a comparably small courtyard garden. The microbes that break down organic matter in forests, for example can be beneficial in the landscape. Microbes are unique organisms that turn organic matter in the soil into humus and that humus has the capacity to store an enormous amount of water in the soil. The landscape at Aqua Music Lounge can be made aesthetic and yet remain beneficial to the atmosphere by planting what is most advantageous to the environment. A nature inspired landscape can be a tricky thing to pull off successfully however, when done with the right attention to form and detail, these nature cued landscapes can have a rare strength and composed beauty that the researcher thinks rivals the great forma gardens of the past that have not incorporated Bio-mimicry in their nature. Much of this has to do with Ethical Bio-mimicry, which especially looks on saving water on landscapes where it is a vanishing resource. A colourful, vibrant landscape signifies good health, life, youth, freshness, vigor and other potential positive qualities.

55 Image 5.9 (a) and (b): Lush landscapes Source: Exhibition and Display The researcher proposed Wood-Based Synthetic Material to make both for interior and exterior exhibition and display units. This thermoplastic material (Wood-Based Synthetic) is made of the wood components lignin and cellulose fibres, which are produced as waste in paper manufacturing. The material is in pellet form and has similar thermal properties to natural wood. However, it can be shaped like plastic by injection moulding. The raw material can be coloured, and when hardened it can be sanded and painted. The expansion factor is similar to that of wood, which makes the material the ideal basis for veneers. In addition it has a high level of resistance to fire and distortion, and is bio-degradable. Image 5.10 (a) and (b): Retro rock edge new Chinese classical furniture Source:

56 5.3.4 Furniture Design. When the principle of Bio-mimicry is in action in an interior space, furnishings depend on one another visual impact. The idea is to create life affirming beauty. Nature knows the value of beauty. Flowers have developed showy petals, bright colours, tantalizing scents and sweet nectar to attract bees, which are necessary for pollinating. For the furniture design of Aqua Music lounge the furniture to be used should reflect the inspiration found in the resilience of natural things. Examples of such furniture have been illustrated by the images below: Image 5.11: Image 5.12: Flower bloom conceptual furniture Coral inspired furniture designs design. Source: tyrannajordananrex.blogpost.com Source : the design walker.tumblr.com 5.4 Conclusions There is a need for setting up a youth hub as advocated by the respondents. There is a limitation on the strengths and Opportunities through the participatory SWOT analysis conducted by the researcher. The demand for a more modern sustainable interior architecture, furniture, exhibition and display and landscaping is the only solution towards keeping the premise environmental friendly. Aesthetic beauty is also significant and should be the point of focus so as to attract the young people who happen to be the majority and focus clientele. The choice of the concept of Bio-mimicry based design was