Defense Research and Engineering. Defense Research and Engineering

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1 Office of the Director Defense Research and Engineering Defense Research and Engineering Presented To National Academy of Engineering Symposium on Frontiers in Engineering Kenneth E. Harwell, PhD, PE Senior Science And Technology Advisor Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Laboratories and Basic Sciences) Defense Research Development and Engineering (DDR&E) September 10, 2004

2 S & T Planning Process Joint Joint Vision Vision 2020 Quadrennial NSTCDefense National Review Security Report S&T Strategy Basic Research Plan Defense S&T Strategy Defense Technology Area Plan Joint Warfighting S&T Plan T* A R A P O M & B U D G E T Service/ Agency S&T Plans *Technology Area Reviews and Assessments 2

3 Quadrennial Defense Review Critical Operational Goals Protect Bases of Operations Conduct Information Operations Project and Sustain US Forces Deny Enemy Sanctuary Conduct Space Operations Leverage Information Technologies 3

4 Service Visions Army Army Vision 2020 Air Force Global Engagement: A Vision for the 21 st Century Air Force and -- Air Force Transformational Flight Plan, FY03-07 Marine Corps Operational Maneuver From The Sea Navy Forward From the Sea The Navy Operational Concept -- Navy Long Range Planning Objectives 4

5 DoD Transformation Technology Initiatives Knowledge Transformation Attributes Agility Lethality Speed Linkage of S&T to Transformation Cross-cutting Initiatives Defense Planning Guidance Transformation Technology Initiatives: -National Aerospace Initiative -Energy and Power Technologies - Advanced Surveillance and Knowledge Systems -Other S&T Priority Areas: -Directed Energy Weapons and Technology - Materials Science and Nanotechnology - Advanced Energetic Materials - High Sensitivity Sensors

6 National Aerospace Initiative Technology Framework NAI Strategic Focus Technical Coordination Aerospace Workforce High Speed Hypersonics Expendable (Missiles) Mach<4 TCT/NPR 4<Mach<15 Long-Range Strike [Mach 0-7] Reusable [Mach 0-12] Air-Breathing 1 st Stage (TSTO) [Mach 0-12] Space Access DoD/NASA Reusable Launch Vehicle 2 nd Stage Rocket Engine Space Maneuvering Vehicle Synergy Goal: > 3 Space Technology Space Commission Responsive Payloads Flexible Comm ISR Space Control 6

7 National Aerospace Initiative Mach Number X-15 SR-71 XB-70 F-4 Production X-Vehicles NAI Concorde F-15 Hydrocarbon Scramjet Mach 4-7 Ramjet Mach 3-4 High Speed Turbine Mach 2-4 F-16 F-117 B-2 F-22 Hydrogen Scramjet Mach 8-15 Strike Aircraft Missiles Space Access Hypersonic Component Technology Development and Ground Demonstrations NAI Hypersonic System Technology Development and Flight Demonstrations 7

8 Surveillance and Knowledge Systems (SKS) Initiative Information and Decision Dominance achieved through integrated C4ISR technologies that enable seamless, interoperable, knowledge-based, and assured Joint & Coalition Network-Centric Operations & Warfare. Sensing: Management and tasking of pervasive, persistent sensors for enhancing battlespace knowledge Comms & Networking: Guaranteed, 365x24x7, mobile, information access and delivery (always-on internet dial tone ) Knowledge Management: Dramatically improved speed of command through integrated Common Picture, Collaboration, and Planning Information Security (Cyber Ops): Network protection, information assurance; offensive disruption 8

9 Surveillance and Knowledge Systems Enabling Integrated C4ISR Collab. & Planning CP 1 Sensing Common Pictures CP 2 CP 3 CP n Collab. & Planning Collab. & Planning Collab. & Planning Adaptive Networks Ubiquitous Sensors Decision Aids Networks Warfighters Data Information Knowledge Sensing Understanding Tasking Virtual Common Pictures Integration, Abstraction, Display Collaboration & Planning Operational history, Cultural factors, Surveillance history Predictive Battlespace Awareness Wisdom Decisions JCS CoComs Services IC Networks Warfighters/Decisionmakers Civil NGO Coalition 9

10 Energy and Power Technologies Enabling an Electric Force POWER GENERATION Fuel Cells & Fuel Reforming Novel Power ENERGY STORAGE Batteries Capacitors POWER MANAGEMENT & CONTROL Switching & Conditioning Power Transmission & Distribution Thermal Management Electric/Hybrid Weapons Electric Warship High Power Microwave FUEL CELL FY02 More Electric Aircraft Power Needs FY12 New Operational Capabilities Space Based Radar Hybrid/Electric Combat Vehicle Electric Warship Warrior 10

11 U.S. and Worldwide Research Base Since WWII Estimated Total Projected Billions of 87 $ E.U. and Japan U.S. Commercial Year Source: Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on the Technology Capabilities of Non-DoD Providers; June 2000; Data provided by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development & National Science Foundation U.S. Gov. DoD DoD 11

12 Trends International Science and Technology Asymmetric Threats Intellectual Capital Advantage of the US Defense Industry Options Defense Industry S&T 12

13 FY05 RDT&E Budget Request FY05 RDT&E = $68.9B requested (Budget Activity 1-7) Technology Base (BA1 + 2) = $5.1B) (BA6 + BA7 = $23.7B) Development (BA4 + BA5 = $34.5B) Science and Technology ( BA3 = $10.5B) 15% of RDT&E ($B) BA7 Operational Systems Development ($20.5.B) BA6 RDT&E Management Support ($3.3B) BA5 System Development & Demonstration ($19.3B) BA4 Advanced Component Development & Prototypes ($15.3B) BA3 Advanced Technology Development ($5.3B) BA2 Applied Research 13($3.8B) BA1 Basic Research ($1.3B)

14 FY05 PBR Reliance Funding by Technical Capability Area (In Millions) Info Systems Sensors, Elec, EW Weapons Other (Class) Air Platforms Ground Sea Vehicles Materials / Processes CB Defense Human Systems Space Platforms Nuclear Tech Biomedical Battlespace Environments

15 FY03 Federal Agency Basic Research Funding NIH $14.4B 55.6% NSF $ 3.2B 12.3% DOE $ 2.54B 9.8% NASA $2.46B 9.5% DoD $1.74B 6.7% Other $1.59B 6.1% Total $26B 100% 15

16 Important Purposes for Defense Basic Research Generate new knowledge and understanding as foundation for future defense technologies Train scientists and engineers in key disciplines for defense needs Sustain research infrastructure needed for continued performance of cutting-edge defense research 16

17 Basic Research is Focused in Areas Important to Defense Invest in broad base of DoD-relevant areas across scientific and engineering disciplines Broad base is complemented by six Strategic Research Areas, some of most exciting areas with high potential for DoD benefit: Bioengineering Sciences Human Performance Sciences Information Dominance Multifunction Materials Nanoscience Propulsion and Energetic Sciences Complements other Federal agency investments. For example, while DoD provides only about 6% of total Federal investment in basic research, it provides: 75% of Federal basic research funding in electrical engineering 66% of funding in mechanical engineering 40% of funding in mathematics and computer science 17

18 DoD Percent of Federal Research Basic and Applied Research (FY01) Fed Univ. Univ. Univ. Total Research Basic Applied Aeronautical 44% 51% 26% 75% Astronautical 16% 13% 45% 5% Electrical Engineering 81% 71% 72% 66% Mechanical Engineering 78% 74% 74% 70% Metallurgy & Materials 46% 44% 34% 76% Civil Engineering 23% 5% 2% 15% All Engineering 44% 43% 38% 54% Mathematics 21% 13% 11% 21% Computer Science 37% 34% 11% 88% All Fields of Research 15% 9% 10% 9% Source: Federal Funds for R&D, NSF Report # updated 6/14/04, KT

19 Defense Basic Research Program Content Service Core Primarily organized by disciplines Defense Research Sciences In-house Laboratory Independent Research (ILIR) Coordinated by Tri-service Science Planning Groups (SPGs) University Research Initiatives Multidisciplinary University Research Initiatives Strategic Research Areas Bioengineering Sciences Nanoscience Multifunction Materials Information Dominance Propulsion and Energetic Sciences Human Performance Sciences 19

20 DUSD (LABS) Basic Sciences Program Content University Research Initiatives Defense University Research Instrumentation Program (DURIP) Defense Science & Engineering Graduate Fellowship Program Pres. Early Career Awards in Science and Engineering (PECASE) Undergraduate Education Initiatives ( 03) Freshman Science Experience ( 03) Undergraduate Research Experiences( 03) HBCU/MI Initiative Defense Experimentall Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (DEPSCoR) Government-Industry Cooperative University Research (GICUR) Program Congressionally Identified Programs 20

21 University Research Initiative Background - University Research Initiative OBJECTIVES RESEARCH--Support basic university research for future military technological superiority. EDUCATION--Educate and train future scientists and engineers in defense-critical fields. INFRASTRUCTURE--Help build and maintain university infrastructure for defense research. Research Education Research Infrastructure JUSTIFICATION University research and associated training: Translates into military applications to help ensure U.S. forces have superior hardware, software, and training. Also helps reduce costs of acquiring, operating, and maintaining military systems.

22 Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative MURI Program - A Snapshot Is the URI s main thrust Supports teams of researchers investigating topics that: - Are key to DoD S&T strategy - Interest more than one Service - Intersect more than one traditional discipline. Takes multidisciplinary approach that, for many problems: - Accelerates research progress - Expedites transition of results to application Is a corporate program Complements Service 6.1 that predominantly supports singleinvestigator approach Nanoimprint Lithography Sub-10 nm feature size and 40 nm period Uniform > 1 in 2, low cost, high throughput 20 nm Dia. SiO 2 Mold 20 nm 70 nm 10 nm Imprinted Resist Lines 10 nm 10 nm Holes in Resist 10 nm Metal Dots Professor Stephen Chou, Princeton University Work done at Nanostructure Laboratory, University of Minnesota

23 Defense University Research Instrumentation Program DURIP Program - A Snapshot Corporate program for research instruments costing $50,000 or more (rarely can be bought under single investigator awards) Supports $1.1 billion Service and Defense Agency investments in university 6.1 and 6.2 research Maintains universities abilities to do cutting edge defense research Directed Vapor Deposition Machine Professors H. Wadley and E. Starke, U Virginia

24 OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Air Force Basic Research Areas Aerospace and Materials Sciences Physics and Electronics Chemistry and Life Sciences Mathematics and Space Sciences Sub-thrusts Solid Mechanics and Structures Materials Fluid Mechanics Propulsion Physics Electronics Chemistry Mathematics Bio Sciences Computer Sciences Human Performance Space Sciences Radiation Hardened IR Biosensors Smart Structures Electronics All-Nitrogen Fuel Plasma Dynamics Microsatellites Agile Laser Shape Memory Isomeric Energy Protection Alloys Storage Identifying Hard Targets Quantum Computers Targeting Through Turbulence Basic Research & Enabling Technologies

25 Army Basic Research Interests Immersive Environments Embedded Training Room-Temperature Night Vision Flatworld Boiotechnology Dendrimers for Chem/ Bio Detection Biomimetics Quantum Dots Multifunctional Sensors Bose Einstein Condensation NanoScience Nano-Scale Devices 1 cm Atom Laser Gyroscope Molecular Scale Control Compact Power Microturbines

26 Naval Basic Research Investment Sensors, Electronic Systems 12% Energy Creation/ Propulsion/ Power 8% Information Science 14% Signature Reduction/ Platform Design 4% Human Performance 6% Advanced Materials 18% Ocean, Atmosphere, & Space: Maritime Environments 38% Ocean Sciences Physical Oceanography Ocean Acoustics Atmosphere Remote/Space Sensing Environmental Processes High Latitude Science Coastal Dynamics Information System/Devices Computational Methods Intelligent Software/ Autonomous Systems Signal and Image Analysis Software Engineering Real-Time Targeting Security Biomolecular and Structural Active Dielectrics Polymers Chemical Synthesis High Temperature and Spectral Metals and Alloys

27 Naval Basic Research Investment Modeling and Simulation Hydromechanics Signature Reduction Hull Life Assurance Energy Conversion Diagnostics and Prognostics Energetic Materials Reduced Manning Technologies Improved High Performance Turbine Engine Technology Advanced Electrical Power Systems Electronic Combat Systems Electronic Combat Self- Protection Image Processing EO/IR Electronics RF Solid State Electronics Vacuum Electronics Multi-sensor Fusion Sensors, Electronic Systems 12% Energy Creation/ Propulsion/ Power 8% Signature Reduction/ Platform Design 4% Human Performance 6% Decision Support Technologies Infectious Disease Combat Casualty Care Military Operational Medicine Training Human Factors Ocean, Atmosphere, & Space: Maritime Environments 38% Information Science 14% Advanced Materials 18%

28 Baseline Army Program Army: Army has reshaped their S&T program over the past 5 Years to achievement of the Objective Force 98% of S&T Budget targeted to Objective Force 70-ton Vehicle to 20-tons Soldier load from 92 lbs, to 40 lbs, then 15 lbs Batteries: Double the energy in 20% of the package 10-fold increase in electric laser Scramjet missiles Double the distance in half the time Autonomous RecceVehicles(ground and air) Networked individual soldier FY05 Army Program: $1.83B National Automotive Center, 16 Environmental, 34 Logistics, 31 Special Programs, 39 ACTDs, 43 Adv Sim/Training, 72 Devolved Programs, 115 Other, 270 Medical, 101 UAVs, 110 Objective Force Warrior, 103 Future Combat System, 625 Basic Research, 238 Area $ in millions All but ~$40M of 6.2/6.3 Feed Objective Force Capabilities 28

29 Baseline Navy Program Navy: Program shaped around Naval Power 21: Sea Strike Initial deployment of Free Electron Laser Autonomous UUV s UCAV-N HyFly hypersonic missile Supersonic cruise missile Persistent ISR Ship-to-Objective Maneuver Sea Shield Theater Air & Missile Defense Multi-Function radar Littoral Sea Control Homeland Defense Sea Basing Accelerated Deployment & Employment time Enhanced Sea-borne Positioning of Joint Assets FORCEnet Connected sensors, networks, wpns, decision aids & warriors Accelerated speed and accuracy of decisions FY05 Navy Program: $1.85B OSD Trans Init, 94 NRL Core, 162 Navy Interest, 258 National Naval Respon, 104 Hypersonics, 65 Devolvement, 79 Marine Corps, 72 Joint Experiment, 176 Future Naval Capabilities, 500 Discovery (Basic Res), 314 Area $ in millions ~ $500M for Discovery and Invention--~$300 in Basic Research 29

30 Baseline Air Force Program Air Force Program: FY05 Air Force Program $2.14B Being Reshaped by Air & Basic Space Expeditionary Force Research, CONOPS Space, Space & C4ISR: Global Strike C3I, 298 Global Response that provides an integrated Sensors, joint air, space, 115 maritime, ground, & IO Other, 45 Classified, capability to respond Munitions, 350 globally to targets using 103 Electronics, precise & decisive force Materials, Homeland Security Human Lasers, 90 Global Mobility Interface, 102 Nuclear Response Area $ in millions After Must Pay Bills ~$690M For Core Technology Development 30

31 Nanoscience The science and technology of controlling and manipulating things at the atomic layer and nanometer (10-9 m) scale. Fabrication, synthesis, and processing of materials with predetermined properties Characterization, novel phenomenon, and properties for structural, electronic, and biological materials Nanoscale concepts and devices DoD Applications: Electronics, computers, Biochem sensors 31

32 Carbon Nanotube Transistor Single nanotube transistor that operates at room temperature. This three-terminal device consists of an individual semiconducting nanotube on two metal nanoelectrodes with the substrate as a gate electrode. The nanotube is ~5 nm in diameter Nanotube Field Effect Transistor IBM Research Fabricated, tested, and functional Delft University of Technology, Professor Cees Dekker 32

33 From Nanotubes to Nanocomputers One million million devices on a chip Future Teraflop Machine (Trillion calculations per second) Next Generation Technology Breaking the 0.1 Micron Barrier Atomic resolution image of a Carbon Nanotube Schematic diagram of nanotube transistor 33

34 National Nanotechnology Initiative Initiative was planned and coordinated by interagency working group Goal was to double federal investment in nanotechnology over that of FY00 FY2001 FY2002 FY2003 FY2004 Participating Agencies: (estimate) (request) NSF $150M $204M $221M $249M DoD $123M $180M $243M $222M DoE $88M $89M $133M $197M NASA $22M $35M $33M $31M NIH/HHS $40M $59M $65M $70M NIST/DoC $33M $77M $69M $62M EPA $5M $6M $6M $5M DHS(TSA) $2M $2M $2M $2M USDA $1.5M $1M $1M $10M DOJ $1.4M $1M $1M $1M Total $464M $654M $774M $849M Note: Some agencies do not have appropriation yet in FY03. 34

35 Biotechnology for the Army Soldier Health & Performance - Methods to improve and protect physical and cognitive performance and capabilities during normal and extreme operations Battlefield Sensors - Olfactory, optoelectronic, biowarfare, chemical warfare, visual Materials & Logistics - Better materials, increase tooth to tail ratio Electronics & Computing - Nanocomponents, DNA, computers, revolutionary photonics/optoelectronics, electronic-magnetic-optical functional materials Army PoC for biotech issues is Dr. Bob Campbell (ph: , campbell@aro.arl.army.mil). 35

36 Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies Army Labs Industry Partners University Partner RDECs University Partner Army Labs Industry Partners C o l l a b o r a t i v e Lead University N e t w o r k Anticipated $37M over 5 years Industry Partners RDECs Army Labs University Affiliated Research Center Research Concentration Sensors, Electronics, and Information Processing Bio to non-bio Interfaces Bio-derived EMO Materials Sense and Respond Capabilities Technical Fundamentals and Enabling Tools for Dynamic and Predictive Models 36

37 Agere Agilent AMD Analog Devices Conexant Cypress IBM Semiconductor Industry Suppliers DUSD(S&T) Sponsors: Intel LSI Logic Micron Motorola National TI Xilinx Air Products SCP Global Applied Materials Speedfam KLA-Tencor Teradyne Novellus DARPA Department of Defense DARPA Focus Center Research Program Design and Test Focus Center Prof. Richard Newton Two years ago, the University of California at Berkeley became the lead university for the Design and Test Focus Center (Gigascale Silicon Research Center). Professor Richard Newton is the center s director. The Design and Test Center s research agenda addresses concepts such as component/ communication-based design, constructive fabrics, fully programmable systems, calibration of achievable design, validation, power and energy. Interconnect Focus Center Prof. James Meindl Materials Structures & Devices Focus Center Prof. Dimitri Antoniadis Recently, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was designated as the lead university for a new Materials, Structures and Devices Focus Center. Professor Dimitri Antoniadis is the director. This center will research sub-10- nanometer silicon-based FETS, silicon-based quantumeffect devices, molecular and organic semiconductor electronics, nanotube electronics and modeling & simulation. Circuits, Systems & Software Focus Center Prof. Rob Rutenbar The Interconnect Focus Center is based at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Professor James Meindl has been the director since the center was established two years ago. The center s research teams examine six major tasks: System architecture, physical design tools, novel communications mechanisims, chip to module interconnects, materials & processing and predictive modeling & metrology. A new Circuits, Systems and Software Focus Center was also recently created, with Carnegie Mellon University as the lead university. Professor Rob Rutenbar is the director. The center s research will focus on the analysis and synthesis of analog and analog/mixed signal circuits, explore novel system level technologies and search for software solutions and work-arounds for the deep submicron CMOS process limitations. Research Teams: UC-Berkeley CMU UCLA MIT UC San Diego Penn State UC Santa Barbara Princeton UC Santa Cruz Purdue Univ. of Michigan Stanford UT Austin Univ. of Wisconsin Georgia Tech MIT Stanford RPI UCLA Univ. of Albany MIT Cornell Princeton Purdue Stanford UCLA CMU UC-Berkeley Univ. of Albany UT-Austin UVA Columbia RPI Cornell Stanford MIT UC Berkeley Princeton UIUC Univ. of Washington 37

38 Aeronautics Futures Aeronautics Platforms and Systems Uninhabited Air Vehicles (UAVs) and Uninhabited Combat Air Vehicles (CAVs) Tilt-Wing Aircraft and Advanced Rotorcraft Long Range Heavy Lift Transport Aircraft Long Range Hypersonic Missiles and Strike Aircraft Aerospace Plane for Space Access Quiet Supersonic Platforms Morphing Aircraft Directed Energy Weapon System Platforms Micro- and Nano- Systems and Vehicles Personal Aerospace Vehicles (PAVE) 38

39 DoD S&E as % of Fed Workforce Source: Pre-release - OPM data for NSF pub, Table B-14. Federal scientists and engineers, by agency and major occupational group: Total S&Es 44.2% 43.5% 43.1% 43.4% All sci 26.1% 25.4% 25.6% 26.9% Comp/Math sci 45.5% 43.9% 44.0% 45.3% Life sci 11.4% 11.2% 11.0% 10.9% Physical sci 26.7% 26.2% 26.1% 26.2% Social sci 20.4% 20.4% 19.7% 19.6% All eng 66.7% 66.4% 66.2% 66.7% Aerospace 44.7% 43.6% 43.0% 42.8% Chemical 62.3% 63.6% 65.7% 67.6% Civil 61.8% 61.3% 60.6% 60.1% EE&Comp 79.3% 79.1% 78.5% 79.1% Industrial 81.1% 80.2% 79.4% 79.4% Mechanical 88.2% 88.2% 88.4% 89.2% Other eng 54.6% 55.1% 55.5% 55.9% 39

40 S&E Workforce Concerns U.S. Science and Engineering is critical for Defense Transformation Significant reduction in DoD scientists and engineers (S&Es) over the last decade More DoD S&Es nearing retirement U.S. citizens are required in many DoD applications U.S. Science and Engineering workforce is an issue of National Security 40

41 Summary DoD Supports a Broad Range of S&T from Basic Research to Applied Technology Transformation Technology Initiatives Critical S&E Workforce Needs 41