The Impact of Electronic Publishing

Transcription

1 David J. Brown Richard Boulderstone The Impact of Electronic Publishing The Future for Publishers and Librarians K G. Saur München 2008

2 Abstract Acknowledgements xv xix Chapter 1 Background Introduction., The Book Purpose of the Book 'Change management' Target Audiences Definitions Objectives Approach adopted.. 7 Phase One Chapter 2 Industry Evolution Tragedy of the Commons Frustration Gap Publisher and Library dissentions Big Deals The Tipping Point Open Access The Long TaU Disenfranchised Researchers Knowledge Workers and the Thinkforce Emergence of Search Engines Something is Good Enough The new market for research material Overall Trends. 26 Chapter 3 End User Behaviour Change in User Behaviour Who are the users? Typology of Users Information Overload Research Studies... 33

3 vi Industry wide Studies.. 33 Tenopir/King research. 33 Collection development Library sourced initiatives 35 The ejust report on E-Journal Users 35 Faculty Attitudes at Univ California Publisher commissioned studies. 37 CIBER Studies. 37 Elsevier/Mabe research Author versus Reader Digital Natives and the Millennium generation Forecasts The OutseIl View User perceptions of Value 45 Chapter 4 Measuring the Value of Information Background Peer Evaluation Citation Analysis Document Downloads. 49 COUNTER SUSHI Effect of Robots Case Study - The Mesur Project Focus Groups and investigating individual usage patterns Document Delivery statistics Questionnaires Triangulation Scientometrics Research Assessment Exercises The United Kingdom's RAE Criticisms of UK's RAE " UUK report looks at the use of bibliometrics Australia's research assessment exercise (RQF) The Future of BiblioMetrics Phase Two Chapter 5 Electronic Information Industry Structure How much Information? The Information Industry Corporate Size The Scientific, Technical and Medical Information sector Challenges facing the information industry. 70 Chapter 6 The Key Players Industry Overview Overall Scholarly Trends Structure of the Journal Publishing System 73

4 vii 6.3 Market Estimates STM Publishers. 6.4 Key Stakeholders Publishers and Information Providers Leading Publishers Learned Society Publishers Vniversity Presses Life Cyde of scholarly communication. The Future of the Big Deal. Trend towards Open Access..... Versioning. Other Challenges facing Publishing. Hybrid Journals and document delivery. Refereeing Peer Review in scholarly journals. Alternative review procedures.. Publishers and the 'Valley of Death' The Prisoner's Dilemma. Future of Publishing. 6.5 Research Libraries ARL statistics. UK university library expenditure Librarian relationship to their customers (users) The European Digital Libraries The Future of the Librarian Understanding the new user. 6.6 Other Stakeholders Collaboratories Funding Agencies 6.7 Government involvement Case Study... Joint Information Services Committee National Priorities on toll free or toll paid Emerging Competition. Chapter 7 Publication Formats 7.1 Journals and e-journals Multi author articles The evolution of the electronic journal Artide Readership.... Concerns about Journals Electronic journal use.. Purpose of Reading... The Value of reading Journals e-journals in industry Future of the Journal

5 viii 7.2 Books and e-books The e-book phenomenon 115 Ebrary results. 117 Oxford Scholarship Online 117 e-books on other platforms. 118 A Strategy for Book Digitisation Document Delivery The market for article supply InterLibrary Loans. 122 Subito analysis of document delivery. 124 Chapter 8 Legal Developments Legal Initiatives Creative Commons Science Commons JISC and SURF's Licence to Publish Future of Copyright 129 Orphan Works. 129 Chapter 9 Geographical Trends Globalisation of Research Movement of global funds for research Regional variations. 132 Industrial R&D Acadernic R&D Implications on scholarly publishing Worldwide Trends in Article Output Trends in Three Major Publishing Regions 135 Europe. 136 United Kingdom Asia... China. Australia Chapter 10 Research Disciplines Sources of Funds for Research Research Trends The changing R&D process in large corporations Social Collaboration Behavioural Trends Specific Disciplines Physics and Mathematics Astronomy BioSciences and Medicine. 149 United Kingdom General Considerations for Biomedicine Case Study Case Study - Information Search (Biology) Arts and Humanities. 152

6 ix 10.8 Other Subjects Chemical Biology Geosciences Summary. 154 Phase Three Drivers for Change Change can be complex Financial and Administrative Drivers Chapter 11 Business Models as Driver for Change Opening up the Market? Open Access Initiatives Open Access Journals - the Gold Route to open access. 163 Gold OA Journals - The Current Situation Author self-depositing articles - the Green Route to open access Subject-based E-Print services. 165 Institutional-based repositories. 165 The DRIVER project Author Participation rates. 168 Voluntary or Mandatory? Harvesting the open access material 170 Usage of OA Open Access projects. 171 BioMed Central Hindawi Publishing 172 SCOAP3 - OA publishing of physics journals 172 Case Study - The US IR scene Economics supporting open access Impact of OA on Publishers Trends favouring Open Access Implications for Authors Implications for Publishers Online Advertising as a new business model OnIine Advertising Advertising in the scholarly area Summary Chapter 12 Funding Research as a Driver for Change Political developments Open Access Initiatives Ranking countries by research output National and International government initiatives A model for a new electronic publishing paradigm European Commission FP7 e-infrastructures

7 x EU Study of Scientific Publishing (2006) EU open access developments European Research Council Publisher Initiatives US publishers' PR campaign PRISM - Advocacy programme from the publishers The European PEER Project Publishers' White paper on academic use of journal content Library Initiatives SPARC SHERPAI OpenDOAR Global Research Trends Research funding as a driver for change Public funded R&D in the UK Structure of Research Funding in the UK Research assessment A Dangerous Economy (RCUK) The Death of Peer Review (RAE) The 2008 RAE Other funding agendes JISC in UK MPS and DFG in Germany Charities Summary. 208 Teehnological Drivers Chapter 13 Effideney Improvements as a Driver for Change Industry Collaboration to achieve improved efficiency in EP Trade Assodations. 211 Publisher Trade Associations. 211 Library Trade Assodations Research Information Network (RIN) Publishers Research Consortium Publishing Cooperatives Changes in Format Markup Languages Metadata Structural Effidendes Mergers and Acquisitions Economies of Scale Why is market consolidation taking place in scholarly publishing? Why are the larger publishers able to succeed where small publishers find it difficult? Standards and Protocols ONIX for Publisher Licences

8 ACAP (Automated Content Access Protocol) Refereeing... Nature's open peer review. New Technical Offerings Current Awareness and Alerting Publishing a semantic journal Publishing in virtual reality Summary. xi Chapter 14 Technology as a Driver for Change 14.1 Background Past impact of Technology The technological infrastructure Digital Resource Management (DRM) Athens Shibboleth UK Access Management Federation OpenID Technology and Standards Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Concerns CrossRef Other Identifiers New Products and Services 14.6 Other Technical applications The "Cloud" Three predictions on scholarly communication technology. Chapter 15 Data and Datasets as a Driver for Change Background. Main data centres. The Data Challenge Standards and Procedures Data Management Systems Metadata of Data Data Webs... The Researcher's wishes. Reproducible Results... Integration between Data and Text. Business Model for Data NSF funds for data compilations Google and Datasets. Impact of data on Libraries Data Curation... Impact of data on Publishers Impact on other institutions Research Councils Summary

9 xii Chapter 16 Mining of Text and Data Background Implications The mechanism of Text Mining 256 Information Retrieval (IR) 256 Natural Language Processing (NLP) 256 Information Extraction (JE). 257 Data Mining (DM) 257 Visualisation Recent History Challenges facing Text and Data mining Structure of database Legal and licensing framework Legal status of text mining Computation by machines Practical Examples Implications in applying text mining The Future Impact on Libraries Impact on Publishers 262 Chapter 17 E-science and Cyberinfrastructure as Drivers for Change Background The e-science Challenge Visions for e-science Overall context of e-science Public Engagement Future role of e-science Chapter 18 Workflow Processes and Virtual Research Environments Integration into Work Flow Process The research process Examples of a work bench approach Virtual Research Environments (VRE) Summary Chapter 19 The Semantic Web as a Driver for Change The Challenge of the Semantic Web Critiques Web Science Research Initiative Examples of Semantic Web in scholarly publishing Knowlets Implications of Semantic Web for EP. 274 Chapter 20 Mobile Devices as Driver for Change Background The wireless economy Intelligent spectac1es? Amazon's 'Kindie'

10 xiii 20.5 Google's Open Handset Alliance Future Developments Chapter 21 Archiving and Preservation as Drivers for Change The Challenge of Archiving and Preservation Preservation and Access Archive requirements International Collaboration US-based Task Force on sustainable digital preservation and access The European Alliance for Permanent Access. 283 Sodal Drivers The Google Generation 287 Chapter 22 Findability as a Driver for change The rise of Search Engines Resource Discovery and Navigation How users find information The Findability Challenge Case Study: The Google mantra Other search engines Impact of search engines on publishers Book digitisation and the Copyright issue What ofthe Future?. 299 Chapter 23 Web 2.0 and Sodal Collaboration as Drivers for Change Wisdom of the crowds The Challenge of Web Critiques of the Web 2.0 movement Case Study - O'Reilly The Web 2.0 business model Blogs and Wikis Mash-ups Drive towards Consumer-based Collaborative systems Communication Case Study - Wikipedia and online encylopedias Wikinomics Case Study: InnoCentive Summary. 317 Chapter 24 Trust Trust Fraud and Plagiarism. 321 Chapter 25 Timeline - Emergence of Electronic Publishing Where we come from Users of scholarly communication. 324

11 xiv 25.3 The Industry Structure Drivers for Change " Separating the Drivers Summary Chapter 26 Summary and Recommendations Planning for Change Avision for Scholarly Communications User Behaviour Effect of government intervention New information service requirements Market Trends The Information Process Business Models New Products and Services Stakeholders Legal issues The future role of the Publisher The future role of Libraries The future role of Intermediaries 340 References 341 Figures and Tables 343 Index 345