ENIP COUNTRY REPORT FRANCE. National Report on data/indicators Production. European Network of Indicators Producers. funded by the European Commission

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1 ENIP European Network of Indicators Producers COUNTRY REPORT FRANCE Jean Thèves Laurence Esterle Israel funded by the European Commission National Report on data/indicators Production

2 PRIME stands for Policies for Research and Innovation in the Move towards the European Research Area. This Network of Excellence brings together over 200 researchers and 150 PhD students, from four main disciplines, over 40 institutions and 16 countries. The program of activities balances three research actions dedicated to producing world-class research and three structural actions aimed at achieving lasting effects in terms of structuring the field at the European level, those structural actions focusing on database and indicators issues, training, and interactions with the full range of stakeholders. FP6 - Citizens and Governance in a knowledge-based society EC Contract Number: CITI-CT PRIME website :

3 N A T I O N A L R E P O R T O N S & T D A T A / I N D I C A T O R S P R O D U C T I O N F R A N C E C O U N T R Y R E P O R T B Y J E A N T H E V E S A N D L A U R E N C E E S T E R L E O B S E R V A T O I R E D E S S C I E N C E S E T D E S T E C H N I Q U E S ( O S T )

4 Table of contents I. BRIEF PRESENTATION OF THE NATIONAL SYSTEM OF STI 4 I.1. Government 6 I.2. Intermediate level 7 I. 2. a. Funds/National Research Agency (to be created in 2005) 7 I. 2. b. Other agencies 7 I. 2. c. Charities 7 I.3. STI performers 7 I. 3. a. Universities 7 I. 3. b. Research organisations: 8 I. 3. c. Companies (public and private) 8 II. DATA AND INDICATORS 9 II.1. General remarks 9 II. 1. a. National S&T reports 9 II.2. General data on country 10 II.3. Funding and expenditures 10 II. 3. a. OECD R&D expenditures and funding 10 II. 3. b. Other funding data 11 II. 3. c. Project funding 12 II.4. S&T human resources 13 II. 4. a. Human resources 13 II.5. Publications 14 II.6. Innovation 15 II. 6. a. Technology indicators 15 II. 6. b. Patents 15 II. 6. c. Innovation survey 16 II. 6. d. Public-private cooperations and spin-off 16 II.7. Public understanding of science 16 III. DESCRIPTION OF MAIN DATA/INDICATORS PRODUCERS 17 III.1. Overview 17 III.2. Individual descriptions 21 III. 2. a. Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques 21 III. 2. b. Direction de l Evaluation et de la Prospective 21 III. 2. c. Observatoire des Sciences et des Techniques 21 III. 2. d. Direction de l Enseignement Supérieur 22 III. 2. e. Service des études et des statistiques industrielles 22 IV. OVERALL ASSESSMENT 23 V. REFERENCES 24 2

5 LIST OF ACRONYMS ADEME AFM ANVAR ANRS ARC BCRD CEA CEREQ CIRST CNES CNRS CPU DEP DES DGA DR DT EPIC EPST FNS FRT IFREMER INSEE INSERM ISI MENESR MINEFI MNRT OEB OST SESSI Agence de l Environnement et la Maîtrise de l Energie (Agency for Environment and Energy Management) Association Française contre les Myopathies (French Muscular Dystrophy Association) Agence Nationale de la Valorisation de la Recherche (French Agency for Innovation) Agence Nationale pour la Recherche sur le Sida (National Agency for Research on AIDS) Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (Research Association against Cancer) Budget Civil de Recherche et Développement (civil budget for R&D) Commissariat à l Energie Atomique (French Atomic Energy Commission) Centre d études et de recherche sur les qualifications (Centre of studies and research on qualifications) Comité Interministériel pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (Interministerial Committee for S&T Research) Centre National d Etudes Spatiales (French Space Agency) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (National Centre for Scientific Research) Conférence des Présidents d Université (Conference of University Presidents) Direction de l Evaluation et de la Prospective (Department for Prospective and Evaluation) Direction de l Enseignement Supérieur (Department for Higher Education) Délégation Générale pour l Armement (French Armament Procurement Agency) Direction de la Recherche (Department of Research) Direction de la Technologie (Department of Technology) Etablissement Public à caractère Industriel et Commercial (Public Institute with Industrial and Commercial Objectives) Etablissement Public à caractère Scientifique et Technologique (Public Institute with S&T Objectives) Fond National pour la Science (National Science Fund) Fond pour la Recherche Technologique (Technological Research Fund) Institut Français de Recherche pour l Exploitation de la Mer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) Institut National des Statistiques et des Etudes Economiques (National Institute for Statistics and Economical Studies) Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (French Institute of Health and Medical Research) Institute for Scientific Information Ministère de l Education Nationale, de l Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche (Ministry for National Education, Higher Education and Research) Ministère de l Industrie, de l Economie et des Finances (Ministry for Industry, Economy and Finance) Ministère délégué à la Recherche et aux Nouvelles Technologies (Associated Ministry for Research and New Technologies) Office Européen des Brevets (European Patent Office) Observatoire des Sciences et des Techniques (Observatory for Science and Technology) Services des Etudes et des Statistiques Industrielles (Industrial Statistics and Studies Services) 3

6 I. BRIEF PRESENTATION OF THE NATIONAL SYSTEM OF STI Some important features of the French STI system are the following: The lack of independent intermediary structures for funding projects. A system historically based on the CNRS and the mission-oriented research organisations but with an increasing proportion of mixed labs with university research. The growing consideration towards the role of university The following figures (figure 1 and figure 2) show a map of the most important organisations involved in research policy and research activities. 4 4

7 ENIP - COUNTRY REPORT: FRANCE Political authorities Administrative bodies Branch ministries Parliament Associated Ministry of Research and New Technologies Government Ministry of National Education, Higher Education and Research Territorial collectivities Ministry of Economy, Finances and Industry Figure 1. Structure of the French STI system (model inspired by Benedetto Lepori, 2004) 5 E N I P - C o u n t r y R e p o r Intermediary Organisations and funding agencies ADEME ANRS Department of Technology Technological Research Fund Department of Research National Science Fund Department of Higher Education Charities CNES ANVAR Private sector Small and Medium Enterprises Multinational Companies Research performers Branch Research Organisations Joint CNRS labs University Research labs & HE institutions labs International and European Research Organisations (CERN, EMBL, ) Private Research laboratories 5

8 The French national system of RDI is structured as followed: I.1. GOVERNMENT In the present government, the Ministry of National Education, Higher Education and Research (MENESR) delegates the funding policies of the national R&D activities to the associated Ministry for Research and New Technologies (MRNT). A Ministry dedicated to Research has been created in 1982 and is sometimes separated from the Ministry of National Education, sometimes associated with it. (The portfolio and name of French government ministries can change with each new government.) The main tool for financing public R&D in France is called the BCRD (Budget Civil de Recherche et Développement Civil Budget for R&D). The BCRD is a framework for programming R&D, by areas, domains, themes and institutions. Beginning in 2006, the budget for R&D will be presented within the frame of the interministerial commission for Higher Education and Research according to the new Loi Organique relative aux Lois de Finances (LOLF). For activities linked with specific domains, such as health, agriculture, transportation and the like, each ministry has in theory as much jurisdiction as the MRNT over research policy in its own field or fields. In practice, the MRNT is the ministry that finances most research activity. Coordination and cooperation among ministries with regards to research is infrequent. For questions of innovation, it is the Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry which shares the responsibility along with the MENESR. Some of its budget is earmarked exclusively for innovation. An Inter-ministerial Committee for Scientific and Technological Research (CIRST) has been established and has met twice, in 1998 and 1999, in order to evaluate research priorities. Finally, there is another council whose main mission is to advise the MENESR on R&D policies for France, called the Superior Council for Research and Technology (CSRT), which is chaired by the Minister of Research. For Defence, which doesn t appear on the scheme underneath, France devotes 7,5% of its National expenditures for R&D, managed by the Ministry of Defence. Figure 2. Structure of the French STI system (simplified) CIRST Government Branch ministries MENESR MRNT MINEFI CSRT FNS ANVAR Charities FRT pnp Branch research org. Joint labs CNRS Joint labs Universities labs Private labs Fund Labs Ministries Council 6 6

9 I.2. INTERMEDIATE LEVEL The intermediate level in France includes two funds (A) and several agencies (B), all of them managed by the MENESR, but also certain charities (C), which are mostly linked with health issues. However, the intermediate level is not significantly developed in France. At the beginning of 2005, a National Research Agency (Agence National de la Recherche) will be created in order to manage the two funds described below. I. 2. a. Funds/National Research Agency (to be created in 2005) The two major funds are the FNS (National Science Fund) and the FRT (Fund for Technological Research). The FNS is directed to public research organisations and universities, whereas the FRT is mostly directed to joint research project between private and public labs. Those two funds finance thematic programmes and/or projects related to the themes France considers as priorities. Until now, they have been managed by the MENESR. At the beginning of 2005, they will be managed by the National Research Agency. I. 2. b. Other agencies The other French agencies are agencies of means devoted to thematic areas, and they have very restricted budgets. As examples, we can list some of them: ADEME (Agency for the Environment and Energy Management), ANVAR (French Agency for Innovation) or ANRS (National Agency for Research on Aids). The ANVAR agency is the most important in terms of volume of funds, and it is by nature, related to private research. Its total funding amount is still low (250 millions euros) and represents less than 10% of total public R&D funding for the business sector. The CNES (French Space Agency) is an agency with a different type of structure. It is mostly a programme agency that contracts research to public or private R&D labs and develops equipment for space research in France. The CNES also manages a few technical centres, financing projects and doing R&D on its own. It is also a major contributor to the European Space Agency and some other European programmes. I. 2. c. Charities There are some charities that fund research activities such as AFM (French Muscular Dystrophy Association), ARC (Research Association against Cancer), and others, most of them being related to health issues. I.3. STI PERFORMERS Performers are divided into three main groups, two of which are in the public sector. The organisation of public research has been elaborated by the Law on Research Orientation in 1982, followed by a Law on Higher Education in I. 3. a. Universities The universities, about 80 in number, have a function of higher education and research. They are financed by the MENESR, and their research activities are often linked with national research organisations. University professors are for most of them, teacher-researcher, which means they have to share their time between teaching activities and the pursuit of research. 7 7

10 As an advisory and coordinating body, the CPU (Conference of University Presidents) brings together all the presidents of French universities. It is chaired by the Ministry in charge of Education. I. 3. b. Research organisations: The main public research institution in France is called the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). The CNRS is responsible for 17% (year 2001) of the public R&D expenditures, and covers all the academic disciplines. Public research organisations are sub-divided in 2 main categories, defined by the Law on Research Orientation of 1982: EPST (Scientific and Technological Public Institutions) (CNRS, INSERM ), whose permanent staff are civil servant. EPIC (Industrial and Commercial Public Institutions) (CEA, IFREMER ), whose employees are mainly under long-term private contracts, almost equivalent to civil servant status. In these institutions, a significant part of their budget comes from external resources. The researchers have no teaching duties (even if some of them do have teaching activities) and are devoted to full-time research activity. Public research institutions comprise a total of researchers (headcount). One point in particular concerning these organisations should be kept in mind: the CNRS is mainly dedicated to academic or fundamental research (with a few guided research programmes) whereas all the other research organisations are mainly devoted to a specific area of R&D activity (with a few fundamental research activities) such as health, agronomy, information technology and the like. The management of those organisations is a combination of what is considered as intermediary and performer. Each organisation receives the funds for the year to come, and at the level of their own organisation, they can decide to finance a particular project, but the flexibility of management is very low due to the preponderant weight of salaries. An high proportion of labs are joint labs: for example, 90% of CNRS labs are joint labs with the university. I. 3. c. Companies (public and private) Most of the R&D activities in enterprises are carried out in large companies. In 2001, the companies with more than 2000 employees accounted for 62 % of the R&D expenditures. In 2001, a fifth of the BERD was devoted to the electronic sector, the most active in R&D expenditures. The following sectors are the automobile industry (strong growth), the pharmaceutical industry (regular growth), the aerospace industry and the chemistry. 8 8

11 II. DATA AND INDICATORS II.1. GENERAL REMARKS The R&D surveys are conducted by the DEP, which is the department in charge of statistics at the MENESR. These surveys are regularly improved, and due to break in time series the comparison is sometimes difficult at the disagreggated level. Nevertheless, they are in conformity with the Frascati manual guidelines, hence the comparability. Since 1963, surveys were regularly conducted on public and private sector R&D effort. An initial aggregated time series runs from 1970 to An important break in the series occurred in 1992 due to three major changes: - the change in the status from public to private sector of two very large public companies involved in R&D (France Telecom and GIAT Industries) - the changes in the nomenclatures (from NAP to NAF (Nomenclature d Activité Française)) used to classify the business sectors of R&D - the enlarged and improved survey on companies and on public sector From 1992 on, almost every time series on public funding and R&D expenditure are complete and available. Irregularities or discrepancies are mentioned. The CNRS, which as a national research organisation should be considered part of the State sector as in some other countries, belongs to the Higher Education sector. The Education/Research share for the personnel at the universities is 0.5 FTE. II. 1. a. National S&T reports Every second year, a complete overview (input and output) of the S&T situation in France is produced by the OST in a national report on S&T indicators, describing the situation for France, in comparison with the European countries and the world. The first edition has been published in 1992, and the 7 th in

12 ENIP - COUNTRY REPORT: FRANCE E N I P - C o u n t r y R e p o r II.2. GENERAL DATA ON COUNTRY Data/Indicators Time coverage Producer Remarks GDP INSEE Available on the website of INSEE Public finances DG Budget INSEE Available on the website of the DG Budget Available on the website of INSEE Prices / GDP deflator INSEE Available on the website of INSEE PPP INSEE Available on the website of INSEE Population/workforce INSEE Population census since Annual estimations since 1975 on the INSEE website. Survey on workforce since 1954, but available on the website of INSEE for 1975 on. II.3. FUNDING AND EXPENDITURES II. 3. a. OECD R&D expenditures and funding Data/Indicators Time coverage Producer Remarks Private sector R&D exp * DEP (D) The DEP conducts a yearly survey on private R&D. The perimeter of the survey is widened regularly. For 2002, companies were interviewed. The survey is exhaustive for the 1000 most important companies, and a simplified questionnaire is sent to a sample of the other SMEs. The data on funding is available but with restricted access for secrecy reasons at a disaggregated level. In this regards, the DEP follows the Eurostat Manual of Business Statistics. Since 1992, the data is disaggregated by size of company and by region, as well as by sector, following the NAF nomenclature, sub-divided in 25 branches. Concerning the expenditures, another slight break occurred in 2001, due to the 10 10

13 ENIP - COUNTRY REPORT: FRANCE E N I P - C o u n t r y R e p o r OST (I) HE R&D exp * DEP DEP + DES Government R&D exp * DEP (D) OST (I) integration of a better coverage of the survey that led to a rise in the BERD from 2000 to The OST produces indicators on business sub-sector. Data is available on funding at an aggregated level, for each year since The HERD is not available by discipline; it is possible to have the series by académie (educational regions); Each organisation might have some data on themselves, but it seems difficult to aggregate them. Since year 2000 a better assessment of HERD has been produced. Yearly survey sent by the DEP to public research organisations and public services. In 2000, a new questionnaire was produced. Results are published by socioeconomic objectives. Indicators by funding objectives are calculated by OST. PNP R&D exp * DEP (D) Data is mostly available by source and regions from Still, the amounts of funds are very low. R&D exp. abroad DEP From 1996 on, distinction between EU and others. GERD DEP Data is collected through the two yearly surveys on public R&D and R&D in private companies. The DEP aggregates data from funding and performing sectors. *: break in series in 1992 II. 3. b. Other funding data Data/Indicators Time coverage Producer Remarks Funding by regional government of R&D Funding by regional government to HE R&D DEP Partial data until 2001; from 2002, the data is almost complete (NUTS 2 level) (partial) - Almost no data available; creation of Contrat-Plan Etat-Région (Region-State planning contract) in 1982, which gives the regional authorities some possibility of participating in university funding. Regional fundings to HE are increasing but are still very low. Funding by abroad DEP Data available for funding by EU/International for public and private R&D; from

14 ENIP - COUNTRY REPORT: FRANCE E N I P - C o u n t r y R e p o r Research and Education in the state accounts DR MINEFI on, distinction between EU funding and other international funding. From 2000, more details on distinct European funds (FP, ESA ). Budgetary data are on the BCRD (Civil Budget for R&D), national budget allocation for public research that exists from 1983; since the perimeter changes each year, it is difficult to compare from one year to another. Moreover, Research and Higher Education are not presented together Since the new law voted in 2001 called LOLF (Loi Organique relative aux Lois de Finances) which will be implemented in 2006, data are available in the Projet de Loi de Finances (PLF), in which a mission is devoted to Research and Higher Education. Within this mission are 13 programmes, for which a budgetary line will be voted. A first test for 2005 has been implemented and is available on the website of the MINEFI. Military expenditures DEP + DGA The perimeter was modified recently; DEP produces the data from the information given by DGA since Contract / HE funding DR The data is incomplete and not easily accessible; it is based on a survey done every 4 years on universities. Indirect funding for DT + MINEFI A research tax credit has been created in 1986, and bas been renewed since then. enterprises Data are available at an aggregated level. GBAORD DEP Survey done from the nomenclature linked with the one from Eurostat (NABS) but at an aggregated level ; The GBAORD is a result of the survey realised each year since 1992 from the BCRD contents; II. 3. c. Project funding Data/Indicators Time coverage Producer Remarks Project funding in Unknown Org. themselves Each public research organisation has a small part of its budget to be distributed Research Organisations through internal project funding. The availability is partial and the data from different sources cannot be aggregated. FNS DR National Fund created in 1999 for academic research support; there is very partial data (by programmes of actions) and difficult access. Furthermore, there is no standard classification by technology/scientific disciplines

15 ENIP - COUNTRY REPORT: FRANCE E N I P - C o u n t r y R e p o r FRT DT Fund created in 1959; same commentaries as above. ANVAR Agency itself Agency created in 1979 ; Annual reports are available for the last years. The funding data is available by regions and thematic areas but no series is available ANRS Agency itself Agency created in 1992 ; Annual reports and detailed budget available on the website Charities Charities themselves Funding by European Programmes Funding by International Programmes D: data ; I: indicator European commission (D) OST (I) No series available. The EC produces the CORDIS database which gathers participations to the FP. No budgetary data is available. The OST does some estimations and produces indicators from the CORDIS database Partial data II.4. S&T HUMAN RESOURCES II. 4. a. Human resources Data/Indicators Time coverage Producer Remarks Business R&D DEP Restricted access due to private survey; indicators are available at an aggregated level on the DEP personnel website. HE personnel.** DES By age, region and discipline; for some organisations, the discipline is evaluated from the answers given concerning the GBAORD. Governement R&D personnel.** PNP R&D personnel.** DEP (D + Aggregated data I) OST (I) For EPST and HE sector (2000; 2002) 31 sub-disciplines available at the OST DEP By discipline available since 2000 Human Resources DEP Data is given by gender, and large activity. In 1997, slight break in series

16 ENIP - COUNTRY REPORT: FRANCE E N I P - C o u n t r y R e p o r devoted to S&T Higher education graduates , 2002 DEP CEREQ Very detailed data produced from DEP by university, gender, citizenship, large disciplines. The DEP publishes regular reports that are available on its website. The CEREQ made two surveys, available on their website, on what become the students 4 years after the end of their curriculum, including PhD career path. Data is broken down into several categories. PhD data DR + DEP Survey on origin of thesis funding for universities, but limited uses; Regular reports on origin of enrolled students available Research/education share in universities 2002 DR + CPU D: Data ; I: Indicator *: first series available from 1970 to 1992; important break from 1992 Partial survey done in 2002 for technicians and engineers. II.5. PUBLICATIONS Data/Indicators Time coverage Producer Remarks Publications ISI OST(I) The ISI data are available at the OST for France. OST is using SCI-expanded and is about to implement the WoS. The OST has created its own nomenclature from the ISI specialities; From 1993, aggregation is possible in 31 sub-disciplines and 8 major disciplines Data is disaggregated on request; ; the production indicators are calculated for France each year, on a regional level (NUTS 2 and NUTS 3), as well as in comparison with European and international levels. These data can also be obtained at the data address level. Specific studies are published on the website of OST. Every second year, the OST publishes a bi-annual report, with a complete overview of the publication data. Co-publications ISI OST (I) Same as above; many indicators calculated by the OST and disaggregated on request. Citations ISI OST (I) Same as above; many indicators calculated by the OST and disaggregated on request. Other publication INIST PASCAL (for S&T and Medical Research) and FRANCIS (for Human and Social Sciences) databases, sources created in 1972 by CNRS; semi-manual indexation; multilingual databases; D: Data ; I: Indicator 14 14

17 ENIP - COUNTRY REPORT: FRANCE E N I P - C o u n t r y R e p o r II.6. INNOVATION II. 6. a. Technology indicators Data/Indicators Time coverage Producer Remarks Technology exports / trade balance D: Data ; I: Indicator Some data is available on the INSEE website, but there is no access for precise data. II. 6. b. Patents Data/Indicators Time coverage Producer Remarks Patents US Patents EU OST (I) OST(I) Data from USPTO at a semi-aggregated level from 1981, by country and IPC (4 digits) ; Data from EPO (and WIPO) since creation date, for European and international (PCT) applications; OST creates indicators from the national and regional level data as well as from the company level; A distinction is made between applicants and inventors. A more complete work is done to distinguish the legal bodies (firm, institution, foundation ). From the data on large applicants, the links between the applicants and multinational firms is evaluated, at the world level. At the French level, the distinction is made between public and private institutions. An yearly up-date on the European patents granted is made Patent citation OST (I) A first study has been done at the OST. Further work is underway. Patents in national office INPI (D) OST (I) Some indicators available at OST at the level of public and private companies 15 15

18 ENIP - COUNTRY REPORT: FRANCE E N I P - C o u n t r y R e p o r II. 6. c. Innovation survey Data/Indicators Time coverage Producer Remarks Innovation activities in companies (innovation survey) 1993; 1997; 2001 SESSI INSEE Community Innovation Survey (CIS1 to CIS3) done by SESSI for France ; INSEE made a complementary survey on more sectors, but low answering rate; very partial data II. 6. d. Public-private cooperations and spin-off Data/Indicators Time coverage Producer Remarks Spin-off DT (D) Report on innovation incentives; aggregated data Collaboration industryacademia 2001 DR Data on some universities and organisations are available, but not aggregated, and no common nomenclature II.7. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE Data/Indicators Time coverage Producer Remarks Attitude of the public towards S&T 1973,, Some labs and researchers (i.e. Daniel Boy) have done work on this topic, but no database is available. Surveys are irregular but the first survey specifically dedicated to the attitude of the public towards science was conducted in 1973, with the Eurobarometer activities

19 III. DESCRIPTION OF MAIN DATA/INDICATORS PRODUCERS III.1. OVERVIEW The institutions in France which collect and produce input data and indicators on R&D are mainly associated with government ministries. For R&D data and indicators, it is the MENESR, and for more economical and broad national data and indicators, it is the MINEFI. Besides the official data producers, OST was created in 1990 to produce input and output indicators on R&D. The figure 3 maps the French system of R&D data/indicators production

20 E N I P - C o u n t r y R e p o r Figure 3: national system of R&D data/indicators production National R&D data and indicators production system MENESR MINEFI DES DEP INSEE SESSI Data on Human resources in HE and students R&D data/indicators on expenditures, funding and human resources Major economic data and indicators producer Surveys on innovation Research organisations Universities C o o p e r a t v e OST Indicators on R&D Input and Output INPI Data on national patents 18 International data/indicators producers USPTO EC ISI OECD Eurostat EPO Others i ENIP - COUNTRY REPORT: FRANCE 18

21 The main institutes are the following: Within the MINEFI: INSEE (National institute of Statistics and Economical Studies) is a general directorate within the MINEFI and is the main French statistical institute. It produces mainly demographical and economical indicators, and very few on R&D. The INSEE has a broad national coverage and a broad thematic approach. Its work deals with issues linked with French economy and demography. The institute has an office in each region. Within the MENESR: The DEP, which is the statistical department in the MENESR, is the main data producer on R&D resources and personnel for France, and the official statistical unit for R&D funding which communicates the data to OECD and Eurostat. It makes three yearly surveys in order to evaluate the input for industry on one side and public research on the other side. The DEP also gathers data on education. The surveys regarding R&D are the following: - a yearly survey on public service and organisations R&D expenditure. It is a complete survey on real expenditures within the past year. - a survey on socio-economic objectives (GBAORD). The survey describes neither the real expenditures nor total expenditures but is based on the budget. Therefore, results are to be interpreted with caution. - a survey on companies that are doing some R&D activities. The survey is complete for big companies, but it relies on an evaluation when dealing with the SMEs since Nevertheless, the data are not public and the access is restricted. As an independent public institution: OST (Observatory of Science and Technology) The OST is an independent public institution under the responsibility of 5 ministries, 7 research organisations, and one private agency, and its main mission is to produce input and output S&T indicators. It has been created in 1990 to evaluate French S&T policies and to compare R&D activities at the regional level, but also at an international level. It gathers national databases from several French services DEP/DES/DT/DR from the Ministry of Research, and international ones such as SCI, OEB, USPAT, Cordis. It produces a complete national report every second year. OST is the operator of the cooperative to gather data and build homogeneous indicators from research organisations and universities. Others: SESSI (Industrial Statistics and Studies Service) (in MINEFI) The SESSI is also a data producer within the MINEFI but its function is more focused on industrial activities. Its data producing activity is mainly based on surveys on innovation in companies and in participation in CIS activities. DES (Department for Higher Education) (in MENESR) The DES is another department in the MENESR whose mission is to manage higher education issues in the MENESR. As part of its duties, it collects data on HE personnel. DR and DT (Department for Research / Department for Technology) (in MENESR) 19 19

22 Those two departments are responsible for Research and Technology policies. Their main mission is not one of data gathering but since their functions are related to research institutes, they have some data available on specific themes. The DR prepares the BCRD (see part1.1), manages the FNS and is responsible for EPST. The DT is responsible for EPIC and manages the FRT, which is mostly directed to private research and valorisation of research. Scattered and/or on a national level Many institutions throughout France are doing some works on R&D data and indicators but none related to a broad national study. Some of research organisations such as EPST or EPIC have their own department of data and indicator department (For example, UNIPS for the CNRS). Some labs as well, as part of their research projects, are doing work on R&D-related issues (for example: patents in BETA (ULP, Strasbourg)) 20 20

23 III.2. INDIVIDUAL DESCRIPTIONS III. 2. a. Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques Name Acronym Web site Description Activities Highlights Main publications Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques INSEE INSEE is the national data and indicators office for France. Most of its activities are linked with economics and population. It is a department within the MINEFI Produces data and indicators on population, living conditions, economic situation and the like. Broad studies on national, regional and local level; coordinator of French statistics institutions network; «INSEE premiere» : the most recent economic results «Economie et statistiques» : economic studies Many publications (monthly, weekly) on specific economic issues. III. 2. b. Direction de l Evaluation et de la Prospective Name Acronym Web site Description Activities Highlights Main publications Direction de l Evaluation et de la Prospective DEP The DEP, which is a department within the Ministry for National Education, Higher Education and Research, is responsible for data production on R&D and more specifically on public and private input data of R&D. It generates and produces data and indicators through three yearly surveys. The DEP is one of the French representatives at OECD and Eurostat and the structure responsible for communicating data related to R&D. OECD guidelines; periodicity; regular publications; quality of survey for public and private R&D «les dossiers» : reports on French R&D «les notes Recherche» : studies on various subject dealing with higher education and research «les notes d information» III. 2. c. Observatoire des sciences et des techniques Name Observatoire des sciences et des techniques Acronym OST Web site Description GIP (Group of Public Interest). The OST is an institute maintained by 13 partners: 5 ministries, 7 research organisations and 1 private association. It was created in 1990 to produce indicators on R&D, specifically for France, but 21 21

24 Activities Highlights Main publications also in the context of Europe, and global R&D activities. Its main mission is to produce input/output indicators related to S&T for policy makers. The OST participates in several European networks and is part of various expert committees (national and international). Large coverage of all types of indicators/large database/data and indicators at research organisation level. The specificity of OST is that it produces various outputs indicators from national and international databases. «Rapport Indicateurs Science & Technologie» ; national report on French S&T indicators every second year Various studies on specific themes Studies on request. III. 2. d. Direction de l Enseignement Supérieur Name Acronym Web site Description Activities Highlights Main publications Direction de l enseignement supérieur DES Its main mission is to manage higher education issues within the MENESR. Its responsibility lies in several sectors: budget allocations, management of human resources and others. Its main activities are not data gathering, but its statistical activity is on higher education. Precise data on enrolled students; data on origin of students; data on enrolled PhD students and PhD grants. Studies related to higher education. III. 2. e. Service des études et des statistiques industrielles Name Acronym Web site Description Activities Highlights Main publications Service des études et des statistiques industrielles (Industrial Statistics and Studies Service) SESSI The SESSI is a department of the MINEFI which produces studies on industry as well as statistics. Studies on industry innovation Surveys on innovation «Tableau de bord de l innovation» : regular report on innovation «Le 4 pages des statistiques industrielles» : monthly report on specific industrial sectors statistics

25 IV. OVERALL ASSESSMENT As an overall assessment of the situation of R&D data/indicator production in France, the following main points and issues are to be retained: Strengths: Quality of R&D surveys for public and private sectors Existence of an output R&D indicators producer for the national level (OST) Long series of flexible use databases Existence of cooperative activity, for the design and construction of operational institutional indicators Weaknesses to be mentioned are: Lack of complete data and indicators at the regional level Lack of university data, in particular on R&D funding Lack of consolidated data on project funding In France as in a number of countries, evaluation of public policy outcomes is an increasing part of the political process. Social demand is strong in this regard, as embodied in the recently enacted Organic Law for Finance Laws (LOLF) which will take effect in 2006 and will reinforce the control of the Parliament over the State budget. The new law requires an annual presentation of statistics-based quantitative indicators of the effectiveness and efficiency of each mission. Research and development, like any other area of State activity, comes under the new law. On another front, the French State Ministry of Research has in recent years set up a mechanism of goal-contracts which is used to define, for a period of four years, the missions, objectives and projects of public institutions as well as the resources needed for their accomplishment. All research organisations, whether involved in academic or applied research, fall under this requirement, just as some universities since 1998 have entered into quadri-annual contracts with the State. The contracts are accompanied by follow-up indicators, usually proposed by the institutions themselves. In both cases the future LOLF or the present quadri-annual contracts the demand for indicators of follow-through and effectiveness in research is clear and originates mainly from institutions or programmes. Without any doubt, this will boost the production of indicators, especially at the performers level (universities and research organisations)

26 V. REFERENCES Larédo P., Mustar P. (2001a), French Research and Innovation Policy: Two Decades of Transformation, in Larédo et Mustar, Research and Innovation Policies in the New Global Economy. An International Comparative Analysis, Edward Elgar, Cheltenam, Rapport OST 2002, Indicateurs Science & Technologie, Economica, Paris Rapport OST 2004, Indicateurs de Sciences & de Technologies, Economica, Paris Projet de loi de finances (several years), Ministère de la Recherche et des Nouvelles Technologies, Paris. Les dossiers : R&D en France, annual reports, Ministère de l Education Nationale, de l Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, Paris

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28 The ENIP project is to create a Network of S&T Indicators Producers, based on the experience of recognised institutions, labs or groups, and to develop the capacity for the interpretation of existing indicators and for the research and development of new ones. The ENIP project is producing through its action a comparison analysis between a significant number of European countries, identify European partners where action is needed and areas of further action. This will contribute for a more thorough knowledge of available data and new indicators development necessary to strengthen the comparability of data across Europe and the interaction between the relevant actors. This is essential to build a long term European Network of Indicators Producers. This document is a National Report which first presents briefly the national structure of R&D in the country surveyed; the following parts are composed of : a list of the national S&T-related databases as well as their availability, a description of the national structure of S&T indicators production, a brief description of the main Data/Indicators producers. In the first ENIP phase, the following reports are published : Austria, Michael Dinges, Joanneum Research - Institute of Technology and Regional Policy - InTeReg France, Jean Thèves, Laurence Esterle, Observatoire des sciences et des techniques (OST) Germany, Rainer Frietsch, Fraunhofer Institute Systems and Innovation Research Hungary, Annamária Inzelt, IKU Innovation Research Centre Israel, Daphne Getz, The Samuel Neaman Institute for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology Italy, Bianca Poti, Emanuela Reale, CNR CERIS Norway, Stig Slipersæter, Anders Ekeland, NIFU STEP Portugal, Luisa Henriques, Tiago Santos Pereira, CISEP / CES Spain, Isabel Gómez, Luis Sanz-Menéndez, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) Switzerland, Benedetto Lepori, Università della Svizzera Italiana (UNISI) An extension to all European countries is foreseen.