Disruptive Effects of Additive Technologies on SE Product Lifecycle

Transcription

1 See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: Disruptive Effects of Additive Technologies on SE Product Lifecycle Conference Paper August 2016 DOI: /RG CITATIONS 2 READS 4 3 authors, including: Albert E. Patterson University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 18 PUBLICATIONS 25 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Albert E. Patterson on 21 August The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

2 Session 2A-Area V: Design for Additive Manufacturing Disruptive Effects of Additive Technologies on SE Product Lifecycle Albert E. Patterson V, M.S., L. Dale Thomas, Ph.D., & Sherri L. Messimer, Ph.D. Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering and Engineering Management University of Alabama in Huntsville Sponsor: Mr. James Cannon NASA/MSFC Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. DESTRUCTION NOTICE - For classified documents, follow the procedures in DoD M, National Industrial Security Program Manual, Chapter 5, Section 7. For unclassified, limited documents, destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.

3 Study Authors 2 Albert E. Patterson Clinical Instructor, ISEEM Manufacturing and Robotics Lab, University of Alabama in Huntsville. Formerly GMD Systems Engineering and Integration Program Office, US Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and Boeing Commercial Aircraft. M.S. Industrial Engineering - University of Alabama in Huntsville, Beginning August 2016, Ph.D. candidate at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. L. Dale Thomas, Ph.D. Eminent Scholar and Professor of Systems Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville. Formerly Associate Director (Technical) of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama. Ph.D. Systems Engineering - University of Alabama in Huntsville, Sherri L. Messimer, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering and Director of ISEEM Manufacturing and Robotics Lab, University of Alabama in Huntsville. Ph.D. Industrial Engineering - Texas A&M University, 1989.

4 3 Introduction What is Design-for-Manufacturability? Engineering design tool designers [can] tailor their designs to eliminate manufacturing difficulties and minimize costs David Rosen, Georgia Institute of Technology (Rosen, 2007) Additive manufacturing technologies (AMTs) offer many benefits It is often difficult to capture all of these benefits under the mainstream design methodologies Necessitates the use of a specialized design-for-x methodology Design-for-Additive Manufacturing A very important area of research Little has been done on trying to understand how the use of AMTs affects and disrupts the entire systems engineering product lifecycle (SEPL) It is essential to understand the disruptive impact these tools have on the engineering design process The current study seeks to explore the high-level effects of the AMT disruptions on the Systems Engineering Product Lifecycle (SEPL) by examining the potential effects on each phase of SEPL

5 4 Mission Statement Additive manufacturing technologies (AMTs): Definition Digital/theoretical design and analysis AND one of either: Direct translation of digital object into physical one Direct translation of physical object into digital one OR Technologies that directly feed or support the above actions The main goal of the present study was to identify potential disruptions of the systems engineering engine that could result from integrating additive technologies into the SEPL process: 1. Examine the NASA systems engineering model and interpret it in a way to facilitate the identification of SE engine disruptions 2. Lay out a concise model of the various additive manufacturing technologies (AMTs) in a form that is relatable to systems engineering 3. In each phase of the SE model, identify potential impacts on inputs, outputs, and stage gates 4. For each phase, assign a disruption score based on potential impacts 5. Model the potential magnitude of disruption on SEPL

6 Non-Disruptive Technologies AMT and Systems Engineering Disruptions 5 Established Tools and Methods New Tools and Methods Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Computer-Aided Analysis (CAA) Design of Experiments AM Design-for- Manufacturability AM Design-for- Assembly Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Additive Manufacturing Paradigm 3-D Scanning Rapid Prototyping Rapid Manufacturing Rapid Tooling Secondary Manufacturing Hybrid Manufacturing Potentially Disruptive Technologies Material from Gibson et al., 2010 was referenced in the creation of this graphic

7 Systems Engineering Product Lifecycle (SEPL) 6 Top-Level Systems Engineering Model - NASA SP/ Formulation Approval Implementation, Use, and Retirement Concept Studies Concept and Technology Development Preliminary Design and Technology Completion Final Design and Fabrication System Assembly, Integration, & Test, Launch Operations and Sustainment Closeout and Disposal Purpose: To produce a broad spectrum of ideas and alternatives for missions from which new programs and projects will be selected (NASA, pg. 22) Purpose: To determine the feasibility and desirability of a suggested new major system and establish an initial baseline compatibility consistent with the organization's strategic plan (NASA, pg. 23) Purpose: To define the project in enough detail to establish an initial baseline capable of meeting mission needs (NASA, pg. 24) Purpose: To complete the detailed design of the system (and its associated subsystems, including its operations system), fabricate hardware, and code software (NASA, pg. 26) Purpose: To assemble and integrate the products and create the system, meanwhile developing confidence that it will be able to meet the system requirements; conduct launch and prepare for operations (NASA, pg. 27) Purpose: To conduct the mission and meet the initially identified need and maintain support for that need (NASA, pg. 28) Purpose: To implement the system decommissioning and disposal plan developed in Phase C [Final Design and Fabrication] and analyze any returned data and samples (NASA, pg. 28) Pre-Phase A Stage Gate Stage Stage Stage Stage Stage Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase D Phase E Retirement Gate Gate Gate Gate Gate

8 7 Influence of AMT on SEPL All AMTs have some disruption potential in the classic engineering design process (EDP) Some (CAD/CAA/CAM) are already established - minimal impact Some (RP, Secondary AM, DOE) could increase effectiveness and efficiency of existing approaches but are not likely to fundamentally change the EDP Some (RM,RT, 3D Scanning) could potentially change the fundamental process Mission: Develop disruption scale to measure and compare the magnitude of disruptions for SEPL phases Scale: : No impact 1-3: Conceptual impact (minor impact on SEPL) 4-6: Process/phase impact (moderate impact on SEPL) 7-10: SEPL approach impact (significant impact on SEPL)

9 AMT and Phase C: Final Design and Fabrication Approved Preliminary Design from Phase B C D Phase C: Final Design and Fabrication To complete the detailed design of the system (and its associated subsystems, including its operations system), fabricate hardware, and code software E Phase C Typical Outputs - Detailed system design - Updated baseline, interface docs - Detailed engineering plan - Integration/logistics plan - Design specifications - VV&A plan Fabrication of hardware - Prototyping - Manufacturing - Testing/certification Production of software - Code - Testing/certification -.. A B F G Y Stage Gate 4 Passed VV&S, Testing, and Design Reviews? N To Phase C AMT Disruptive Impact Magnitude 7-8/10: Significant 8 AMT Impacts on Phase C: The use of AMT could potentially have a Significant impact in the final design and fabrication phase of the SEPL A. Detailed system design could be heavily influenced by the use of designfor-manufacturability/assembly paradigms B. Use of design optimization and generative topology for final design C. Logistics plan may be affected by the changes in supply chain due to utilizing AMTs D. Design specifications could be significantly affected by AMTs, due to the nearly infinite design freedom offered by AMTs E. AMTs could dramatically decrease the cost and schedule of production F. Physical production of the hardware would benefit greatly from AMTs, particularly for difficult designs and new technology development CAD/CAM/CAA Prototyping Secondary AM and tooling production Direct end-user production G. In the design reviews, AMTs could provide great insight into the design optimization and could provide means of better analysis and testing of products for certification References: NASA (2007); Blanchard & Fabrycky (1998); Parnell et al., (2011); Kendall & Kendall (2008)

10 9 AMT and Phase E: Operation and Sustainment A B C D E F Y To Phase F Fielded System from Phase D Phase E: Operations and Sustainment To conduct the mission and meet the initially identified need and maintain support for that need Stage Gate 6 Has system reached maturity? N AMT Disruptive Impact Magnitude 3-4/10: Minor to Moderate AMT Impacts on Phase F: The use of AMT could have minor to moderate impacts on the O&S phase of the SEPL: A. A entire new spare parts chain could be designed around the use of AMTs; emergency downtime could be greatly reduced by the ability to make needed repair parts in the field instead of waiting for specialized manufacturing and delivery of the components B. A simplified and lower-cost supply chain could offer the possibility to exchange heavy-wear systems components more often before the fail, reducing the magnitude and frequency of system shutdowns C. AMTs could be used to find and diagnose problems encountered during normal operation D. AMTs could be used to train the workforce who will be operating, maintaining, and repairing the system during its useful life E. AMTs could simplify upgrades to the system, helping to extend its useful life F. After deployment of the system, often times it is found that the system needs to be integrated with another system in practice the use of AMTs could dramatically simplify this References NASA (2007); Blanchard & Fabrycky (1998); Parnell et al., (2011); Kendall & Kendall (2008)

11 10 Summary and Conclusions It can be easily shown that integrating AMTs into the engineering design process could have some effect on each phase of the SEPL Therefore, it can be concluded that use of design-for-manufacturability (DFM) methodologies likely has far-reaching effects on the entire lifecycle of a product or system beyond prototyping and manufacturing Little to no data is available on the impact on the whole SEPL, but some data may be available about effects on individual steps in the SEPL - a theoretical model would serve as a tool and guide on which SE data to seek This model is the preliminary baseline to be used as a starting point for the development of an entire SEPL disruption model A clear understanding of the disruptive effects on SEPL by the use of AMTs has the potential to drastically increase the usefulness of DFM, as it can be easily shown what the effect will be on the whole system Reduce the number and impact of unintended consequences using DFM Useful for communication to stakeholders throughout SEPL Better anticipation and mitigation of SEPL issues before they happen Ability to apply DFM principles to other areas of the SEPL Better understanding, control, and transparency throughout the SEPL

12 Acknowledgements Thank you to Mr. James Cannon of NASA/MSFC for sponsoring the presentation of this project at the JANNAF August 2016 meeting 11 Funding Statement This study was performed as an interesting side project by the authors in order to explore a new area of research and was not directly funded by the University of Alabama in Huntsville or any Government agency

13 12 References Blanchard, B.S. (1998). Logistics Engineering and Management (5 th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Blanchard, B.S. & Fabrycky, W.J. (1998). Systems Engineering and Analysis (3 rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Gebhardt, A. (2012). Understanding Additive Manufacturing: Rapid Prototyping, Rapid Manufacturing, and Rapid Tooling. Cincinnati, OH: Hanser Publications Gibson, I., Rosen, D.W., & Stucker, B. (2010). Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing. New York, NY: Springer. Groover, M.P. (2002). Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and Systems (2 nd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Kendall, K.E. & Kendall, J.E. (2008). Systems Analysis and Design (7 th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. LLNL (2016). Additive Manufacturing: A Disruptive Technology. NASA (2007). NASA Systems Engineering Handbook SP Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Parnell, G.S., Driscoll, P.J., & Henderson, D.L. (2011). Decision Making in Systems Engineering and Management (2 nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Patterson V, A.E., Collopy, P.D., & Messimer, S.L. (2014). The AM Review Project: An ongoing quest to understand additive manufacturing technologies from an engineering perspective. Revision 05. Technical Manual. Riggs, J.L. (1987). Production Systems: Planning, Analysis, and Control (4 th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Rosen, D. (2007). Computer-Aided Design for Additive Manufacturing of Cellular Structures. Computer-Aided Design & Applications, 4(5): Witty, E.J. (1987). Managing Information Systems: An Integrated Approach. Dearborn, MI: Society of Manufacturing Engineers.

14 13 Backup Slides

15 Output: Digital Product Additive Manufacturing Technologies (AMT) 14 Design and Analysis Tools Physical Production Tools Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Computer-Aided Analysis (CAA) Design of Experiments AM Design-for- Manufacturability AM Design-for- Assembly Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Additive Manufacturing Paradigm 3-D Scanning Rapid Prototyping Rapid Manufacturing Rapid Tooling Secondary Manufacturing Hybrid Manufacturing Output: Physical Product Material from Gibson et al., 2010 was referenced in the creation of this graphic

16 Influence of AMT on SEPL Tool or Method Purpose Some Benefits of Applications Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Digital modeling of part, subsystem, or system Effective visualization of part, subsystem, or system - preliminary step for use of most AMTs 15 Computer-Aided Analysis (CAD) Design of Experiments AM Design-for-Manufacturability AM Design-for-Assembly Digital analysis of part, subsystem, or system Design of experiments based on mathematics and data need Consideration of manufacturing process parameters during requirements and design phases of SEPL Consideration of system/subsystem assembly parameters during requirements and design phases of SEPL Part, subsystem, and system analysis and preliminary testing with digital models to reduce need to create physical models for testing Careful design of experiments to maximize effectiveness and help ensure studies generate only useful results. More efficient design process, more consistent design vision, and avoidance of rework or re-design in later phases of SEPL, particularly in the fabrication and launch of the system or product More efficient design process, more consistent design vision, and avoidance of rework or re-design in later phases of SEPL, particularly in the fabrication and launch of the system or product Computer-Aided-Manufacturing (CAM) Computer control of manufacturing processes Reduction of errors, increased efficiency, and better process repeatability 3-D Scanning Digital scanning of objects Quickly and efficiently create 3-D digital model of complex geometry Rapid Prototyping Rapid Manufacturing Rapid Tooling Secondary Manufacturing Direct production of prototypes Direct production of end-user products Direct production and repair of tooling Creation of secondary manufacturing inputs, typically application-specific or single-use Quick and efficient production of complex prototypes for form-and-fit checks, for increased communication within design team, and rapid iteration of product design Net-shape, customized manufacturing directly from CAD data without processspecific tooling Produce custom/modular tooling or repair damaged tooling for extrusion, injection molding, powder metallurgy, etc. Quickly and efficiently create custom manufacturing inputs such as casting shells, jigs/fixtures, and casting masters Hybrid Manufacturing References: Patterson V et al., Gibson et al., & Gebhardt Combination of traditional manufacturing processes and procedures with AMTs Create and utilize optimal manufacturing processes for particular applications

17 Influence of AMT on SEPL Score Description Definition AMT SEPL Influence Magnitude Chart 16 0 No Effect No effect 1 Minor Conceptual Effect No effect on SE process, minor effect on process inputs and system selection and feasibility decisions 2 Moderate Conceptual Effect No effect on SE process, moderate effect on process inputs and system selection and feasibility decisions 3 Significant Conceptual Effect No effect on SE process, significant effect on process inputs and system selection and feasibility decisions 4 Moderate Process Effects Potential moderate influence on SE process steps, but established SE approach still used 5 Significant Process Effects Potential significant influence on SE process steps, but established SE approach still used 6 Minor Phase Disruptions Minor modifications generated to SE approach for individual phases - minor changes to SE approach within phase 7 Moderate Phase Disruptions 8 Significant Phase Disruptions Moderate modifications generated to SE approach for individual phases - moderate changes to SE approach within phase Significant modifications generated to SE approach for individual phases - significant changes to SE approach within phase 9 Complete Phase Disruptions New SE approach needed for individual phases 10 Complete System Disruption Complete new SE engineering engine needed 1-3: Minor Disruption 4-6: Moderate Disruption 7-10: Significant Disruption

18 17 AMT and Pre-Phase A: Concept Studies Charter Possible Concept Study Triggers General technology or mission need (driven by Government requirement or general market needs) Long-term national security threat identified Organizational desire for growth or development of new products Closeout or obsolescence of existing critical systems Scientific or academic pursuit of knowledge References NASA (2007); Blanchard & Fabrycky (1998); Parnell et al., (2011); Kendall & Kendall (2008) Pre-Phase A: Concept Studies Produce a broad spectrum of ideas and alternatives for missions from which new programs and projects will be selected C B N Pre-Phase A Outputs - Mission Alternative 1 - Prelim Mission Requirements - CONOPS - TPMs Mission Alternative Mission Alternative X Stage Gate 1 List of Alternatives Acceptable to Org? To Phase A AMT Disruptive Impact Magnitude 0-1/10: Minor to None AMT Impacts on Pre-Phase A: The use of AMT does not directly impact the concept studies phase of the SEPL, however, there may be some indirect impacts: A. Knowledge of the advantages and limitations of AMT could influence an organization s definition of a feasible product or system B. Smaller or less experienced organizations may be more comfortable tackling a complex project due to added confidence and communication that the use of AMT brings this may open a wider range of mission/product alternatives in the concept studies phase C. Knowledge of the advantages and weaknesses of AMTs may encourage an organization to revisit old alternatives that were discarded due to cost, schedule, or technology issues in the past A Y

19 AMT and Phase A: Technology Development Org Strategic Plan To Phase B 18 Alternatives From Pre-Phase A AMT Disruptive Impact Magnitude 5-6/10: Moderate Choose Alternative to Pursue C Phase A: Technology Development Determine the feasibility and desirability of a suggested new major system and establish an initial baseline compatibility consistent with the organization's strategic plan B E A C Acceptable Option Pool Phase A Typical Outputs - Project Plan, SOW, CONOPS - Prelim System Requirements - Initial Cost Estimate - Mission Architecture - Risk analysis - High-Level Feasibility Study - Preliminary System Baseline C N Stage Gate 2 Alternative Selected The Best Available Option? N Y E Acceptability Check Alternative Selected Acceptable to Pursue Past Phase A? Y D AMT Impacts on Phase A: The use of AMT could potentially have a moderate impact in the technology development phase of the SEPL A. The use of AMT in this phase makes easier the use of design-formanufacturability techniques, influencing preliminary system requirements B. AMTs such as scanning and prototyping could increase the effectiveness of the benchmarking process C. Scanning, prototyping, CAD/CAA, and experimental design will likely affect communication within the organization in a positive way, increasing org efficiency at the beginning stages of system development D. AMTs will aide in the selection of the best alternatives by the organization by helping to increase process visibility to stakeholders E. AMTs, particularly CAD/CAA, scanning, and prototyping will increase communication between organization and stakeholders and aide in longterm agreements about mission selection, preliminary system requirements, and systems engineering approach References: NASA (2007); Blanchard & Fabrycky (1998); Parnell et al., (2011); Kendall & Kendall (2008)

20 AMT and Phase B: PD and Tech Completion 19 Selected Alternative From Phase A Phase B: Preliminary Design and Technology Completion To define the project in enough detail to establish an initial baseline capable of meeting mission needs A C B D Phase B Preliminary Design - Established mission needs - Define approach - Study of interfaces - Produce early prototypes - System baseline - Refined system requirements Phase B Technology Completion - Established mission technology needs - Study of currently used technology - Study of new technology that must be developed Y Stage Gate 3 System Approval Based on Preliminary Design B N To Phase C AMT Disruptive Impact Magnitude 4-5/10: Moderate AMT Impacts on Phase B: The use of AMT could potentially have a moderate impact in the preliminary design and tech completion phase of the SEPL A. AMTs, particularly CAD/CAA/CAM, Design of Experiments, and Design-for-Manufacturability/Assembly, can strongly influence the preliminary system requirements Cost, schedule, performance Human factors B. The most obvious use of AMTs would be the use of Rapid Prototyping to create the early system/product prototypes to prepare for system approval. While prototypes could be made a variety of ways, the use of Rapid Prototyping would likely be the most quick, efficient, and flexible way to produce them C. AMTs can be used to help establish mission technology needs through enhanced visualization, communication, and availability of prototypes D. Most significantly, AMTs can strongly affect the technology completion studies, as the AMTs themselves offer a wide range of capabilities if AMTs are to be used to produce the system itself, the need for a technology completion study and the need for new technologies to produce the system would be greatly reduced or eliminated References: NASA (2007); Blanchard & Fabrycky (1998); Parnell et al., (2011); Kendall & Kendall (2008)

21 AMT and Phase C: Final Design and Fabrication Approved Preliminary Design from Phase B C D Phase C: Final Design and Fabrication To complete the detailed design of the system (and its associated subsystems, including its operations system), fabricate hardware, and code software E Phase C Typical Outputs - Detailed system design - Updated baseline, interface docs - Detailed engineering plan - Integration/logistics plan - Design specifications - VV&A plan Fabrication of hardware - Prototyping - Manufacturing - Testing/certification Production of software - Code - Testing/certification -.. A B F G Y Stage Gate 4 Passed VV&S, Testing, and Design Reviews? N To Phase C AMT Disruptive Impact Magnitude 7-8/10: Significant 20 AMT Impacts on Phase C: The use of AMT could potentially have a Significant impact in the final design and fabrication phase of the SEPL A. Detailed system design could be heavily influenced by the use of designfor-manufacturability/assembly paradigms B. Use of design optimization and generative topology for final design C. Logistics plan may be affected by the changes in supply chain due to utilizing AMTs D. Design specifications could be significantly affected by AMTs, due to the nearly infinite design freedom offered by AMTs E. AMTs could dramatically decrease the cost and schedule of production F. Physical production of the hardware would benefit greatly from AMTs, particularly for difficult designs and new technology development CAD/CAM/CAA Prototyping Secondary AM and tooling production Direct end-user production G. In the design reviews, AMTs could provide great insight into the design optimization and could provide means of better analysis and testing of products for certification References: NASA (2007); Blanchard & Fabrycky (1998); Parnell et al., (2011); Kendall & Kendall (2008)

22 AMT and Phase D: Assembly, I&T, and Launch Final System Design Hardware Software Phase D: Assembly, Integration & Test, and Launch To assemble and integrate the products and create the system, meanwhile developing confidence that it will be able to meet the system requirements; conduct launch and prepare for operations A Phase D Typical Outputs - Hardware components integrated with each other tested and approved - Software components integrated with each other tested and approved - Software and hardware components integrated tested (including HWIL) and approved - Final system assembly and system test N B C Y Stage Gate 5 All components assembled, integrated, and tested successfully? Launch System D AMT Disruptive Impact Magnitude 2-3/10: Minor 21 AMT Impacts on Phase D: The use of AMT could potentially have a some impact on the assembly, integration & test, and the launch phase but any such impact is likely to be relatively minor A. Some of the assembly process could be influenced by integration of functions offered by AMTs (reducing the number of parts/subassemblies), though this would most likely be utilized during the design process B. AMTs could be very useful in the integration and test process, although they would not likely disrupt the established methods C. Hardware-in-the-loop (HWIL) testing of software and hardware during integration could benefit from custom fixtures, custom interfaces, and rapid production of test articles D. If the design is found to be flawed or non-integratable at this phase, AMTs can help with diagnosis and investigation References: NASA (2007); Blanchard & Fabrycky (1998); Parnell et al., (2011); Kendall & Kendall (2008)

23 22 AMT and Phase E: Operation and Sustainment A B C D E F Y To Phase F Fielded System from Phase D Phase E: Operations and Sustainment To conduct the mission and meet the initially identified need and maintain support for that need Stage Gate 6 Has system reached maturity? N AMT Disruptive Impact Magnitude 3-4/10: Minor to Moderate AMT Impacts on Phase F: The use of AMT could have minor to moderate impacts on the O&S phase of the SEPL: A. A entire new spare parts chain could be designed around the use of AMTs; emergency downtime could be greatly reduced by the ability to make needed repair parts in the field instead of waiting for specialized manufacturing and delivery of the components B. A simplified and lower-cost supply chain could offer the possibility to exchange heavy-wear systems components more often before the fail, reducing the magnitude and frequency of system shutdowns C. AMTs could be used to find and diagnose problems encountered during normal operation D. AMTs could be used to train the workforce who will be operating, maintaining, and repairing the system during its useful life E. AMTs could simplify upgrades to the system, helping to extend its useful life F. After deployment of the system, often times it is found that the system needs to be integrated with another system in practice the use of AMTs could dramatically simplify this References NASA (2007); Blanchard & Fabrycky (1998); Parnell et al., (2011); Kendall & Kendall (2008)

24 23 AMT and Phase F: Retirement and Disposal System To Be Retired After Phase E Phase F: Retirement and Disposal To implement the system decommissioning and disposal plan developed in Phase C [Final Design and Fabrication] and analyze any returned data and samples A B C D END AMT Disruptive Impact Magnitude 1-2/10: Minor AMT Impacts on Phase F: The use of AMT has little direct impact the retirement and disposal phase of the SEPL, however, there may be some minor impacts: A. The use of 3-D scanning can be used to collect data on hazardous or bulky systems in order to avoid having to collect and keep samples B. Customized PPE could be created for decommission workers C. RP and RM could be used to produce on-site tools, fixtures, and containers for use in the decommissioning process D. AMTs could be used to generate evidence of compliance with environmental regulations and system disposal plan References NASA (2007); Blanchard & Fabrycky (1998); Parnell et al., (2011); Kendall & Kendall (2008) View publication stats