Mid Term Exam SES 405 Exploration Systems Engineering 3 March Your Name

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1 Mid Term Exam SES 405 Exploration Systems Engineering 3 March Your Name

2 Short Definitions (2 points each): Heuristics - refers to experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery Systems Engineering - is a robust approach to the design, creation, and operation of systems. Rationale - a statement of reasons Verification - is a process that confirms that design synthesis has resulted in a physical architecture that satisfies the system requirements Validation - is a process of confirming that a set of requirements, designs, or systems, meets the intent of the developer or customer

3 1) Good Requirements are SMART. What five words do the letters in SMART stand for in the context of our systems engineering discussions? List at least five of the seven basic rules and characteristics of writing good requirements. (10 points) Specific: One concise, simple thought Measurable: Objective, quantitative description (verification) Achievable: Technically achievable at reasonable cost Relevant: Necessary and relevant at that level of planning Traceable: Lower level requirements flow from higher 1. Refer back to parent upper level requirements and overall goal 2. Consider verification and rational early 3. Consistent terminology 4. Stated positively with active format instead of passive 5. Use correct terms: Shall, Will, Should 6. Grammatically correct 7. Comply with project s style rules and guidelines

4 2) What are the 4 types of requirements? For a well-written requirement, what are the four mandatory components that need to be specified? (10 points) A. Functional, Performance, Constraints, Verification. Written Requirements should: be a single well-expressed thought - what is needed? It should list a rationale and a method of verification. It should be attainable. 3) A. Provide a short concise one sentence definition for Concept of Operations? B. How is a ConOps typically presented? List at least three key pieces of information that a ConOps typically provides. (10 points) A. A Concept of Operations is a description of how a system will operate during a mission. A good ConOps is a cartoon or storyboard that explains the modes of operation, usually chronologically ordered. Key info: Description of the major Phases; Operational scenarios and/or design reference missions; Operation timelines; End-to-end communications strategy; Command and data Architecture; Operational facilities; Integrated logistics support; Critical events

5 4) Reproduce the NASA Technical Readiness Level (TRL) scale and describe what each level means. Be sure and indicate which is the usual minimum TRL level for a technology to be proposable to NASA for inclusion in a mission design? (20 points) TRL 1 Basic principles observed and reported: Transition from scientific research to applied research. Essential characteristics and behaviors of systems and architectures. Descriptive tools are mathematical formulations or algorithms. TRL 2 Technology concept and/or application formulated: Applied research. Theory and scientific principles are focused on specific application area to define the concept. Characteristics of the application are described. Analytical tools are developed for simulation or analysis of the application. TRL 3 Analytical and experimental critical function and/or characteristic proof-of-concept: Proof of concept validation. Active Research and Development (R&D) is initiated with analytical and laboratory studies. Demonstration of technical feasibility using breadboard or brassboard implementations that are exercised with representative data. TRL 4 Component/subsystem validation in laboratory environment: Standalone prototyping implementation and test. Integration of technology elements. Experiments with full-scale problems or data sets. TRL 5 System/subsystem/component validation in relevant environment: Thorough testing of prototyping in representative environment. Basic technology elements integrated with reasonably realistic supporting elements. Prototyping implementations conform to target environment and interfaces. TRL 6 System/subsystem model or prototyping demonstration in a relevant end-to-end environment (ground or space): Prototyping implementations on full-scale realistic problems. Partially integrated with existing systems. Limited documentation available. Engineering feasibility fully demonstrated in actual system application. TRL 7 System prototyping demonstration in an operational environment (ground or space): System prototyping demonstration in operational environment. System is at or near scale of the operational system, with most functions available for demonstration and test. Well integrated with collateral and ancillary systems. Limited documentation available. TRL 8 Actual system completed and "mission qualified" through test and demonstration in an operational environment (ground or space): End of system development. Fully integrated with operational hardware and software systems. Most user documentation, training documentation, and maintenance documentation completed. All functionality tested in simulated and operational scenarios. Verification and Validation (V&V) completed. TRL 9 Actual system "mission proven" through successful mission operations (ground or space): Fully integrated with operational hardware/software systems. Actual system has been thoroughly demonstrated and tested in its operational environment. All documentation completed. Successful operational experience. Sustaining engineering support in place.

6 5) A. What does System Architecture do? B) Name three elements of a system architecture (there are many more) that need to be balanced to achieve success. (10 points) System Architecture establishes a link between requirements and design. Three of: System requirements, Function, Form, Simplicity, Robustness, Affordability, Complexity, Environmental needs, and Human Factors. 6) Why are Technical Reviews held? What is the overarching goal of the Preliminary Design Review (PDR)? (10 points) Technical Reviews: Any of: Assess the current status of the planned activities. Validate the design solutions proposed. Identify technical weaknesses or risks and recommending improvements. Make recommendations to the project team. Provide a historical record of decisions made. Assess the technical risk status. PDR: Any of: Establish the ability of the selected design to meet the technical requirements. Establish the compatibility of the interfaced items. Establish the ease of construction of the selected design. Establish the operability of the selected design. Assess compliance of the design with reliability and system safety requirements. Establish the feasibility of the approach. Assess status, schedule and cost

7 7) Demonstrate your knowledge of the six main phases of a NASA project (hint: pre phase-a through phase E). Be sure and discuss relevant control gates and baselines for each phase. (10 points) Pre-phase A, Concept studies; Feasible Concepts, Mission Concept Review and/or Mission Design Review Phase A, Concept and technical development; Functional baseline, System Design (Requirements) Review Phase B, Preliminary design and technology completion; Allocated baseline, Preliminary Design Review and/or Non Advocate Review Phase C, Final design and fabrication; Product baseline, Critical Design Review, Systems Integration Review Phase D, Assembly, integration, and test; As-built baseline, Flight Readiness Review Phase E, Operations; Operational baseline, Operational Readiness Review Phase F, Closeout, Decommissioning review

8 8) From one of the chapters in To Engineer is Human describe a lesson that was particularly interesting or relevant to you and reinforces a key point covered in class discussions. (10 points)

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