MULTIBAND MILLIMETER WAVE T-SHAPED ANTENNA WITH OPTIMIZED PATCH PARAMETER USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION A. H. Jabie 1,*, A. Abdu and S. Salisu 3 1DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS TARABA STATE UNIVERSITY, JALINGO, TARABA STATE. NIGERIA DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY DUTSE, DUTSE, JIGAWA STATE. NIGERIA 3DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA, KADUNA STATE. NIGERIA. Email addesses: 1 adamu.jabie@tsunivesity.edu.ng, aanasabdu@yahoo.com, 3 ssalisu@live.com ABSTRACT This pape poposed a simple T-shaped patch antenna fo millimete waveband fequency opeation. Millimete wave is a fequency anges between 30GHz to 300GHz in an electomagnetic spectum. The poposed antenna consists of T- shape adiating patch mounted on ectangula substate (FR4-4) and micostip line fo antenna feeding. An evolutionay algoithm called paticle swam optimization was used to optimize the length and width of the poposed antenna patch. The poposed antenna gives tiple bands with cental fequencies at 4GHz, 51.5GHz and 60GHz. The antenna offes minimum etun loss of -19db, -4db and -19.5db at 4GHz, 51.5GHz and 60GHz espectively. The etun loss impedance bandwidth of 5GHz fo the fist band, 8.4GHz fo the second band and 5GHz fo the thid band was obtained. The poposed antenna was analyzed using Ansoft High Fequency Stuctue Simulato (HFSS) and MATLAB 013. Radiation chaacteistics of this patch antenna ae obseved at vaious esonating fequencies. Keywods- Millimete-wave, multiband, etun loss, optimization Nigeian Jounal of Technology (NIJOTECH) Vol. 36, No. 3, July 017, pp. 904 909 Copyight Faculty of Engineeing, Univesity of Nigeia, Nsukka, Pint ISSN: 0331-8443, Electonic ISSN: 467-881 www.nijotech.com http://dx.doi.og/10.4314/njt.v36i3.33 1. INTRODUCTION Wieless technology is expeiencing an incedible pogess and gowth because of an eve-inceasing demand of wieless device in communication systems [1]. Micostip patch antenna povides multiple bands oppotunities and have a compact stuctue, hence it emeged as a pomising candidate fo hand held devices. Micostip patch antenna has vaious advantages such as low cost, light weight, easy to manufactue etc. Despite of vaious advantages, a majo pitfall that micostip patch antennas suffes is naow bandwidth. With the massive upgade of netwoks, the cuent spectum assigned fo wieless communication has theoetically eached its maximum system utilization. Millimete-waves ae anticipated to be pomising candidate fo the upcoming wieless solutions [1]. Unused available spectum at millimete wave fequencies has a potential to compete with the equiements of futue 5G systems whee high capacity and fast speed ae the distinguishing featues to achieve. On the othe hand thee ae seveal citical limitations necessay to be esolved at millimete wave spectum, such as the atmospheic attenuations and absoptions, which becomes moe obvious at high fequencies [1]. It is suggested that antenna should be offeing high bandwidth to suppot a wide ange of system sevices to function simultaneously and high gain to ovecome the atmospheic absoptions at these ange fequencies []. Moeove, the antenna should be low pofile, low cost and light weight that ae convenient to be integated with plana and non-plana sufaces. Recent wok used defected gound stuctue in thei design [1] which is one among seveal techniques applied to enhance the opeating ange of the patch antenna. Defective gound stuctues enhances the pefomance of an antenna by ceating a patial gound in the gound plane [3]. The added slot is esponsible of alteing the excitation pocess of gound plane. Howeve, the stuctue ceates additional effective inductance and capacitance as well; maintain the thin pofile chaacteistics of the plane [1]. The desied fequency can be obtained by changing the length, width and the position of the slot. A lot of eseach has been caied out in the development of multiband, wideband and ultawideband using defective gound stuctues [4-8]. Most of the antennas that used defective gound stuctue ae low fequency band, single band opeation and multiband millimete wave opeation [9]. This poposed antenna did not use defective gound stuctue. The * Coesponding autho, tel: +86 155 109 6569 9
MULTIBAND MILLIMETER WAVE T-SHAPED ANTENNA WITH OPTIMIZED PATCH PARAMETER USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION, A. H. Jabie, et al etun loss bandwidth of the patch antenna can be calculated as F F F H L %BW = * 100 C (1) In (1), F H is High cut off fequency, F L is Low cut off fequency and F C is the Cente fequency.. PSO TECHNIQUES Pso is a computational method that optimizes a poblem by iteatively tying to impove a candidate solution with egad to a given measue of quality. In pso, paticles potentials solutions fly though the poblem space. Each paticle keeps tack of its coodinates in the poblem space which ae associated with the best solution (fitness) it has achieved so fa (the fitness value is also stoed) and is called the pesonal best [10]. Following a simila patten anothe value is tacked, this value is named as the best value obtained so fa by pso and is known as the global best. An N-dimensional coodinate is used to epesent each position, in which each dimension is equivalent to a paamete to be optimized. The velocity (VN) and position (XN) of one paticle is updated as [11] [1]. V N = W V N + C 1and () (PBEST, N-X N) + C and () (GBEST-X N) () Hee W is called the inetia weight and its value chosen between 0 and 1 fo the mathematical convenience, evaluates the extent to which the path of the paticle doesn t deviate due to the influence of PBEST and GBEST. C1 and C ae the factos that goven the deviation due to PBEST and GBEST [1]. The amount of deviation due to PBEST is detemined by C1 and C is a facto detemining how the paticle is affected by the est of the swam. The andom function (and) is used to intoduce the slight andomness o unpedictable natue of swam behavio. Accoding to [13] the position (o location) of each paticle is updated as: X N = X N + T V N (3) Fo a given time step T whose value is chosen to be unity. Pso use to solve powe system [16], featue selection fo stuctue-activity coelations in medical applications [17], biological applications [18], size and shape optimization [19, 0], envionmental applications [1], analysis in chemical pocesses [], bioinfomatics [3] and task assignment poblems [4]. 3. PSO BASED OPTIMIZATION OF LENGTH AND WIDTH OF THE ANTENNA The objective of the paticle swam optimization in this wok is to optimize the length and width of the poposed antenna. 3.1 Veification of pso Using Rosen Bock function In mathematical optimization, the Rosen bock function is used as a pefomance test poblem fo optimization algoithm. In ode to analyze the pso benchmak function is used in expeiment, whose equation is given as in equation (4) [14]. f ( x, y) ( a x) b( y x ) (4) Equation (4) above has global minimum at (x, y) = (a, a ) whee f(x, y) = 0. Usually these paametes ae set such that a = 1 and b = 100. Only the tivial case whee a = 0 is the function symmetic and the minimum at the oigin. The ange selected fo optimization of paamete is as follows: Width of the patch: 0.1mm to mm Length of the patch: 0.1mm to mm The effective length and width of the patch is evaluated using the below equation (v) Value = 3 10 3 10 8 8 ( 1000 u) ( 1000 v) 9 9 60 10 1 60 10 (v) Whee u and v stand as length and width of the patch 4. ANTENNA GEOMETRY The geomety of the poposed antenna is pesented in table 1 below. Initially the antenna was designed with defected gound stuctue at the cente of the gound but the esult we ae having was a single band then we emoved the DGS in ode to have multiband fequencies. The design paametes is summaized in table I also the length and patch of the poposed antenna was calculated using the below equations [15]. P L P w F C (6) C (7) F In (6) and (7), P L is the Length of the patch, P W is the 8 Width of the patch, C is the Speed of light as 3 10 m/s, F is the Solution fequency, is the Dielectic constant o pemittivity of the mateial. Table 1: Design Paametes of Patch Antenna S/N Paamete Poposed Dimensions Name Length(mm) Width(mm) Height(mm) 1 Substate 1 1.5 1. Gound plane 1 1.5 0 3 Patch 3.1 8 1. 4 Feed line 6.15 1.4 1. 5 Pot 6 1. 1. Nigeian Jounal of Technology, Vol. 36, No. 3, July 017 905
MULTIBAND MILLIMETER WAVE T-SHAPED ANTENNA WITH OPTIMIZED PATCH PARAMETER USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION, A. H. Jabie, et al Figue 1: Top view of the poposed antenna Figue 3: Retun loss vs fequency plot Figue : 3D View of the poposed antenna 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION To analyze the antenna pefomance, High Fequency Stuctue simulation tool based on finite element method was used. The simulated etun loss and voltage standing wave atio ae shown in figue 3 and Figue 4. It is clea fom the figues that the antenna is opeating at millimete wave band with esonance fequencies 4GHz, 51.5GHz and 60GHz. The bandwidth obtained is 5GHz, 8.4GHz and 5GHz. Minimum etun loss of -19db, - 4db and -19.5db is obseved at 4GHz, 51.5GHz and 60GHz espectively. The voltage standing wave atio vesus fequency plot in figue 4 shows good ageement in specified bandwidth. The adiation patten and 3D adiation pola plot was also shown in Figue 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 espectively. Fo pso the investigation is made at a micowave fequency of 60GHz; numbe of paticles ae 50; inetia is 1.0; iteation 30; C1 =C=.0, the figue 11, 1 and 13 shows the esult of the optimization in which the width and length conveges to 1.54mm and 1.17mm espectively. Table. Pefomance Summay of T-shaped Antenna Feq. Retun FBR band F L- BW(GHz) %BW Loss(db) (db) F H(GHz) 1 45.5-40.5-19db 5 8.33 3.014 54.- 45.8-4db 8.4 14.007 3 63.5-58.0-19.5db 5.5 9.17 6.774 Figue 4: VSWR vs fequency plot Figue 5: Radiation Patten at 4GHz Figue 6: Radiation Patten at 51.5GHz Nigeian Jounal of Technology, Vol. 36, No. 3, July 017 906
Fitness function Length of Patch Width of Patch MULTIBAND MILLIMETER WAVE T-SHAPED ANTENNA WITH OPTIMIZED PATCH PARAMETER USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION, A. H. Jabie, et al 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 Figue 7: Radiation Patten at 60GHz 0 5 10 15 0 5 30 Iteations Figue 11: Width of Patch vs iteation 1.8 1.6 1.4 1. Figue 8: 3D Pola plot at 4GHz 1 0 5 10 15 0 5 30 Iteations Figue 1: Length of patch vs iteation 8 x Fitness function vs Iteations 100 6 4 Figue 9: 3D Pola plot at 51.5GHz Fig. 10. 3D Pola plot at 60GHz 0 0 5 10 15 0 5 30 Iteations Figue 13: Fitness function vs iteation 6. CONCLUSION This pape pesents an efficient antenna design at millimete wave band. The top geomety of the poposed antenna consist of a T-shaped adiating patch. The poposed antenna has demonstated a high impedance bandwidth which can be used fo micowave applications typically used at millimete wave band of 4GHz, 51.5GHz and 60GHz, the distinguishing pefomance attibutes of designed antenna suggest its applications in futue 5G wieless netwoks and cellula opeations. The patch antenna offes total bandwidth of 31.5%, high font to back atio and good gain. The paticle swam optimization pocedue fo optimizing Nigeian Jounal of Technology, Vol. 36, No. 3, July 017 907
MULTIBAND MILLIMETER WAVE T-SHAPED ANTENNA WITH OPTIMIZED PATCH PARAMETER USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION, A. H. Jabie, et al the width and length of ectangula T-shaped patch antenna and esults of its optimized paametes ae descibed. Fom the gaphical esults, we can conclude that the fitness function value becomes 0 afte 30 iteation. Optimized width found to be 1.54mm and length of patch to be 1.17mm. On the basis of esults obtained, it can be concluded that the pso can be efficiently used fo optimization of diffeent paametes of antenna. 7. REFERENCES [1] Syeda Fizzah Jilani, Akam Alomainy Millimete Wave T-shaped Antenna with Defected Gound Stuctue fo 5G Wieless netwoks, Antennas and Popagation Confeence, Loughboough, (LAPC), 016. [] T. S, Rappapot, J. N. Mudock and F. Gutieez State of the at in 60GHz Integated Cicuits and Systems fo Wieless Communications, Poc. Of IEEE, Vol. 99 pp. 1390-14636, 011. [3] G. Beed, An Intoduction to Defected Gound Stuctues in Micostip Cicuits, High Fequency Electonics 008. [4] J. Pei, A. G. Wang, S. Gao and W. Leng, Miniatuized Tiple Band antenna with Defected Gound Plane fo WLAN/WIMAX applications, IEEE Antennas and Wieless Popagation Lettes, Vol. 10, pp. 98-301 011. [5] A. A. R. Saad, E. E. M. Khaled and D. A. Salem, Wideband Slotted Antenna with Defected Gound Stuctues, In PIERS. Suzhou, China, pp. 109-1097, 011. [6] M. M. Fakhaain, P. Rezaei and A. A. Douji. Micostip Antenna with a econfiguable dumbbell Shaped Defected Gound Plane fo DCS-1800 and PCS-1900, IEEE Antennas and Popagation Society int. symp., 013, pp. 576-577. [7] M. A. Antoniades and G. V. Eleftheiades, A Compact Monopole Antenna with a Defected Gound Plane fo Multi-band Applications, In IEEE Antennas and Popagation Society Int. Symp., 008, pp. 1-4. [8] X. J. Liao, H. C. Yang and N. Han, An Impoved dual band notched UWB antenna with a paasitic stip and a defected gound plane, In Intelligent Signal Pocessing and Communication System Int. Symp., 010, pp.1-4. [9] S. Jun and K. Chang, A 60GHz Monopole Antenna with a Slot Defected Gound fo wigig Applications, In IEEE Antenna and Popagation Society Int. Symp., 013, pp. 139-140. [10] Jacob Robinson, Yahya Rahmat-Samii, Paticle Swam Optimization in Electomagnetics, IEEE Tansactions on Antenna and Popagation, Vol. 5, No., pp. 397-407, 004. [11] X. Hu, and R. C. Ebehat, Multiobjective Optimization Using Dynamic Neighbohood Paticle Swam Optimization, Poceeding of the IEEE Congess on Evolutionay Computation. Honolulu, Hawaii USA, pp. 1677-1681 004. [1] J. Kennedy and R. C. Ebehat, Paticle Swam Optimization, Poc. IEEE Confeence on Neual Netwok, IV. Pp. 194-1948 Piscataway, NJ, 1995. [13] Falguni Raval, Jaguti Makwana, Optimization of Resonance Fequency of Cicula Patch Antenna at 5GHz Using Paticle Swam Optimization, Jounal of Advances in Engineeing and Technology (IJAET), Vol. 1, No.. Pp.99-106, 011. [14] Yutaka Maeda, Naoto Matsushita, Simultaneous Petubation Paticle Swam Optimization and its FPGA Implementation, IEEE Antenna and Popagation Magazines, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 34-47, 009. [15] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theoy, nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New Yok 198. [16] Abido, M. A., Optimal Design of Powe System Stabilizes Using Paticle Swam Optimization, IEEE Tansaction on Enegy Convesion, Vol. 17, pp. 406-413. [17] Agafiotis, D. K., and Cedeno, W., Featue Selection fo Stuctue- Activity Coelation Using Binay Paticle Swams, Jounal of Medicinal Chemisty, Vol. 45, pp. 1098-1107, 00. [18] Cockshott, A. R., and Hatman, B. E., Impoving the Fementation Medium fo Echinocandin B Poduction. Pat II: Paticle Swam Optimization, Pocess Biochemisty, Vol. 36, pp. 661-669, 001. [19] Fouie P. C., and Goenwold, A. A., The paticle Swam Optimization Algoithm in Size and Shape Optimization, Stuctual and Nigeian Jounal of Technology, Vol. 36, No. 3, July 017 908
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