Dev Bhoomi Institute Of Technology Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION SHEET LABORATORY MANUAL EXPERIMENT NO. ISSUE NO. : ISSUE DATE: REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: LABORATORY Name & Code: Basic Electronics Engineering SEMESTER: I/II AIM:. To Plot the Volt Ampere Characteristics of PN Junction Diode under Forward and Reverse Bias Conditions.. To find the Cut-in voltage, Static Resistance, Dynamic Resistance for Forward Bias & Reverse Bias APPARATUS: S.No Name Range / Value Quantity DC Regulated Power Supply 0 0 volts Diode N 00 Diode OA 8 Resistor K D.C Ammeters 0 00mA, 0 00 A Each D.C Volt meters 0 V, 0 0V Each Bread Board and connecting wires - Set PROCEDURE: FORWARD BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:. Connect the Circuit as per the Circuit Diagram on the bread board.. Switch on the Regulated Power Supply and slowly increase the source voltage. Increase the Diode Current in steps of ma and note down the corresponding voltage across the PN junction Diode under forward Bias condition as per table given below.. Take the readings until a Diode Current of 0mA.. Repeat the same by using Ge Diode instead of Si Diode.. Plot the graph V F versus I F on the graph Sheet in the st quadrant as in Fig.. From the graph find out the Static & Dynamic forward Bias resistance of the diode V R = F V, r ac = F. I F I F. Observe and note down the cut in Voltage of the diode. REVERSE BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:. Connect the Circuit as per the Circuit Diagram on the bread board.. Switch on the Regulated Power Supply and slowly increase the source voltage. Increase the Diode voltage in steps of.0 volts and note down the corresponding Current against the Voltage under Reverse Bias condition as per table given below.. Take readings until a Diode Voltage reaches 0.0V.
. Repeat the same by using Ge Diode instead of Si Diode.. Plot the graph V R versus I R on the graph Sheet in the rd quadrant as in Fig.. From the graph find out the Dynamic Reverse Bias resistance of the diode. V R = R, r ac = I R. Observe and note down the break down Voltage of the diode. TABULAR FORMS: S.No FORWARD BIAS: Voltmeter Reading V F (Volts) Ammeter Reading I F (ma) 0.0 0. 0. 8 8 0 9 0 8 Voltmeter Reading V R (Volts) REVERSE BIAS: Ammeter Reading I R ( A) 0 RESULT : The V-I Characteristics of the PN Junction Diode are plotted for the both Forward and Reverse Bias conditions and Calculated the Cut in Voltage, Dynamic Forward and Reverse Bias resistance. 0 8 0 8 0
Dev Bhoomi Institute Of Technology Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION SHEET LABORATORY MANUAL EXPERIMENT NO. ISSUE NO. : ISSUE DATE: REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: LABORATORY Name & Code: Basic Electronics Engineering SEMESTER: I/II CHARACTERISTICS OF ZENER DIODE & LOAD REGULATION AIM: i) To Obtain the Forward Bias and Reverse Bias characteristics of a Zener diode. ii) Find out the Zener Break down Voltage from the Characteristics. iii) To Obtain the Load Regulation Characteristics. APPARATUS: S.No Name Range / Value Quantity DC Regulated Power Supply Diode Resistor D.C Ammeters D.C Volt meters Decade Resistance Box Bread Board and connecting wires 0 0 volts ECZ. K, 0 0 00mA 0 V, 0 0V - - Each Each Set PROCEDURE: FORWARD BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:. Connect the Circuit as per the Circuit Diagram on the bread board.. Switch on the Regulated Power Supply and slowly increase the source voltage. Increase the Diode Current in steps of ma and note down the corresponding voltage across the Zener Diode under forward Bias condition as per table given below.. Take the readings until a Diode Current of 0mA.. Plot the graph V F versus I F on the graph Sheet in the st quadrant as in Fig.. From the graph find out the Static & Dynamic forward Bias resistance of the diode V R = F, r ac = I F V F. I F REVERSE BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:. Connect the Circuit as per the Circuit Diagram on the bread board.. Switch on the Regulated Power Supply and slowly increase the source voltage. Increase the Diode Current in steps of ma and note down the corresponding voltage across the Zener Diode under Reverse Bias condition as per table given below.. Take the readings until a Diode Current of 0mA.. Plot the graph V R versus I R on the graph Sheet in the rd quadrant as in Fig.. From the graph find out the Dynamic Reverse Bias resistance of the diode.
Observe and note down the break down Voltage of the diode. LOAD REGULATION CHARACTERISTICS:. Connect the Circuit as per the Circuit Diagram on the bread board.. By changing the load Resistance, kept constant I/P Voltage at V, 0 V, V as per table given below. Take the readings of O/P Voltmeter (Vo=Vz).. Now by changing the I/P Voltage, kept constant load Resistance at K, K, K as per table given below. Take the readings of O/P Voltmeter (Vo=Vz). TABULAR FORMS: FORWARD BIAS: REVERSE BIAS: S.No Voltmeter Reading V F (Volts) LOAD REGULATION: Ammeter Reading I F (ma) 0.0 0. 0. 0. 0.8 8 9 8 0 0 8 0 Voltmeter Reading V R (Volts) Ammeter Reading I R (ma) 0.0 0. 0. 0. 0.8 8 0 8 0 S.No 8 9 0 R L ( ) 00 00 00 00 900 K K K K 0K V i = V V O (V) V i = 0V V O (V) V i =V V O (V) Vi (V) 0 9 0 R L =K V O (V) R L =K V O (V) R L =K V O (V) ZENER BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE: Draw a tangent on the reverse Bias Characteristic of the Zener Diode starting from the Knee and touching most of the points of the curve. The point where the tangent intersects the X-axis is the Zener Breakdown Voltage. RESULT: The Characteristics of the Forward and Reverse biased Zener Diode and the Zener Break Down Voltage from the Characteristics are Observed. Zener Breakdown Voltage = Volts. Forward Bias Resistance = Ohms
Reverse Bias Resistance = Ohms PRECAUTIONS:. Check the wires for continuity before use.. Keep the power supply at Zero volts before Start. All the contacts must be intact MODEL GRAPHS: ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS: LOAD REGULATION CHARACTERISTICS:
Dev Bhoomi Institute Of Technology Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION SHEET LABORATORY MANUAL EXPERIMENT NO. ISSUE NO. : ISSUE DATE: REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: LABORATORY Name & Code: Basic Electronics Engineering SEMESTER: I/II HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER AIM: To Rectify the AC signal and then to find out Ripple factor and percentage of Regulation in Half wave rectifier with and without Capacitor filter. APPARATUS: S.No Nam e Transformer Diode Capacitors Decade Resistance Box Multimeter Bread Board and connecting wires Dual Trace CRO Range / Value 0V / 0-9V N00 - - - 0MHz Set Quantity PROCEDURE: WITHOUT FILTER:. Connecting the circuit on bread board as per the circuit diagram. Connect the primary of the transformer to main supply i.e. 0V, 0Hz. Connect the decade resistance box and set the R L value to 00Ω. Connect the Multimeter at output terminals and vary the load resistance (DRB) from 00Ω to KΩ and note down the Vac and Vdc as per given tabular form. Disconnect load resistance ( DRB) and note down no load voltage Vdc (V no load ). Connect load resistance at KΩ and connect Channel II of CRO at output terminals and CH I of CRO at Secondary Input terminals observe and note down the Input and Output Wave form on Graph Sheet.. Calculate ripple factor V ac V dc
8. Calculate Percentage of Regulation, % V no load V full load 00% V no load WITH CAPACITOR FILTER:. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit Diagram and repeat the above procedure from steps to 8. TABULAR FORMS: WITHOUT FILTER: S.No 8 9 0 Load Resistance R L (Ω) 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 800 900 K O/P Voltage (Vo) V ac (V) V dc (V) V no load Voltage (Vdc) = V Ripple factor V ac V dc % of Regulation V NL V FL 00% V NL WITH CAPACITOR FILTER: S.No 8 9 0 Load Resistance R L (Ω) 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 800 900 K O/P Voltage (Vo) V ac (V) V dc (V) V no load Voltage (Vdc) = V Ripple factor V ac V dc % of Regulation V NL V FL 00% V NL MODEL GRAPHS: CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: WITHOUT CAPACITOR FILTER AND WITH CAPACITOR FILTER:
WAVE SHAPES: RESULT: Observe Input and Output Wave forms and Calculate ripple factor and percentage of regulation in Half wave rectifier with and without filter. Without Filter: Ripple Factor : Regulation : With Capacitor Filter: Ripple Factor : Regulation : PRECAUTIONS:. Check the wires for continuity before use.. Keep the power supply at Zero volts before Start.. All the contacts must be intact.
Dev Bhoomi Institute Of Technology Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION SHEET LABORATORY MANUAL EXPERIMENT NO. ISSUE NO. : ISSUE DATE: REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: LABORATORY Name & Code: Basic Electronics Engineering SEMESTER: I/II FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS AIM: To Rectify the AC signal and then to find out Ripple factor and percentage of Regulation in Full-wave rectifier center tapped circuit with and without Capacitor filter. APPARATUS: S.No Name Range / Value Quantity Transformer Diode Capacitors Decade Resistance Box Multimeter Bread Board and connecting wires Dual Trace CRO 0V / 9-0-9V N00 000 F/V, 0 f/v - - - 0MHz PROCEDURE: WITHOUT FILTER:. Connecting the circuit on bread board as per the circuit diagram.. Connect the primary of the transformer to main supply i.e. 0V, 0Hz. Connect the decade resistance box and set the R L value to 00Ω. Connect the Multimeter at output terminals and vary the load resistance (DRB) from 00Ω to KΩ and note down the Vac and Vdc as per given tabular form. Disconnect load resistance ( DRB) and note down no load voltage Vdc (V no load ). Connect load resistance at KΩ and connect Channel II of CRO at output terminals and CH I of CRO at Secondary Input terminals observe and note down the Input and Output Wave form on Graph Sheet.. Calculate ripple factor V ac V dc
8. Calculate Percentage of Regulation, % V no load V full load 00% V no load WITH CAPACITOR FILTER:. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit Diagram and repeat the above procedure from steps to 8. TABULAR FORMS: WITHOUT FILTER: S.No 8 9 0 Load Resistance R L (Ω) 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 800 900 K O/P Voltage (Vo) V ac (V) V dc (V) V no load Voltage (Vdc) = V Ripple factor V ac V dc % of Regulation V NL V FL 00% V NL WITH CAPACITOR FILTER: S.No 8 9 0 Load Resistance R L (Ω) 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 800 900 K O/P Voltage (Vo) V ac (V) V dc (V) V no load Voltage (Vdc) = V Ripple factor V ac V dc % of Regulation V NL V FL 00% V NL MODEL GRAPHS:
WITHOUT FILTER AND WITH FILTER: WAVE SHAPES:
RESULT: Observe Input and Output Wave forms and Calculate ripple factor and percentage of regulation in Full-wave rectifier with and without filter. Without Filter: Ripple Factor : Regulation : With Capacitor Filter: Ripple Factor : Regulation : PRECAUTIONS:. Check the wires for continuity before use.. Keep the power supply at Zero volts before Start.
Dev Bhoomi Institute Of Technology Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION SHEET LABORATORY MANUAL EXPERIMENT NO. ISSUE NO. : ISSUE DATE: REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: LABORATORY Name & Code: Basic Electronics Engineering SEMESTER: I/II RIDGE RECTIFIERS AIM: To Rectify the AC signal and then to find out Ripple factor and percentage of Regulation in Full-wave Bridge rectifier circuit with and without Capacitor filter. APPARATUS: S.No Name Range / Value Quantity Transformer Diode Capacitors Decade Resistance Box Multimeter Bread Board and connecting wires Dual Trace CRO 0V / 0-9V N00 000 F/V, 0 f/v - - - 0MHz PROCEDURE: WITHOUT FILTER:. Connecting the circuit on bread board as per the circuit diagram.. Connect the primary of the transformer to main supply i.e. 0V, 0Hz. Connect the decade resistance box and set the R L value to 00Ω. Connect the Multimeter at output terminals and vary the load resistance (DRB) from 00Ω to KΩ and note down the Vac and Vdc as per given tabular form. Disconnect load resistance ( DRB) and note down no load voltage Vdc (V no load ). Connect load resistance at KΩ and connect Channel II of CRO at output terminals and CH I of CRO at Secondary Input terminals observe and note down the Input and Output Wave form on Graph Sheet.. Calculate ripple factor V ac V dc
8. Calculate Percentage of Regulation, % V no load V full load 00% V no load WITH CAPACITOR FILTER:. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit Diagram and repeat the above procedure from steps to 8. TABULAR FORMS: WITHOUT FILTER: S.No 8 9 0 Load Resistance R L (Ω) 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 800 900 K O/P Voltage (Vo) V ac (V) V dc (V) V no load Voltage (Vdc) = Ripple factor V ac V dc V % of Regulation V NL V FL 00% V NL WITH CAPACITOR FILTER: S.No 8 9 0 Load Resistance R L (Ω) 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 800 900 K O/P Voltage (Vo) V ac (V) V dc (V) V no load Voltage (Vdc) = Ripple factor V ac V dc V % of Regulation V NL V FL 00% V NL MODEL GRAPHS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: WITH OUT FILTER & WITH FILTER: WAVE SHAPES:
RESULT: Observe Input and Output Wave forms and Calculate ripple factor and percentage of regulation in Full-wave Bridge rectifier with and without filter. Without Filter: Ripple Factor : Regulation : With Capacitor Filter: Ripple Factor : Regulation : PRECAUTIONS:. Check the wires for continuity before use.. Keep the power supply at Zero volts before Start.. All the contacts must be intact.
Dev Bhoomi Institute Of Technology Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION SHEET LABORATORY MANUAL EXPERIMENT NO. ISSUE NO. : ISSUE DATE: REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: LABORATORY Name & Code: Basic Electronics Engineering SEMESTER: I/II COMMON BASE TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS AIM: To plot the Input and Output characteristics of a transistor connected in Common Base Configuration and to find the h parameters from the characteristics. APPARATUS: S.No Name Range / Value Quantity PROCEDURE: Dual Regulated D.C Power supply Transistor Resistors DC Ammeters DC Voltmeters Bread Board and connecting wires 0 0 Volts BC0 K (0-00mA) (0-V), (0-0V) - Each No Set TO FIND THE INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:. Connect the circuit as in the circuit diagram.. Keep V EE and V CC in zero volts before giving the supply. Set V CB = volt by varying V CC. and vary the V EE smoothly with fine control such that emitter current I E varies in steps of 0.mA from zero upto 0mA, and note down the corresponding voltage V EB for each step in the tabular form.. Repeat the experiment for V CB = volts and volts.. Draw a graph between V EB Vs I E against V CB = Constant. TO FIND THE OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS: Start V EE and V CC from zero Volts. Set the I E = ma by using V EE such that, V CB changes in steps of.0 volts from zero
upto 0 volts, note down the corresponding collector current I C for each step in the tabular form. Repeat the experiment for I E = ma and I E = ma, tabulate the readings. Draw a graph between V CB Vs I C against I E = Constant. TABULAR FORMS: INPUT CHARACTERISTICS; S.No 8 9 0 V CB = 0V V CB = V V CB = V V EB (V) I E (ma) V EB (V) I E (ma) V EB (V) I E (ma) 0.0 0. 0. 0. 0.8.0.0 8.0 0.0.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0. 0. 0.8.0.0 8.0 0.0.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0. 0. 0.8.0.0 8.0 0.0.0 8.0 0.0 OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS; S.No 8 9 0 I E = ma I E = ma I E = ma V CB (V) I C (ma) V CB (V) I C (ma) V CB (V) I C (ma) 0.0 0. 0. 0. 0.8.0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0 0. 0. 0. 0.8.0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0 0. 0. 0. 0.8.0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: MODEL GRAPHS;. Plot the Input characteristics by taking I E on y axis and V EB on x axis.. Plot the Output characteristics by taking I C on y axis and V CB on x axis.
Dev Bhoomi Institute Of Technology Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION SHEET LABORATORY MANUAL EXPERIMENT NO. ISSUE NO. : ISSUE DATE: REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: LABORATORY Name & Code: Basic Electronics Engineering SEMESTER: I/II CE TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER AIM: To Find the frequency response of a Common Emitter Transistor Amplifier and to find the Bandwidth from the Response, Voltage gain, Input Resistance, output resistance. APPARATUS: S.No Name Range / Value Quantity 8 9 Regulated D.C Power supply Transistor Resistors Resistors Capacitors Potentio Meter Signal Generator Dual Trace CRO Bread Board and connecting wires 0 0 Volts BC0 K 00k,0K,.K. 0 f -- ( 0 MHz) 0MHz -- Each Set PROCEDURE:. Connect the circuit as per the Fig..,Apply Vcc of Volts DC.. Apply I/P Voltage of 0mV at KHz from the Signal Generator and observe the O/P on CRO.. Vary the frequency from 0 Hz to MHz in appropriate steps and note down the corresponding O/P Voltage Vo in a tabular form.. Calculate the Voltage Gain Av = Vo/Vs and note down in the tabular form.. Plot the frequency (f) Vs Gain (Av) on a Semi-log Graph sheet. Draw a horizontal line at 0.0 times Av and note down the cut off points and the Bandwidth is given by B.W = f f. INPUT RESISTANCE RI:. Apply I/P Voltage of 0mV at KHz from the Signal Generator and observe voltage Vi across R on CRO.. Without Disturbing the setup note Vi.. find Ii = (Vs Vi) / Rs and Ri= Vi / Ii Ohms.
OUTPUT RESISTANCE (R O ):. Apply I/P Voltage of 0mV at KHz from the Signal Generator and observe the o/p on CRO. Connect a Potentio meter across the O/P terminals and without disturbing Vs adjust the potentiometer such that o/p falls to V 0 /. The Resistance of the potentiometer is equal to Ro. CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: MODEL GRAPH: TABULAR FORMS: I/P Voltage, V s = 0mV S.No Frequency (Hz) O/P Voltage, Vo (V) 00 00 00 00 00 K K 8 K 9 K 0 0K 0K 0K 0K 00K 00K 00K 00K 8 M Voltage Gain Av =Vo/Vi Av in db = 0 log (Av)
RESULT: BandWidth B.W = f f = Hz Voltage Gain Av = Input Resistance Ri = ohms Output Resistance Ro = ohms PRECAUTIONS:. Check the wires for continuity before use.. Keep the power supply at Zero volts before Start. All the contacts must be intact
Dev Bhoomi Institute Of Technology Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION SHEET LABORATORY MANUAL EXPERIMENT NO. 8 ISSUE NO. : ISSUE DATE: REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: LABORATORY Name & Code: Basic Electronics Engineering SEMESTER: I/II Object: To steady the diode applications in a clipping and clamping circuits. Apparatus:. Function Generator.. Oscilloscope.. DC Power Supply.. Breadboard, Diodes, Capacitors and Resistor. Theory: This experiment studies the applications of the diode in the clipping & clamping operations.. Clipping Circuits: the Figure (l) shows a biased clipper, for the diode to turn in the input voltage must be greater +V, when V m is greater than +V, the diode acts like a closed switch (ideally) & the voltage across the output equals +V, this output stays at +V as long as the input voltage exceeds +V. when the input voltage is less than +V, the diode opens and the circuit acts as a voltage divider, as usual, R L should be much greater than R, in this way, most of input voltage appears across the output. The output waveforms of Figure () summarize the circuit action. The biased clipper removes all signals above the (+V) level.. Clamping Circuits: A clamper does is adding a DC component to the signal. In Figure () the input signal is a sinewave, the clamper pushes the signal upward, so that the negative peaks fall on the 0V level. As can see, the shape of the original signal is preserved, all that happen is a vertical shift of the signal. We described an output signal for a positive dampen- On the Figure () shown
represents a positive clamper ideally here how it is works. On the first negative half cycle of input voltage, the diode turns on. At the negative peak, the capacitor must charge to V p with polarity shown. Slightly beyond the negative peak, the diode shunts off. Procedure: Clipping Circuit:. Connect the circuit shown in Figure ().. Ensure that the variable DC is at minimum and the source is at 0V P.P.. Observe and Sketch the input and output waveforms.. Increase the variable DC voltage to V, and notice to what voltage are the positive peaks chopped off, sketch the waveforms. Clamping Circuit:. Connect the circuit shown in Figure ().. Ensure the variable DC is at minimum.. Set the sine wave generator frequency to KHz and its output amplitude to 0V P.P.. Observe and sketch the input waveform with the variable DC at minimum, Sketch the output waveform. 0k D D 0k V V
KΩ D 0V P.P KHz V 0uF D 0V P.P KHz 0k D 0k 00n F D 0k Fig. Fig.
Dev Bhoomi Institute Of Technology Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION SHEET LABORATORY MANUAL EXPERIMENT NO. 9 ISSUE NO. : ISSUE DATE: REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: LABORATORY Name & Code: Basic Electronics Engineering SEMESTER: I/II To familiarize with logic gate IC packages and to verify the truth tables of logic gates. Also familiarize with digital IC trainer kit. COMPONENTS REQUIRED DIGITAL IC TRAINER KIT: The equipment mainly used to test and set up digital circuits. Integrated circuits can be fitted in sockets or bread board. There are built in voltage sources and clock signals. In order to feed monopulses manually, a debouncer switch is also provided. A number of select switches are provided to obtain 0 or state voltages as digital inputs. Green and Red LEDs are provided to represent low and high states respectively to visualize the digital outputs. IC PACKAGES: 0-Hex inverter gates 00-Quad two input NAND gates 0-Quad two input NOR gates 08-Quad two input AND gates -Quad two input OR gates 8-Quad two input XOR gates PROCEDURE ) Test the IC using digital IC tester before conducting the experiment ) Verify the dual in line package pin out the IC before feeding the input ) Set up the circuit and observe the output. Enter the input and output stages in truth table corresponding to the input combinations PIN CONFIGURATION AND TRUTH TABLE. 0-Hex inverter gates. 00-Quad two input NAND gates
. 0-Quad two input NOR gates. 08-Quad two input AND gates. -Quad two input OR gates RESULT Familiarized the digital IC trainer kit &logic gate IC packages and verified the truth tables of logic gates.