JELLYFISH IN UK COASTAL WATERS

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JELLYFISH IN UK COASTAL WATERS Analysis of a Citizen Science database Stephen Pikesley Postgraduate Researcher S.K.Pikesley@exeter.ac.uk

Outline Species in UK waters & lifecycle Previous studies Data: source & analysis http://www.mcsuk.org/sightings/jellyfish.php Results: annual & seasonal patterns UK species specific distributions Summary/Conclusion

Species in UK waters Eight species of jellyfish 6 Scyphozoa Moon Compass Mauve stinger Lion s mane Blue Barrel Aurelia aurita Cyanea capillata Chrysaora hysoscella Cyanea lamarckii Pelagia noctiluca Rhizostoma octopus all images MCS

Species in UK waters Eight species of jellyfish 6 Scyphozoa 2 Hydrozoa (not true jellyfish) Portuguese man-of-war Physalia physalis By-the-wind sailor Velella velella all images MCS

Species in UK waters Generalised Scyphozoa lifecycle... can include benthic & free swimming stages this cycle may be influenced by multiple factors...

Species in UK waters Development & distribution: water temperature prey availability wind stress currents Budding/strobilation: water temperature prey availability salinity light intensity photoperiod oxygen concentrations Recruitment to the sea bed: reproductive strategy water temperature & turbulence type of substrate (Condon et al. 2001; Lucas 2001; Lynam et al. 2004; Purcell 2007; Han & Uye 2010)

Previous UK studies Extensive UK wide review of historic literature (ca. 100 years) (Russell 1970)

Previous UK studies Extensive UK wide review of historic literature (ca. 100 years) (Russell 1970) North Sea

Previous UK studies Extensive UK wide review of historic literature (ca. 100 years) (Russell 1970) North Sea Northeast Atlantic (Irish coastal waters)

Previous UK studies Extensive UK wide review of historic literature (ca. 100 years) (Russell 1970) North Sea Northeast Atlantic (Irish coastal waters) Celtic & Irish Sea

Previous UK studies Extensive UK wide review of historic literature (ca. 100 years) (Russell 1970) North Sea Northeast Atlantic (Irish coastal waters) Celtic & Irish Sea Survey methods: o plankton recorder o trawls o beach o aerial o observations from boats (ferry)

Data: source Marine Conservation Society Public driven sightings scheme record sightings online http://www.mcsuk.org/sightings/jellyfish.php

Data: source

Data: source species

Data: source date / time / location

Data: source observer

Data: analysis 2003 to 2011 raw database: 7229 records

Data: analysis 2003 to 2011 raw database: 7229 records 2003 to 2007: postal submission from 2007: on-line submission

Data: analysis 2003 to 2011 raw database: 7229 records 2003 to 2007: postal submission from 2007: on-line submission Tidy up - remove records with: no spatial reference no species id no date

Data: analysis 2003 to 2011 raw database: 7229 records 2003 to 2007: postal submission from 2007: on-line submission Tidy up - remove records with: no spatial reference no species id no date Correct or remove locations with unlikely spatial references

Data: analysis 2003 to 2011 raw database: 7229 records 2003 to 2007: postal submission from 2007: on-line submission Tidy up - remove records with: no spatial reference no species id no date Correct or remove locations with unlikely spatial references Validated database: 5051 records single or multiple jellyfish sightings, beached or afloat

Data: analysis Annual Seasonal Spatial

Annual: all species Scheme promoted annually in July national & regional media releases (newspaper, radio & television) Sightings by year expressed as a percentage of all sightings * yearly promotional effort

Annual: all species Scheme promoted annually in July national & regional media releases (newspaper, radio & television) Considerable inter-annual variability promotion consistent year-on-year i.e. 66% fewer sighting 2007 & 2008 compared with 2004 Sightings by year expressed as a percentage of all sightings * yearly promotional effort

Annual: species specific Species specific sightings by year expressed as a percentage of conspecific sightings 2003 to 2011. Species-specific inter-annual variability - no one species displayed a uniform temporal pattern

Seasonal: all species Sightings by month expressed as a percentage of all sightings

Seasonal: all species Generalised Scyphozoa lifecycle Sightings by month expressed as a percentage of all sightings

Seasonal: all species Generalised Scyphozoa lifecycle Sightings by month expressed as a percentage of all sightings

Seasonal: species specific Species specific sightings by month. Box widths are proportional to the number of observations in the box. Outliers are not drawn.

Seasonal: species specific BTWS & PMW: late summer Species specific sightings by month. Box widths are proportional to the number of observations in the box. Outliers are not drawn.

Seasonal: species specific BTWS & PMW: late summer barrel: long season Species specific sightings by month. Box widths are proportional to the number of observations in the box. Outliers are not drawn.

Seasonal: species specific BTWS & PMW: late summer barrel: long season blue & moon appear earlier than compass & lion s mane Species specific sightings by month. Box widths are proportional to the number of observations in the box. Outliers are not drawn.

Seasonal: species specific BTWS & PMW: late summer barrel: long season blue & moon appear earlier than compass & lion s mane lion s mane predate moon Species specific sightings by month. Box widths are proportional to the number of observations in the box. Outliers are not drawn. (Bastian et al. 2011)

Spatial: species specific Moon Lion s mane Compass Blue Barrel Mauve stinger P M of W B T W S

Spatial: species specific Moon: all coasts Lion s mane Compass Blue Barrel Mauve stinger P M of W B T W S

Spatial: species specific Moon: all coasts Lion s mane: northern Compass Blue Barrel Mauve stinger P M of W B T W S

Spatial: species specific Moon: all coasts Lion s mane: northern Compass: southern Blue Barrel Mauve stinger P M of W B T W S

Spatial: species specific Moon: all coasts Lion s mane: northern Compass: southern Blue: NE/SW Barrel Mauve stinger P M of W B T W S

Spatial: species specific Moon: all coasts Lion s mane: northern Compass: southern Blue: NE/SW Barrel: west coast Mauve stinger: southwest P M of W B T W S deep water species

Spatial: species specific Moon: all coasts Lion s mane: northern Compass: southern Blue: NE/SW Barrel: west coast Mauve stinger: southwest P M of W: southwest B T W S: southwest deep water species surface floating

2003 2011 analysis Stephen K. Pikesley, Brendan J. Godley, Sue Ranger, Peter B. Richardson and Matthew J. Witt (2014). Cnidaria in UK coastal waters: description of spatio-temporal patterns and inter-annual variability. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 94, pp 1401-1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315414000137

Update: 2012-2014 2013 2014

Update: 2012-2014 2013 2014 Sightings by year expressed as a percentage of all sightings

Update: 2012-2014 Barrel jellyfish accounted for 36% of all jellyfish sightings recorded in 2014 55% of all barrel jellyfish sightings for 2003 to 2014 occurred in 2014 Barrel jellyfish sightings by year expressed as a percentage of all sightings by year 2014...big year for barrel jellyfish sightings...

Update: 2012-2014 Barrel jellyfish sightings by year expressed as a percentage of all sightings by year 2014...big year for barrel jellyfish sightings...

Summary Limited number of jellyfish studies in UK waters particularly nationwide studies We have seen how a Citizen Science compiled database can giving insight into regional & national patterns & trends : annual & seasonal patterns species specific spatial distributions... for 8 species of jellyfish in UK coastal waters can provide large-scale (spatial and temporal) coverage...... that would otherwise be financially & logistically unfeasible

Acknowledgements Thanks to: University of Exeter Dr Matthew Witt Prof. Brendan Godley Marine Conservation Society Dr Peter Richardson All participants in the MCS jellyfish survey who generously contribute their data

THANK YOU... ANY QUESTIONS? Image: Peter Richardson

References REFERENCES Condon R.H., Decker M.B. and Purcell J.E. (2001) Effects of low dissolved oxygen on survival and asexual reproduction of scyphozoan polyps (Chrysaora quinquecirrha). Hydrobiologia 451, 89 95. Bastian T., Haberlin D., Purcell J.E., Hays G.C., Davenport J., McAllen R. and Doyle T.K. (2011a) Large-scale sampling reveals the spatio-temporal distributions of the jellyfish Aurelia aurita and Cyanea capillata in the Irish Sea. Marine Biology 158, 2639 2652. Lucas C.H. (2001) Reproduction and life history strategies of the common jellyfish, Aurelia aurita, in relation to its ambient environment. Hydrobiologia 451, 229 246. Lynam C.P., Hay S.J. and Brierley A.S. (2004) Interannual variability in abundance of North Sea jellyfish and links to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Limnology and Oceanography 49, 637 643. Purcell J.E. (2007) Environmental effects on asexual reproduction rates of the scyphozoan Aurelia labiata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 348:183 196. Russell F.S. (1970) The medusae of the British Isles II. Pelagic Scyphozoa with a supplement to the first volume on hydromedusae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Han C.-H. and Uye S. (2010) Combined effects of food supply and temperature on asexual reproduction and somatic growth of polyps of the common jellyfish Aurelia aurita s.l. Plankton and Benthos Research 5, 98 105.

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