Acknowledgments. Special thanks to Devin Givens, Inverness Yacht Club members, and Ryan Bartling, California Department of Fish and Wildlife

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2 Acknowledgments Dr. Ron Coleman, Dr. Ben Becker, and Dr. Sarah Allen Sacramento Landing Marine Research Station Interns and Researchers CSU COAST Grant, Professional Engineers in California Government Grant, and Point Reyes National Seashore Association Marine Science Fund Special thanks to Devin Givens, Inverness Yacht Club members, and Ryan Bartling, California Department of Fish and Wildlife

3 N Map is not to scale CDFW

4 Methods Sampled eelgrass meadows near shore at low tide Sacramento Landing Pebble Beach to Shallow Beach area Inverness Yacht Club docks and waters Visual surveys with random transects using quadrats Collected raw counts and measurements (numbers, weight, lengths, sexing, roe coverage, and all taxa including invasive species identifications)

5 Species Richness Encountered at Research Sites (November 2016 to March 2017 over five full field days) Invertebrates Tunicate (Didemnum vexillum) Tunicate (Didemnum albidum) Tunicate (Botryllus schlosseri) Barnacles (Maxillopoda) Volcano Barnacles Dungeness Crab (Metacarcinus magister) Black Mussel Brown Mussel Clams sp. Oysters sp. Shrimp sp. Starfish sp. Anenomes sp. Limpets sp. Birds Cormorant sp. Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) Herring Gull (Larus smithsonianus) California Gull (Larus californicus) Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola) Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) Mammals California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina) River Otter (Lontra canadensis) Fish Pacific Herring (Clupea palasii) Bay Pipefish (Syngnathus leptorhynchus) Tidepool Sculpin (Oligocottus maculosus) Leopard Shark (Triakis semifasciata) Shiner Perch (Cymatogaster aggregate) Flatfish sp.

6 Tomales Bay Eelgrass Habitat Structure What is the impact of eelgrass structure on bay pipefish, non-native tunicates, and Pacific herring?

7 Bay Pipefish (Syngnathus leptorhynchus)

8 Pipefish Biology Lifestyle Why eelgrass habitat important to Pipefish? Pipefish as indicator species

9 Eelgrass at Research Sites Harbors More Young Adults Frequency than Pregnant Males Ready to Reproduce Pregnant Males Found Here Age-Length Profile Size (mm) Female Male Pregnant Male Figure 1. The size frequency on bay pipefish captured near shore from November 2016 to March 2017 from all three research sites.

10 Pipefish in Eelgrass Dense, rich meadows vs. patchy eelgrass Urbanized vs. minor disturbed areas

11 Invasive Species Marine invasive species are present in Tomales Bay for decades. Encountered non-native tunicate species at each of our research sites. Tunicate colony under microscope

12 Tunicate Habits These colonies filter feed, competing with native species for the same food and space. Colonial species like the ones found in Point Reyes are able to build new colonies quickly in ideal conditions.

13 Major Concerns Growth on eelgrass blades led to questions about whether tunicate colonies significantly affect eelgrass or animal lifecycles. Didemnum albidum Didemnum vexillum

14 5 Tunicate species Average Number of Individuals Species Tunicates were more abundant than nearly any other kind of intertidal organism. 5 out of 14 of the most common species found were all tunicates.

15 Control Mechanisms What methods are feasible on eelgrass beds? Research is needed to understand large colonies effects on water quality and nutrient concentration. How might non-native tunicates impact the role of eelgrass as a fish nursery?

16

17 Herring Status in Tomales Bay Now 11 Years since CDFW conducted Pacific herring surveys in Tomales Bay. Over fishing Pacific Herring Biomass Trend Tomales Bay for Select Non-El Nino Years ( seasons) No Fishing Effort 9 licenses renewed from a high of 69 in the 1990 s - Price per ton high of $4,500 Current market price: $300 per ton. Stock Recovery Issues: Truncated Age Class Structure Accounting for Predation (non-human) Impact Collapse Fishery on Food Web Environmental Issues (e.g., drought, water pollution, invasive species) Biomass (Short Tons) Season Average = 4700 Data Source: Surveys CDFW Season Summaries

18 < 50% Herring Roe Eelgrass Surveys Seasons A Quadrat View < 5% VS. ~ 80% < 25%

19 What Does This Suggest? Eelgrass restoration and conservation can be prioritize in terms of species using eelgrass meadows that have been compromise For non-native species, next step would be hypothesis testing using exclusion studies in eelgrass beds

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