The EU Network Code on Requirements for Generators A Summary Tanguy Hubert, PhD thubert@epri.com PDU Fall Advisory Meeting Hollywood, FL; September 20, 2016
Existing interconnection requirements in Europe were drawn up nationally, in response to local needs Example: Grid support functions currently required in Germany, France, Spain and Italy for inverter-based generators connected to low voltage (LV) networks Germany France Italy Spain Europe 16A Europe >16A LOW VOLTAGE VDE AR N 4105:2011 Arrêté 04/23/2008 EN 50438:2013* CLC/TS 50549-1:2015 CEI 0-21:2014 UNE 206007-2 IN:2014 Arrêté 02/15/2010 (applicable 11/2016) (non-binding) National Standard Ministerial decrees National Standard National Standard European Standard CENELEC Specification LV: 1kV LV: 50V-1kV LV: 1kV LV: 1kV LV: 1kV LV: 1kV Remote ON/OFF >100kW, optional >6kW all Remote control of P >100kW >6kW >100kW all Active P(f) at overfrequency all >5MW all >100kW for mainland all all Power Minimum capability to uphold P Control in-feed with falling frequency all all P(f) at underfrequency P(U) optional optional cos j fix all >3kW all all all Reactive Power Control Grid Fault Response cos j (P) >3.68kVA >3kW all all cos j (V) all Q fix all all Q (V) optional >6kW >100kW all all Q (P) all LVRT >6kW all all HVRT all LFRT 47.5Hz 47.0Hz, >5MW 47.5Hz 47.5Hz 47.5Hz 47.5Hz HFRT 51.5Hz 52.0Hz, >5MW 51.5Hz 51.5Hz 51.5Hz 51.5Hz Reactive current support Notes: all indicates requirement is applicable to all generator sizes. *EN 50438:2013 has been transposed as national standard in the four countries considered: Germany (DIN EN 50438), France (NF EN 50438), Italy (CEI EN 50438) and Spain (UNE EN 50438). Frequencies indicate the frequency thresholds beyond which disconnection is permitted. 2
Increasingly interconnected networks create need for unified grid-connection rules across Europe Initial efforts focused on harmonizing norms and technical specifications through European standardization committees (CEN, CENELEC). Starting 2009: efforts were extended to develop EU-wide binding rules governing the way power generators gain access to the grid. May 2016: EU Network Code on Requirements for Generators released. Policy decision to develop unified EU Network Code Entry into force : EU Network Code officially published Application: EU Network Code becomes effective Grid Code Development Grid Code Implementation 2009 May 2016 May 2019 3
EU Network Code is binding and supersedes any other legislation or standard Code was published as EU Regulation 2016/631 (April 2016) Supersedes any existing or new national legislation concerned with grid connection requirements for power generators, Prevails over any existing or new standard. RULE-MAKING (BINDING) CA Rule 21, EU Grid Code EUROPE EU commission, national governments & regulatory agencies Rule-making informs standardization U.S. Federal & State agencies (FERC, Energy & Public utilities commissions..) Regulations, decrees, orders ( grid/network codes ) STANDARDIZATION (VOLUNTARY) Standard, industry and professional organizations Norms, standards, specifications HI Rule 14H Distribution and Transmission Operators Interconnection requirements & procedures IEEE 1547, VDE AR N 4105, EN 50438 4 Standardization informs rule-making
EU Network Code is applicable in 40+ European countries ENTSO-E Synchronous Areas Great Britain Ireland Baltic Continental Europe Nordic Non-EU countries expected to adopt NC-RfG rules EEA Agreement (binding) Energy Community Treaty (binding) Switzerland (voluntary) 5
Requirements are categorized by generator types Generator types A, B, C, D are defined according to: voltage level at the connection point, maximum active power capacity of generator. EU Network Code defines maximum capacity thresholds for each area: 6
TSOs can customize definitions of generator types based on local needs TSOs are to set generator capacity thresholds for their own control area within the limits set by the EU Network Code. 7
Non-Exhaustive Requirements recognize local differences Different network characteristics across countries (topology, dynamic system response, stability) prevent use of single European settings. A non-exhaustive requirement does not provide for a full harmonization of the parameters specifying that requirement: common methodology describing how parameters shall be set binding ranges, within which parameter values must be chosen System operators are responsible for customizing non-exhaustive requirements for their own control area by May 2018. Entry into force Application EU Network Code Implementation May 2016 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Local specifications of non-exhaustive requirements May 2018 Manufacturer product development May 2019 8
Example of Non-Exhaustive Requirement: Voltage Ride Through (for Types B, C, D) Each TSO is to specify a voltage-against-time profile at the connection point for fault conditions consistent with profile below M1 and M2 must stay within the binding ranges defined in the Code. 9
Grid Support Functions Required in EU Network Code for Inverter-Based Generators Active Power Control Reactive Power control Grid Fault Response Scope of application A B C D Decision-maker responsible for fully specifying the requirement ( primary, secondary) Relevant System Operator Relevant Transmission System Operator Power Generating Facility Owner NC-RfG References ENTSO-E Guidelines Remote ON/OFF P P P P 13(6) 14(2), Remote control of P P P P (C/D only) 15(2)(a-b) P(f) at overfrequency P P P P 13(2) 3-1 Minimum capability to uphold P in-feed with P P P P 13(4-5) 3-3 falling frequency P(f) at underfrequency P P 15(2)(c) 3-4 P(f), combined mode P P 15(2)(d) over/under frequency cos j fix P P 21(3)(d)(vi) Q fix P P 21(3)(d)(v) 21(3)(d)(iiiv) Q=f(U) P P LVRT P P P 14(3), 16(3) 3-5, 3-9 LFRT & HFRT P P P P 13(1)(a) Post-fault active power P P P 20(3) 3-10, 3-12 recovery Reactive current support P P P 20(2)(b-c) 3-13 Synthetic inertia P P 21(2) 10
Other topics addressed in EU Network Code Communications ON/OFF commands (all types) Setpoints: P (B,C,D), Q and cos j (C,D) System operator has freedom to require additional data exchange. Simulation models Scope: Types C and D only. System operator may require models reflecting transient, steady-state, and/or dynamic behavior including voltage control, generator protection and converter sub-models. Storage systems All inverter functions required are fully applicable to inverter-based storage systems acting as generators (i.e. discharging) Storage systems acting as loads (i.e. charging) must be capable of disconnecting their load (i.e. stop charging) in case of underfrequency 11
References EPRI, Advanced Functions for Smart Inverters: Towards a Unified Regulatory Framework in Europe, October 2016 EPRI s summary and analysis of the new EU Network Code on Requirements for Generators. EU Regulation 2016/631 establishing a network code on requirements for grid connection of generators, April 2016 Final version of the EU Network Code as published in the official journal of the European Union. ENTSO-E, Implementation Guideline, October 2013. Companion document to the Network Code developed by ENTSO-E to inform DSOs and TSOs on specific implementation aspects. 12
Together Shaping the Future of Electricity Tanguy Hubert, PhD thubert@epri.com 650-855-8790 Aminul Huque, PhD mhuque@epri.com 865-218-8051 13