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Advances in RF and Microwave Measurement Technology Chi Xu Certified LabVIEW Architect Certified TestStand Architect
New Demands in Modern RF and Microwave Test In semiconductor and wireless, technologies such as carrier aggregation and DPD require instruments to have increasingly higher dynamic range. Modern radar test systems require increasingly wider instantaneous bandwidths and signal processing capabilities. Signal intelligence and electronic warfare systems require combinations of extremely flexible instrumentation and wide instantaneous bandwidth. 4
*NEW* Products for Microwave Test PXIe-5668R 26.5 GHz Vector Signal Analyzer (VSA) Industry-Leading RF Performance and Bandwidth World s Fastest Measurement Speed Customizable with LabVIEW FPGA Releasing Oct 2014 PXIe-5654 20 GHz CW Source Extremely low phase noise Best-in-class tuning time Releasing Dec 2014 5
Signal Analysis: RF Performance Dynamic Range Bandwidth Phase Noise 6
Signal Analysis: RF Performance Dynamic Range Bandwidth Phase Noise 7
When Does VSA Dynamic Range Matter? Modulation Quality Intermodulation Distortion Spectrum Monitoring Noise and nonlinearity limit the EVM floor of the instrument. High dynamic range ensures that the instrument does not obscure IMD products with its inherent nonlinearity or noise. High dynamic range allows the instrument to simultaneously see both large and small signals. 8
Source Example IMD Test Setup f 1 Signal Analyzer (Simplified) Power Amplifier ADC f 2 Source Combiner f 1 f 2 f 1 f 2 f 1 f 2 To ensure accurate IMD measurements, we must ensure that the visible third-order distortion products are due to the DUT rather than the instrument 9
VSA Dynamic Range Chart Dynamic range chart reveals which IMD products can be measured Explains trade-off between linearity and noise floor C) Optimal mixer level B) Below optimal mixer level, IMD products are buried in noise floor A) Above optimal mixer level, VSA s linearity limits measurement performance 10
Dynamic Range (dbc) Average Noise Density & Distortion Relative to Mixer Level NI 26.5 GHz Analyzer: Dynamic Range (20 GHz) -50-60 -70 Nominal Dynamic Range at 20 GHz Average Noise Level (RMS) 2nd Order Distortion Third Order Distortion -80-90 -100-110 -120 Maximum SFDR of 117 db (1 Hz BW) at 20 GHz -130-140 -70-60 -50-40 -30-20 -10 0 Mixer Level (dbm) 11
Third- order Intercept (dbm) NI 26.5 GHz Analyzer TOI vs. Competitive Instruments 35 PXIe-5668R TOI vs. Competitors 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 2 GHz 4 GHz 6 GHz 8 GHz 10 GHz 12 GHz 14 GHz 16 GHz 18 GHz 20 GHz 22 GHz 24 GHz 26 GHz Competitor A Competitor B PXIe-5668R Instrument third-order intercept (TOI) is the standard metric of instrument linearity and is specified using 0 db of attenuation. 12
IMD and Noise Determine ACLR Performance ACLR Main Channel Adjacent Channel Adjacent Channel In the frequency domain, we can consider a modulated signal as a series of tones. Third-order distortion products form in adjacent bands and are called spectral re-growth. 13
Example WCDMA PA Test Setup Signal Generator DAC Signal Analyzer (Simplified) 90 + Power Amplifier ADC DAC Gain A high-performance signal analyzer can measure ACLR without contributing inherent noise or nonlinearity. Often, a signal analyzer can employ noise correction to remove its inherent noise contribution. 14
Example ACLR Performance 15
Signal Analysis: RF Performance Dynamic Range Bandwidth Phase Noise
When Does Bandwidth Matter? Modulation Measurements Pulsed Measurements 90 180 0 Demodulation requires instantaneous bandwidth larger than the bandwidth of the acquired signal. Pulsed signals produce wideband sidelobes in the frequency domain and require 500 MHz or more of bandwidth. 17
How an FFT Analyzer Works If span < instantaneous bandwidth, VSA captures signal in one acquisition and performs FFT. Power 50 MHz Frequency If span > instantaneous bandwidth, VSA captures signal in multiple acquisitions and stitches FFTs together to display entire span. Power 50 MHz Frequency 18
FFT Analyzers and Wideband Signals Instrument BW < Signal BW Instrument BW > Signal BW Discontinuity Spectrum acquired in multiple acquisitions Spectrum acquired in a single acquisition 19
Example: Radar Pulse Measurements Time Domain Overshoot Average Power Pulse Width Rise Time Frequency Domain Power Accurate rise time measurements require acquisition of multiple sidelobes. Frequency 20
Bandwidth and Pulsed Signals Frequency Domain Time Domain Rise Time = 8ns Pulse bandwidth is inversely related to pulse width, with shorter pulses translating to wide bandwidths. In a continuous wave pulse, the bandwidth of the main lobe is (2 / pulse width). 21
Signal Analysis: RF Performance Dynamic Range Bandwidth Phase Noise
Phase Noise dbc/hz NI 26.5 GHz VSA Phase Noise vs. Competition at 1 GHz Offset Frequency (Hz) -50 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000-70 PXIe-5668R Competitor A Competitor B -90-110 -130-150 23
Signal Analysis: RF Performance Dynamic Range Bandwidth Phase Noise 24
Signal Analysis: Flexibility FPGA Programming RF Recording Multichannel and MIMO
Signal Analysis: Flexibility FPGA Programming RF Recording Multichannel and MIMO
Using the 26.5 GHz Analyzer Onboard FPGA PXIe-5668R is LabVIEW FPGA programmable target FPGA characteristics: Xilinx Kintex-7 410T Native IP includes DDC, equalization, power triggering and so on. Can be augmented with custom IP Programmable FPGA RF in 0 0 75 db ADC DDC I Q Custom LabVIEW FPGA Code LO 10 MHz OCXO PXIe-5624R IF Digitizer 27
Example: Real-Time Spectrum Analysis Gapless persistence, spectrogram, and trace statistics (max hold, min hold, average) calculated on FPGA Process up to 2 M FFTs/s using overlapped, windowed FFTs Real-time frequency mask triggering 100% probability of intercept (POI) minimum duration options: 1 µs or >15 µs Source available upon request 28
Signal Analysis: Flexibility FPGA Programming RF Recording Multichannel and MIMO
NI 26.5 GHz Analyzer Recording System Architecture PXI Chassis PXI Controller PCI Expressx8 Gen 2 (3.6 GB/s) PXIe-5668R RF Signal Analyzer RFin RF Input PXIe-8384 PCIe Interface HDD-8266 External RAID System Cable PCI Express Interface (3.6 GB/s) 30
PXIe-5668R Recording Rates External RAID System Sample Rate Bandwidth Data Rate Max Recording Time (24 TB) 100 MS/s 80 MHz 400 MB/s 16.67 hours 250 MS/s 200 MHz 1 GB/s 6.67 hours 500 MS/s 400 MHz 2 GB/s 3.33 hours 31
Signal Analysis: Flexibility FPGA Programming RF Recording Multichannel and MIMO
Multichannel Vector Analysis LO can be cascaded to multiple downconverters 10 MHz reference can be shared across multiple PXI chassis Up to 3 channels per PXI chassis RF in n RF in 1 PXIe-5606 Downconverter PXIe-5624R IF Digitizer 0 75 db I ADC DDC Q n channels PXIe-5606 Downconverter PXIe-5624R IF Digitizer 0 75 db I ADC DDC Q RF in 0 0 75 db PXIe-5606 Downconverter PXIe-5624R IF Digitizer I ADC DDC Q LO 10 MHz OCXO PXIe-5653 Synthesizer 33
RF Performance Dynamic Range Bandwidth Phase Noise Flexibility FPGA Programming RF Recording Multichannel and MIMO 34
*NEW* Products for Microwave Test PXIe-5668R 26.5 GHz Vector Signal Analyzer (VSA) Industry-Leading RF Performance and Bandwidth World s Fastest Measurement Speed Customizable with LabVIEW FPGA Releasing Oct 2014 PXIe-5654 20 GHz CW Source Extremely low phase noise Best-in-class tuning time Releasing Dec 2014 35
NI Vector Signal Analyzers Comparison NI 5663E NI 5644R/45/46R NI 5665 NI PMI-1470 NI 5668R Frequency Range 10 MHz to 6.6 GHz 65 MHz to 6 GHz 20 Hz to 3.6/14 GHz 50 MHz to 26.5 GHz 20 Hz to 14/26.5 GHz Bandwidth 50 MHz 80/200 MHz 25/50 MHz 50 MHz 80/200/765 MHz Typ Phase Noise (10 khz offset) at 1 GHz -112 dbc/hz -112 dbc/hz -129 dbc/hz* -125 dbc/hz -129 dbc/hz* Architecture Single Stage Zero-IF Multistage Multistage Multistage Peer to Peer Streaming Yes Yes Yes No Yes Absolute Amplitude Accuracy ± 0.65 db ± 0.35 db to ± 0.55 db ± 0.1 db ± 2.5 db ± 0.1 db Average Noise Floor -158 dbm/hz -161 dbm/hz -165 dbm/hz -150 dbm/hz -166 dbm/hz * NI 5665/5668R Phase Noise Measurement is at 800 MHz 36
PXIe-5654 CW Signal Generator Specifications Frequency Range Output Power w/amp Extender Phase Noise (typ, @10 khz offset) 250 khz to 20 GHz -20 dbm to +13 dbm -110 dbm to +20 dbm -138 dbc/hz @ 1GHz -122 dbc/hz @ 10 GHz Switching Speed Level Accuracy Harmonics (typ, +10 dbm output) Pulse Modulation 100 μs ± 0.9 db < -50 dbc 80 db on/off ratio 15 ns rise/fall time 37
Summary Wireless communications and crowded radio spectrum drive the need for better performance from test instruments RF test market is evolving to meet application needs YOU and NI are at work to solve the challenges of our generation! 38
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