TOKYMAKER Science Course Light Course Overview For children and adults, light is a fascinating and familiar topic, but it can also get quite complicated. This course will explain the concept of light to children, while also revealing the physics that lie behind it. Core Objectives: (1) What is light? (2) What is color? Students will learn: (1) The nature of light (2) Generating color (3) The composition of the rainbow (4) The uses and basic principles of photoresistors Course Requirements Age Restrictions Subject Objective Duration 7 years or older STEM education, Computer Science Understanding the concepts of light 120 minutes Prerequisite Skills Hardware equipment Understand Starter kit (1 kit per Tokymaker coding group of 2-3 basics (how to drag students), and drop code MacBook OSX, blocks) Chromebook, Tokymaker basic Android Tablet, tutorial, course one. Android Smartphone with version 6.0 up, Internet Evaluation Use this guide in this document to evaluate students' understanding of the course. Additional Resources Tokymaker Workbook Debugging Checklist Key Concepts Light Light travels in a straight line Speed of light Color Rainbow Photoresistor 1
Instructions Step 1: Preparation for class Duration: 5 minutes The completion of this course can be done by individuals or in groups (2-3 students). Required Before entering this part of the Physics course, you need to let the students complete the basic coding foundation, so that students have a basic understanding of programming and the Tokymaker. Optional You can print the contents of the "Rhythm Master" and "Small Musician sections (see Appendix for details). The content in this section provides the code for each tutorial section and an explanation of each section of the code. Materials Tokymaker Compatible computer Tokymaker Workbook (one for each student) Open wall space Source of light (flash light, projector light, etc.) Sunlight Glass filled with water A4 sheet of paper Rotation sensor Light sensor Sonar sensor Tilt sensor Servo motor Adapter pin Precautions When watching the prepared video related to the sound generation process in this course with a projector, be aware that this video needs sound. If you have no conditions to provide sound equipment for the projector, you can choose to have the students watch it on their laptops. Step 2: Physics - What is light? What is color? Duration: 70 minutes Light and shadow (1) Experiment: Light & Shadow Game The teacher dims the brightness of the room and projects a light onto the wall. The teacher stands in front of the wall and makes various shapes with his hands, creating shadows on the wall. The teacher encourages the students to do the same and make different shapes. At the same time, the teacher and the children come together to make up a story using the shadows they created. This story should be fun and creative. 2
(2) Summary What is light? Light enables us to see the world around us, and it brings energy to many things. When we talk about light, the easiest thing to think of is the opposite of darkness. When children are in bed at night, they cannot see anything and may need to be accompanied by their parents. When the light comes back, they feel full of strength and feel safe, because they can see the world again. This is because the light from the sun shines so bright it makes us see everything around us. There are many kinds of light on Earth, light from the Sun, light from desk lamps, etc. Light travels very fast. It is the fastest thing in the Universe. Light travels in a straight line, so when it encounters an object it cannot pass through, a patch of darkness will be created directly behind it, called a shadow. Use of light Light is most often used to illuminate things, for example, lights at home, desk lamps, and street lighting. Lightcan also be used for heating, for example when you go camping, you can use it for barbecue or heating. The laser is a very powerful light. You can see lasers being used in Star Wars movie when they use light sabers. Colorful light (1) Experiment: Rainbow Experiment Materials Sunlight Glass filled with water A piece of white A4 paper Process Let the sun shine through the glass while placing the paper behind it. This will make a small rainbow on the paper. (2) Explanation The teacher asks the following questions: What colors do you see in the world? What colors are there in the rainbow? Invite students to share their ideas. (3) Summary Colors are different types of light. All light travels at the same speed, but not all light are the same color. Common colors in life are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, and so on. 3
Step 3: Practice Using new knowledge to complete a Tokymaker experiment Duration: 30 minutes Experiment 1 Colorful Lights (1) Introduction Have you ever thought about why cartoon characters on TV are colorful? Is there a colorful brush or a magic pen that makes TV have a variety of colors? With these questions in mind, let s start today s Tokymaker experiment. (2) Preparation Connect the Tokymaker to a power supply and connect your computer to the online coding environment. (3) Required Components Input: Rotation sensor, Sonar sensor (distance), Light sensor (photoresistor), Tilt Sensor Additional: Adapter pin, Wires (4) Experiment Step 1: Download the program to the Tokymaker Step 2: Connect the sensors 1. Connect the sonar sensor to the top of the Tokymaker 2. Select any two of the input sensors (rotation, light, or tilt sensor) and connect to Input 1 and 3. Step 3: Investigate Adjust the input sensors and see what happens. How does adjusting the input values change the LED on the Tokymaker? How can you adjust to get the color you want? Step 4: Expand Remove all the input values for red, green, and blue and change it to the values below. 4
At this point you can see the light on the Tokymaker is white. Try to modify the red, green, and blue values anywhere from 0 to 100. Share with you found with your classmates. Step 5: Summary We can modify the values of red, green, and blue to get different colors. Experiment 2 Photosensitive Trap (1) Introduction When the sun rises, people get up to go to work. When the sun goes down, the sky becomes dark and people return home to go to sleep. Light sensors, like humans can sense changes in light. In this experiment, we will create a light control trap. (2) Preparation Connect the Tokymaker to a power supply and connect a computer to the online coding environment (3) Required Components Input: Servo motor, Light sensor (Photoresistor) Additional: Adapter pin (4) Experiment Step 1: Download the program to the Tokymaker Step 2: Connect the sensors 1. Connect the light sensor to Input 1 2. Connect the adapter pin to the servo motor 5
3. Connect the servo motor to Output 1. Note: The brown wire is connected to the negative pole and the red wire is connected to the positive pole. Step 3: Making a cardboard trap Create a cardboard contraption with a servo motor as a part of the contraption. Step 4: Discussion Discuss when the trap is triggered. [Optional] How can you modify the experiment or coding if the lights indoor is too dark? Step 5: Summary The light sensor can sense the intensity of light and use the change in light intensity to control the execution of other devices. For example, when night falls, the light sensor can determine the brightness outside and turn on street lights for pedestrians. Step 4: Share What have you learned? What questions do you still have? Duration: 5 minutes (1) Classroom Questions What is light? What did we learn in class? Which part of the course content do you like the most? (2) [Optional] Allow students to share their work in front of the class, or upload them to social media to encourage them to share, comment, and improve each other's work. Step 5: The End Duration: 5 minutes Have the students disassemble the circuit and place the components back based on the chart information. Have students tidy their workspace and turn off their devices (smartphones, tablets, or laptops). 6
Appendix Code Tutorial 2.1 Colorful Lights Code Understanding the Code In green [repeat]: The statement represents that the program inside will be executed again and again. In red [Set LED]: The first part of the statement selects which LED we want to illuminate. In the code here, we will illuminate the LED on the Tokymaker. The color of the LED is a mix of red, green, and blue. The red and green values are dependent on the input values of Input 1 and 3, respectively. The blue value is dependent on the value from the distance sensor. Code Understanding the Code In green [repeat]: The statement represents that the program inside will be executed again and again. In red [Set LED]: The first part of the statement selects which LED you want to illuminate. Here it is the LED on the Tokymaker. The color of the LED is a mixture of red, green, and blue values. The values are all 100 which creates white. 7
2.2 Photosensitive Trap Code Understanding the Code In green [repeat]: The statement represents that the program inside will be executed again and again. In green [if][do][else]: If the [if] statement is satisfied, the [do] statement will be executed if not the [else] statement is executed. In this case, if the input value is less than 35 then the servo motor will rotate 180 degrees. If the input value is more than 35 then the motor will rotate 45 degrees. In purple [Screen: clear]: Indicates to clear the screen from previous images. In purple [Screen: print]: Indicates the following text to be printed to screen. In purple [Screen: display]: Indicates that the print statement will be displayed to screen. 8
Additional Work:IOT Robot IOT Robot is a robot prototype that uses a photoresistor to control its direction of travel. Use the light to control the direction of the robot, which uses the photoresistor and motor. For details, please see: http://tokylabs.com/iotrobot/ 9
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