The Smart City and its citizens: gvernance and citizen participatin in Amsterdam Smart City Carl Capra IHS Institute fr Husing and Urban Develpment Studies Erasmus University Rtterdam Picture: Waag Sciety 2013
research verview research questin main theries applied the case findings cnclusins recmmendatins Outline
Tw glbal trends UN (2015) Urbanizatin + Technlgical Innvatin
Research Overview Prblem: Smart city as a ppular urban develpment mdel. Attracting interest f large technlgy and infrastructure prviders. Cities seeking t attract external investments. Rle f technlgy and human capital widely analyzed. Less attentin t rle f gvernance. Limited interest in the active rle f citizens in smart city prgrams. Research Objectives: Identify citizen participatin typlgies in smart city prjects. Identify gvernance characteristics f participatry smart city initiatives. Link gvernance characteristics t citizen participatin typlgies.
Research Questins Main Research Questin: Which gvernance characteristics are cntributing t citizen participatin in the develpment f prjects within the Amsterdam Smart City initiative? Sub-research questins: What is the gvernance mdel f Amsterdam Smart City initiative? Which typlgies f citizen participatin are being realized within Amsterdam Smart City prjects?
Smart City TECHNOLOGICAL 3 Dimensins: Nam and Pard (2011) 6 Characteristics: Giffinger et. al. (2007) INSTITUTIONAL HUMAN [...] investments in human and scial capital and traditinal (transprt) and mdern (ICT) cmmunicatin infrastructure fuel sustainable ecnmic grwth and a high quality f life, with a wise management f natural resurces, thrugh participatry gvernance. (Caragliu et al., 2011)
Gvernance Interdependence between rganizatins Resurce-sharing Game-like interactins based n trust and negtiated rules Self-rganizatin Netwrk Gvernance (Kppenjan and Klijn): Actrs Netwrks Games
Citizen Participatin Infrmatin One-way flw Cnsultatin Partnership Standing Cnsumer Chice Evaluate reactins Invlvement in decisin making Invitatin in legal review prcess Chice f prducts Bishp and Davis (2002) Cntrl Scial Innvatin Delegatin f chices Cllective actin t satisfy needs utside market and state Mulaert and Swyngeduw (2010)
The case: Amsterdam Smart City
Prject Level Prgram Level Amsterdam Smart City verview Amsterdam Smart City Platfrm 4 Funding Partners Gvernance Mdel Living Wrking Mbility Public Facilities Open Data 154 Prject Partners 16 Prjects 7 Prjects 11 Prjects 14 Prjects 6 Prjects Gvernance Mdel Citizen Participatin
Amsterdam Smart City Netwrk
Actrs: Amsterdam Smart City Gvernance 4 Funding partners: Liander, Amsterdam Ecnmic Bard, Amsterdam Municipality, KPN. Sharing f financial resurces and staff. Different resurces: technical knw hw, netwrking, plitical spnsring. Further actrs currently invlved n specific prjects. Games: ASC ffice as an arena fr different stakehlders t meet and interact. Further interactins with partners rganized arund funding partners. Key rle f Liander. Presence f un-linked r weakly linked prjects. Netwrks: Partnerships between diverse set f actrs. Cllabratin and infrmatin exchange between rganizatins facilitated by cwrking.
Cit. Particip. Netwrks Games Actrs Prject gvernance and participatin 1. Serius Gaming 2. CitySDK 3. Smart Citizen Kit 4. Ring-Ring Internatinal Actrs Subset f AEB, Liander, C+L 23 Internatinal Partners. Waag Sciety and Geemente Waag Sciety, AEB, Participants, Envirnmental Agencies Initiatr, Technlgy expert, Cnsultants, Stadsteel Internatinal Arena Lcal Arena Internatinal Arena Lcal Arena Lcal arena, wrkshps, meetings Neighbrhd-level arena Legal framewrks Divisin f Tasks Ex-ante evaluatin criteria C-wrking Mn-directinal flw: INFORMATION Legal framewrk Virtual infrmatin exchange Divisin f tasks Mn-directinal flw: INFORMATION C-prductin: PARTNERSHIP Lightweight cntract Diversity f actrs Flexible evaluatin C-prductin: PARTNERSHIP Bi-directinal flw: CONSULTATION N legal framewrk Direct acquaintances Trial and errr Originated by citizens, utside market and state: SOCIAL INNOVATION
Cmplexity Prject cmplexity and participatin Max N. f partners Cntracts Budget Technlgy Space 1 2 3 4 Min Participatin Max Infrmatin -> Cnsultatin -> Partnership -> Scial Innvatin
Cnclusins C-existence f different gvernance mdels. Allws experimentatin f partnership mdels. Different typlgies f citizen participatin. Cmplex prjects with large hetergeneus sets f actrs, internatinal cmpnents and external funding have mre frmalized rules and ex-ante evaluatin schemes. Linked t Infrmatin typlgy f citizen participatin. Smaller prjects, based n strng interpersnal relatinships, have less stringent legal requirements and flexible evaluatins. Linked t Partnership typlgy f citizen participatin. Lcalized prject favur mutual knwledge and infrmatin exchange thrugh infrmal channels nt requiring legal framewrks: linked t Scial Innvatin.
Recmendatins Citizen participatin thery needs t be adapted t new settings f decisin making. Netwrk gvernance thery explains the playing grund fr citizen participatin. Intermediary rganizatins add a further layer t citizen participatin and need further investigatin. Technlgy and human capital are nt the nly ingredients fr a smart city prgram. Urban managers shuld be attentive t the gvernance setting. Gvernance f smart city prgrams shuld adapt t lcal culture
Thank yu Carl Capra IHS Institute fr Husing and Urban Develpment Studies Erasmus University Rtterdam capra@ihs.nl - @carlfcap www.ihs.nl - @ihsrtterdam Picture: Waag Sciety 2013