IJIRST Inernaional Journal for Innovaive Reearch in Science & Technology olume 3 Iue 09 February 017 ISSN (online): 349-6010 Deign and Fabricaion of olage Source Inverer for Low Raed Wind Turbine Ama Aian Profeor Deparmen of Elecronic & Communicaion Engineering Shaikh College of Engineering and Technology, Belagavi, Karnaaka, India Naik R. L Profeor Deparmen of Elecrical & Elecronic Engineering Baavehwar Engineering Technology, Bagalko, Karnaaka, India Dr. Jangamhei Sureh H Senior Profeor Deparmen of Elecrical & Elecronic Engineering Baavehwar Engineering Technology, Bagalko, Karnaaka, India Abrac Low raing wind power generaor have araced he general public for diribuion of power. Generally maller raing wind urbine are fed o ingle phae inverer in which here i reduced power exracion. However here i need o develop hree phae inverer for variou applicaion uch a irrigaion yem, mall cale indurie, domeic applicaion and variable frequency drive. In view of hi a hree phae volage ource inverer i deigned and fabricaed for 1.5kW wind urbine inalled a B. E.C Energy Park. SPWM and SPWM echnique are employed for he propoed hree phae inverer. The performance of boh SPWM and SPWM are compared in erm of power qualiy. The above reul are validaed by experimenal eup. Keyword: Arduino, AT89C5, SPWM, SPMW, THD I. INTRODUCTION Generaion of elecriciy hrough renewable energy ource ha well recognized a economically compeiive and environmenal friendly for variou day o day applicaion. The main reource for diribued generaion yem are wind urbine phoo volaic yem and fuel cell. In comparion wih variou renewable energy ource he applicaion which economical mall cale wind urbine are paricularly advanageou in power generaion a a houe hold level. In he rural and remoe place, he mall cale andalone wind urbine wih a energy orage componen uch a baery bank i more eenial for providing able and reliable elecriciy. Hence here i increaing marke for a grid conneced mall wind generaing yem for domeic applicaion and mall buine in rural area. Hence here i increaing yem for domeic applicaion and mall buine in rural area. In hi cae exce energy from he wind generaor i fed o he uiliy grid. A grid conneced inverer rucure exrac elecrical energy even a low wind peed will ai in reducing capial co a well a offer opporuniie for inerfacing mall-cale wind urbine wih he AC grid. [1] Among hen wo echnique pace vecor pule widh modulaion i more ophiicaed echnique for generaing fundamenal ine ware which provide a higher volage o he load and lower oal harmonic diorion. A 3-phae inverer yem wih a 10/08 oupu allow load wih a wide operaing range of inpu ac volage o be fed 08AC WHICH allow hem o run more efficienly, ypically -3% beer hen a 10 ingle phae AC. I provide a coninuou power flow which improve efficiency. In he hree phae yem delivered power i conan, when volage and curren are inuoidal and alo le energy orage required han in ingle phae yem. In view of hi a hree phae inverer i deigned and fabricaed. Thi paper preen deign and fabricaion of 3-phae volage ource inverer for 1.5kW wind urbine inalled a B.E.C Energy Park. SPWM and SPWM echnique are employed for hree phae volage ource inverer. SPWM ignal are generaed by uing AT89C5 microconroller [6]. The SPWM ignal are generaed by uing ATmega conroller hrough arduino ofware. ATmega i an 8-bi CPU and on he ame clock i i 4 ime faer han 8-bi PIC and 1 ime faer han 8051. Power conumpion i much lower compared o PIC. FFT pecrum ha analyzed o calculae oal harmonic diorion for boh SPWM and SPWM mehod. THD obained for phae volage i 0.4% for SPWM and 18.% for SPWM. The experimenal reul alo how ha SPWM echnique i able o generae good qualiy ine wave a low wiching frequency a compared o SPWM mehod. II. SPWM BASED THREE PHASE INERTER In inuoidal pule widh modulaion echnique hree ine wave and a riangular carrier wave of high frequency are ued o generae pule widh modulaion (PWM) ignal. The inuoidal wave are diplaced by 10 degree phae difference wih each All righ reerved by www.ijir.org 8
Deign and Fabricaion of olage Source Inverer for Low Raed Wind Turbine oher which i called he reference ignal. The frequency of hee ine wave i choen baed on he required inverer oupu frequency ha i 50/60Hz. The riangular carrier wave i a high frequency wave in erm of everal KHz. By comparing inuoidal ignal wih a riangular wave a high wiching ignal i generaed. Whenever he reference wave i greaer han carrier wave, he comparaor give ou a pule and hi pule i ued o rigger he repecive inverer wiche. Sinuoidal pule widh modulaion ignal generaion echnique for hree phae volage ource inverer i hown in Figure 1. Fig. 1: Sinuoidal Pule Widh Modulaion AT89C5 microconroller i ued o implemen SPWM in he hree-phae inverer. Baed on he inpu frequency he microconroller compue he PWM pule widh on carrier cycle bai. The modulaing ignal i a inuoidal a he inverer fundamenal frequency. A he carrier frequency, he modulaing ignal i ampled a regular inerval. N max i he number of ample in a fundamenal period given by [11], N f max f (1) The hree phae modulaing ignal are [6] a min( ) () b min( - /3) (3) c min( - 4/3) (4) The area of wo level PWM pule hould be equal o he haded area under he modulaing ignal a illuraed in Fig. [6], wa (n) T wa (n) min (n ) T (5) Solving (5), he widh of PWM pule i given by, wa wa T m n 1 in n T T n 1 Min n T (6) (7) Fig. : Pule widh calculaion for wo level PWM All righ reerved by www.ijir.org 83
M=m/, i he index of modulaion, he pule widh for phae A i given by equaion (7) The pule widh for phae B and C are (8) & (9) Adding (7), (8) and (9) reul, wa wb wc (n) T (n) T (n) wb 1 Min 1 Min (n) wc Deign and Fabricaion of olage Source Inverer for Low Raed Wind Turbine n T n T - - (n) 3T From (10), he PWM pule widh for phae C can be obained a, wc (n) 3T wa (n) (11) The rucure of ypical 3-phae volage ource inverer i hown in figure 3 which drive he ar conneced load. The performance of he propoed PWM cheme i udied wih hree phae volage ource inverer. Sa, Sb and Sc are he wiching funcion for phae A,B and C repecively. Each wiching funcion ha wo level au eiher or +1. Where, drive he boom ranior and +1 drive he op ranior of he inverer. wb π 3 4π 3 (n) (8) (9) (10) Fig. 3: Srucure of ypical 3-phae SI Supply volage dc=4, modulaion index M=1 a f=50hz, and carrier frequency f = 1. khz. III. SPWM BASED THREE PHASE INERTER SPWM echnique refer o pecial wiching acion of he ix power ranior of a 3-phae volage ource inverer or power converer. The rucure of a ypical 3-phae volage ource inverer i hown in he Figure 3. The line o line volage and he line o neural volage vecor can be obained by he following marice [4]. Where ab,bc and ca are he line value and an, bn, and cn are phae volage. a, b, c are he wiching variable vecor and S1, S and S3 are he wiche of he inverer [4]. ab bc ca a b 3 c dc dc 1 0 1 0 (13) The pace phaor can be defined by uing wo volage α and β which are deermined by he following equaion [4]. 3 an (14) 3 0 1 a b c S 1 S S 3 bn - cn The pace phaor volage can be obained from following equaion. v vα jvβ (1) (15) (16) All righ reerved by www.ijir.org 84
Deign and Fabricaion of olage Source Inverer for Low Raed Wind Turbine α an (17) I hould be noed ha a any inan of ime here are only eigh poible poiion of he volage pace phaor. Hence inverer can be wiched o creae vecor 1,, 7 and 0 in ome equence. The SPWM rea he inuoidal volage a a conan ampliude vecor revolving a fixed frequency. Thi SPWM cheme approximae he reference volage ref by he eigh wiching paern combinaion (0 o 7). The vecor (1 o 6) divide he plane ino ix ecor of 60 degree each and he reference vecor i generaed by wo adjacen non-zero vecor and wo zero vecor. The ATmega38P i a 8-bi microconroller wih low power CMOS baed on he advanced virual Ric enhanced archiecure. I provide 3K bye of In-yem programmable flah wih read- while wrie capabiliie, 1K bye EEPROM, Kbye SRAM, 3 general purpoe I/O line, 3 general purpoe working regier, hree flexible couner wih compare mode and a 6-channel 10 bi ADC[1]. Flow char of SPWM Fig. 4: Flow char of SPWM I. POWER STAGE AND DRIE CIRCUIT Power age module of inverer i deigned by ix high power IRFP460 MOSFET upporing up o 0A, 50ol, urn on delay ime 18n, urn off delay ime 110n. The DC power upply given i 4. All he MOSFET are mouned on proper hea ink and proeced by nubber circui and fue. The microconroller board i iolaed from power age by HEX4049 drive circui which i uiable for gae driving circui of power MOSFET. The deigned hree phae inverer i hown in Fig.5. Fig. 5: Three phae inverer All righ reerved by www.ijir.org 85
Deign and Fabricaion of olage Source Inverer for Low Raed Wind Turbine. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP Fig. 6: olage ource inverer conneced o 1.5kW wind urbine a B.E.C Energy park The overall experimenal eup of he inverer conneced o mall raing wind urbine of 1.5kW inalled a B.E.C Energy Park i hown in Fig.6. The hree phae AC obained from he wind urbine i conneced o he recifier which conver o DC volage of 4ol. Thi 4ol DC obained i ored in he baerie of 1ol, 100AH each. The inpu o he inverer i fed hrough he baery ha i 4ol, which in urn conneced o he hree phae lighing load of 11 Wa CFL each conneced in ar. SPWM Reul I. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The Fig. 7 repreen he line o neural volage of he SPWM inverer a 50Hz frequency. Fig. 7: Line o neural SPWM Inverer oupu volage a 50Hz frequency The Fig.8 repreen he line o line volage of he SPWM inverer a 50Hz frequency. Fig. 8: Line o Line SPWM inverer oupu volage a 50Hz frequency All righ reerved by www.ijir.org 86
Deign and Fabricaion of olage Source Inverer for Low Raed Wind Turbine For he above aid SPWM baed inverer he FFT pecrum ha been analyzed o calculae he Toal Harmonic Diorion (THD) The Fig. 9 hown below repreen he FFT pecrum of line o line volage a he oupu of he inverer. The THD obained i 4.4%. The volage THD i calculaed by equaion (1). THD Where h: Ampliude of harmonic volage H: Order of harmonic 1: Ampliude of fundamenal volage h % 100 h 0 h 1 (17) SPWM Reul Fig. 9: Phae volage THD a oupu of inverer From he above reul and dicuion of SPWM i ha been revived ha, when FFT i analyzed he THD in cae of SPWM i higher. To overcome hi apec he pace vecor pule widh modulaion mehod ha been implemened. The SPWM pule obained are ymmeric abou he axi which eliminae he even harmonic and reduce he odd harmonic. Fig. 10: Generaion of SPWM pule Fig. 11 how he phae volage a he oupu of he inverer a carrier frequency f c = 3kHz which i oberved in he CRO. Fig. 11: Phae volage a fc = 3kHz All righ reerved by www.ijir.org 87
Deign and Fabricaion of olage Source Inverer for Low Raed Wind Turbine Fig. 1 how he phae volage a he oupu of he inverer a carrier frequency f c = 0kHz and Modulaion index (M) = 0.5 which i oberved in he CRO. Fig. 1: Phae volage a fc = 0kHz & M = 0.5 Fig. 13 how he phae volage a he oupu of he inverer a carrier frequency f c = 0kHz and Modulaion index (M) = 1 which i oberved in he CRO. Fig. 13: Phae volage a fc = 0 khz & M=1 For he above aid SPWM baed inverer he FFT pecrum ha been analyed o calculae he oal harmonic diorion. The Fig. 14 repreen he phae volage FFT pecrum a 0 khz carrier frequency a he oupu of he inverer. The THD obained i 18.%. Fig. 14: Phae volage a 0 khz carrier frequency II. COMPARISON OF SPWM AND SPWM Table - 1 Comparion of SPWM and SPWM Sl. No SPWM SPWM 1. Generae high harmonic diorion in he oupu volage or curren Generae low harmonic diorion in he oupu volage or curren. For m=0.5, ampliude of fundamenal for ab i dc/, ampliude of Maximum poible volage wihou over modulaion i 1/3 dc line o line i 3/ dc ampliude of line o line i dc 3. DC uilizaion of SPWM i low DC uilizaion i beer hen SPWM 4. I rea he hree phae quaniie eparaely In SPWM, he hree phae quaniie are reaed uing ingle equaion know a pace vecor 5. Exenion of cheme ino over modulaion range i difficul Exenion of cheme ino over modulaion cheme i eay 6. Independen on number of level, number of phae, level of DC Depend on number of level, number of level, number of phae, volage unbalance and modulaion mode level of DC volage unbalanced and modulaion mode. All righ reerved by www.ijir.org 88
Deign and Fabricaion of olage Source Inverer for Low Raed Wind Turbine Comparion of oupu volage of inverer for SPWM and SPWM and i hown in able.. Ii i oberved ha SPWM i having 15% higher uilizaion of DC bu a compared o SPWM echnique. Table - Comparion of oupu volage of inverer for SPWM and SPWM Sl. Oupu volage of inverer (ol) Wind peed (m/) No SPWM SPWM 1. 1.4 355 408.5. 8.9 340 389.3 3. 8. 33 381.13 4. 7.1 30 366.7 5. 4.4 88 38.6 The graphical repreenaion of wind peed v/ oupu volage of inverer i hown in Fig. 15 Fig. 15: Comparion of oupu volage of inverer for SPWM and SPWM Comparion of oupu power of inverer for SPM and SPWM echnique i hown in Table.3. Table - 3 Comparion of oupu power of inverer for SPWM and SPWM Sl. Oupu of inverer P (Wa) Wind peed (m/) No SPWM SPWM 1. 1.4 4.06 48.37. 8.9 37. 4.80 3. 8. 34.99 40.3 4. 7.1 7.81 39.9 5. 4.4 19.60.54 The graphical repreenaion of wind peed v/ power oupu of inverer i hown in Fig. 16. Fig. 16: Comparion of oupu power of inverer for SPWM and SPWM III. CONCLUSION Three phae volage ource converer ha been deigned and fabricaed for 1.5kW wind urbine inalled a B. E. C Energy Park. SPWM and SPWM echnique are employed for he propoed hree phae inverer PWM algorihm are implemened uing AT89C5 and ATmega38P repecively. The experimenal reul are preened from he laboraory o demonrae he performance of inverer. I i oberved from he reul ha THD obained for phae volage of inverer i 0.4% for SPWM and All righ reerved by www.ijir.org 89
Deign and Fabricaion of olage Source Inverer for Low Raed Wind Turbine 18.% for SPWM. I i alo oberved ha SPWM echnique i able o generae good qualiy ine wave a compared o SPWM. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The auhor would like o hank BEC Technical Educaion Qualiy Improvemen Program (TEQIP-II) for providing financial aiance. REFERENCES [1] Ronad B. F, Naik R. L, Jangamhei Sureh. H, A Novel Mehod o Eliminae Negaive Time period of SPWM uing DSPTMS30F81, Inernaional Conference on Renewable Energie and Power Qualiy, April, 011. [] Duc - Cuong Quach, Quan Yin, Yu-Feng Shi and Chun-Jie Zhou, Deign and implemenaion of hree phae SPWM Inverer wih 16-bi dpic, 01 1 h Inernaional Conference on Conrol, Auomaion, Roboic & iion Guangzhou, China, 5-7h December 01 (ICARC 01). [3] K. M Rahman, S. J. M. Idru, An AT89C5microconroller baed high reoluion PWM conroller for 3-phae volage ource inverer, IIUM Engineering Journal, ol. 6, No., 005. [4] Ziaohlang, Linchen chang, A Novel dc volage monioring and conrol mehod for hree phae grid conneced Inverer, Power Elecronic Speciali Conference, 007, IEEE, 116, Orlando, FL. [5] Keliang Zhou, Danwei Wang, relaionhip beween Space-ecor Modulaion and Three phae carrier baed PWM: A Comprehenive Analyi, IEEE ranacion on indurial elecronic, vol. 49, no. 1, Febrauary 00. [6] Mohamed M., Mohamed F. Salem, Oama S. Ebrahim, Deign and Implemenaion of SPWM Technique Uing Low Co Mulifuncion Daa Acquiiion Card, IEEE Inernaional Conference on Indurial Technology (ICIT), 004. All righ reerved by www.ijir.org 90