Preface p. xi Acknowledgments p. xvii Introduction Objective and Scope p. 1 Generic Requirements p. 2 Basic Requirements p. 3 Surveillance System p. 3 Content of the Book p. 4 References p. 6 Maritime Surveillance Applications Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) p. 7 Naval Surveillance Systems p. 11 Comparison of Civilian and Military (Naval) Systems p. 15 Design Methodology p. 22 References p. 27 Simulation of Naval Surveillance Aircraft Coverage Area and Revisit Time p. 28 Maritime Environment Effects of the Environment p. 35 Sea Conditions p. 36 Sea Waves p. 37 Ship Rotations p. 41 Multipath p. 42 Ducting Phenomenon p. 43 Sea Currents p. 44 Clutter p. 45 Clutter Characterisation p. 45 Surface and Volume Clutter p. 51 Sea Clutter p. 53 Land Clutter p. 55 Atmospheric Clutter p. 56 Signal Attenuation by the Propagation Medium p. 58 Clear Air Attenuation p. 58 Precipitation Attenuation p. 58 References p. 60 Sensors Introduction p. 63 Radars p. 64 General Features p. 64 Radar Equation p. 74 Microwave Radar for VTMIS Applications p. 78 Requirements p. 79
Typical Specifications FMCW Radars p. 88 Microwave Imaging Radars p. 89 The Role of Microwave Imaging Radars in MSS p. 90 Range Profiling Radars p. 91 Basic Principles of Side-Looking SAR p. 92 Basic Principles of ISAR p. 98 System Aspects p. 102 Typical Parameters of Airborne SAR/ISAR p. 103 Spaceborne Radars p. 103 Characteristics p. 103 Active and Passive Sensing p. 106 System Requirements p. 106 Synthetic Aperture Radar Design p. 109 Need for RandD p. 113 Electronic Warfare Support Measures (ESM) p. 115 The Role of ESM and ELINT in Maritime Surveillance p. 115 ESM Requirements p. 117 ESM Subsystems p. 117 ESM Receiver Types p. 120 Direction Finding Techniques p. 121 Maximum Intercept Range of ESM Receivers p. 123 Optical and IR Sensors p. 125 Optical and IR Sensors in Maritime Surveillance p. 125 Basic Quantities and Terminology p. 126 Atmospheric Transmission and Visibility p. 128 Radiation From Targets and the Environment p. 131 Parameters of the System Optics p. 133 Performance Parameters p. 137 Typical Sensor Specifications p. 140 Global Positioning System (GPS) p. 142 GPS for Maritime Surveillance p. 142 Differential GPS (dgps) p. 150 Transmission of Differential Corrections p. 156 Combined LORAN-C/dGPS (EUROFIX) p. 163 Future Trends in Satellite Navigation p. 163 HF Over-the-Horizon Radar p. 166 The Role of HF Radar in MSS p. 166 Skywave Propagation p. 167 Surface Wave Path Loss Calculations p. 168 RCS Consideration p. 170 Antenna Performance p. 171
HF Spectrum Occupancy p. 171 Sea Clutter at HF Frequencies p. 172 Monitoring the Sea Surface With HF Radar p. 173 Typical Parameters of HF Radars p. 175 References p. 176 Orbital Parameters for Surveillance Satellites p. 179 Synthetic Aperture Radar System Definition and Design Procedures p. 184 Sensor Platforms Types of Platforms p. 187 Maritime Surveillance Aircraft (MSA) p. 188 Mission p. 188 Types of MSA p. 189 Quantity of Aircraft p. 193 Mission and Flight Profiles p. 195 Integration p. 196 Helicopters p. 198 Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV) p. 199 Missions p. 199 Classification of UAV p. 200 Aerostats p. 204 Airborne Platforms for SAR p. 206 Search and Rescue p. 206 Communications p. 208 Vessel Features for SAR p. 209 Search Patterns p. 210 References p. 213 Principles of Automatic Target Recognition in a Maritime Environment Scope p. 215 EM Characterization of Vessels p. 216 Principles of Target Classification by Radar p. 221 Feature Extraction p. 222 Classification p. 224 Classification of Targets by Radar p. 228 Levels of Classification p. 228 Automatic Classification by Radar p. 229 Classification and Identification by ESM p. 232 IFF Classification p. 234 Low Observable Technology p. 235 Methods of RCS Reduction p. 236 Detection and Classification of Stealthy Targets p. 238 References p. 238
Multisensor Data Fusion Objective p. 241 Types of Data Fusion p. 245 Centralized Data Fusion p. 245 Distributed Data Fusion p. 246 Levels of Data Fusion p. 248 Sensor Attributes p. 251 Algorithms for Multisensor Data Fusion p. 253 Positional Fusion Algorithms p. 254 Identity Fusion Algorithms p. 255 Ancillary Support Algorithms p. 258 Positional Fusion Algorithms p. 259 Multi Target Tracking p. 259 Common Time and Coordinate Reference p. 266 Positional Fusion Algorithms p. 267 Decision-Level Identity Fusion p. 270 Classical Inference p. 271 Bayes Method p. 274 The Demster-Shafer Method for Identity Fusion p. 276 A Simulation Model for Bayes and Demster-Shafer Fusion Algorithms p. 283 Feature-Level Identity Fusion p. 286 Cluster Analysis Methods p. 287 Adaptive Neural Nets p. 289 Voting Methods p. 290 Parametric Templates p. 290 Display System p. 291 Database Management p. 297 References p. 301 Communications Systems and Data Links General p. 305 Communications for VTMIS p. 305 Requirements p. 305 RSS-VTC Communications p. 306 Ship-to-VTC Communications p. 307 Intra VTC Communications p. 313 Inter VTC Communications p. 314 Communications Between VTC and Relevant Authorities p. 314 Crisis Management Communications p. 314 VTC-Ship Owners/Agents Communications p. 316 Public Communications p. 316 Type of Communications p. 316
Naval Surveillance System Communications p. 316 System Composition p. 316 Communication Requirements p. 317 Possible Data Link Solutions p. 323 Error Analysis of the Positional data p. 339 References p. 348 Simulation of Maritime Surveillance Systems Introduction p. 349 The Characteristics of Simulation p. 352 Need for Simulation p. 352 Accelerated Simulation Methods p. 355 Verification and Validation p. 356 Event Based Simulation p. 357 Simulation of MSS p. 360 General Aspects p. 360 Sensor Models p. 361 Simulation In Maritime Surveillance (SIMS) p. 365 Description of the Model p. 365 Event Routines p. 370 Sample Outputs p. 397 An Off-Line Simulator for Construction of a Scattering Centre Representation of Ships (GRS) p. 399 Introduction p. 399 Model Outline p. 400 Sample Outputs p. 402 A Traffic Flow Simulator: TURBO p. 404 Requirements for a Traffic Flow Simulator p. 404 Model Outline p. 405 References p. 415 New Technologies, New Functions and Solutions Areas of RandD for VTMIS p. 417 Silent VTS p. 417 Developments in Sensor and Data Processing Technologies p. 418 Developments in Communications p. 418 Developments in dgps p. 419 New Functions and Solutions p. 420 Automatic Ships Tracking p. 420 Automatic Ships Identification (AIS) p. 422 Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) p. 426 Additional Ships Motion Data p. 427 Visualisation of Collision-Avoidance Information and Decision Support for Encounter Situations p. 428
Extended Path Prediction Function p. 429 VTS Information Recording and Play-back p. 431 Remote Pilotage p. 431 Non-Cooperative Tracking of High Speed and Low RCS Vessels p. 432 Intelligent Knowledge-Based Systems (IKBS) p. 433 Issues to be Resolved for Safe and Efficient Navigation with VTS p. 433 The Issues p. 433 Comment on the Issues p. 434 References p. 461 Electronic Chart Display And Information Systems (ECDIS) p. 463 ECDIS for VTS p. 467 Cost Analysis and Implementation Planning Cost Methodology p. 469 Investment Costs p. 470 Operational and Maintenance Costs p. 472 Total Cost p. 474 Reliability and Availability p. 474 Implementation Planning p. 479 Implementation Strategy p. 479 Principles of Implementation p. 481 References p. 483 Index p. 485 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.